西北城市绿色基础设施的植物群落景观营建

在降水稀少、气候干旱的西北地区,水分是决定植被类型及分布的主导因素。在城市建设过程中,不同的立地条件、人为干预对水文条件的优化,产生不同于自然环境的多样生境,为城市绿色基础设施的植物景观多样化营建创造了可能性。基于"生境+植物群落"设计模式,针对场地生境类型选择人工营建的植物群落及景观类型,探索适宜的建植与维护管理方法,为城市绿色基础设施可持续植物景观的营建提供参考途径。     

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

The Contributions of Blue-Green Infrastructure to Building Urban Climatic Resilience—Bibliometric Analysis Based on Co-citation Networks

Against the backdrop of global climate change and in regards of urban sustainable development, enhancing climate resilience has become a critical strategy in adapting climate change for urban areas, where blue-green infrastructure is considered an important means. Although existing studies mention that blue-green infrastructure (BGI) can promote urban resilience by increasing its own diversity, flexibility, redundancy, modularization, and decentralization, questions like where to promote, by what specific means to promote and to what extent it could promote to are still lack of scientific exploration, leading insufficient support for applying resilience theory into planning and design practice. This research recognizes the role of BGI in building climate resilience in the key fields of functioning–urban floods, sea level rise, and high temperature and heat waves–and summarizes that the common functioning mechanisms include the biophysical properties of BGI, forming modular units with other infrastructures of similar functions, and the reliance on networked structures to help the system restore its physical functions and social connections as quickly as possible after disturbances and attacks. This paper also analyzes possible obstacles that hinder the promotion of BGI solutions–the lack of data support to BGI functioning mechanism, the lack of comprehensive assessment on ecological-social-economic benefits, and the difficulty in gaining confidence from decision-makers and the public. Finally, this paper proposes countermeasures from aspects of theoretical development, planning practice, and implementation and management, in order to offer insights for building urban climate resilience.     

基于WRF模式的长株潭城市群绿心通风廊道规划策略研究

在全球气候变暖和快速城镇化背景下,城郊自然开放空间在被城市空间替代的过程中,城市绿地面积的减少引发了一系列的气候和环境问题.而构建通风廊道可以通过提升城市通风能力有效缓解热岛效应和雾霾现象,近年来已成为各领域的研究热点.作为风景园林师,从改善城市风环境角度出发,在宏观层面的空间规划中考虑通风廊道构建方案,提升城市在发展...     

河谷气候影响下的生态城市形态浅析 ——以重庆市奉节县整体城市设计为例

古往今来,气候特征对人类历史上 各种文明的产生和发展发挥着不同程度的作 用。虽然现代文明已经发展到可以抵御部分 气候带来的灾害,但是在目前所倡导的城市双 修、节能减排、绿色宜居,建设低碳生态城市 大背景下,通过城市的空间形态充分利用自然 气候带来的益处,减少不良气候带来的危害, 从而达到生态宜居,成为了城市建设的最终目 的。山地城市地形地貌复杂、生态环境敏感、 气候多变,在山地气候研究中又以河谷气候变 化最为复杂,河谷城市形态受气候及其它因素 影响与平原城市相比也有很大的不同。因此 本文选取具有典型河谷特征地形的奉节县为 例,研究通过城市形态利用较为复杂的局地 气候,最终达到建设生态城镇的目的。     

基于城市空气调节的区域绿色基础设施识别研究

在中国城市高密度开发的用地模式下,依靠城市内部的有限绿地很难达到空气净化的自平衡。城市周边的绿地、水体等绿色基础设施在提供清洁空气、消解空气污染物、调节城市气候中发挥着重要作用。论文从调节城市空气质量的视角切入,以哈尔滨为研究案例,以Arc GIS为数据分析平台,提出市域尺度下城市绿色基础设施识别的方法:1)空间单元识别:以局地环流理论为依据,根据地表覆盖与植被类型数据,识别出绿色基础设施的3类空间单元;2)城市风场分析:通过对一年四季典型月份的气象统计和基于风环境模拟软件CALMET的风场模拟,得到哈尔滨的典型月份风环境图;3)空间体系表达:根据城市风环境图,分析绿色基础设施在调节城市空气中发挥的作用,得到GI的空气调节空间分布体系。研究成果可以作为编制城市绿地系统规划和制订区域生态绿地保护策略的依据,并在城市风环境分析、城市风道规划等领域得到进一步应用。     

基于元胞自动机模拟城市扩张下的绿色基础设施布局演变与内涝风险评估——以武汉市为例

武汉作为中国中部地区城镇化发展最为迅速的城市之一,提供重要生态系统服务功能的绿色基础设施面临建设用地扩张下的空间置换、总量缩减、结构破碎等问题。以武汉市绿色基础设施雨洪调蓄功能为切入点,通过遥感影像解译结合地形、土地利用等数据对武汉市域内的绿色基础设施进行空间格局及水文区位分析;通过构建模拟城市扩张的元胞自动机模型,整合城镇建设用地增长的发展引导约束条件与空间控制约束条件作为运算规则,计算转换概率来模拟城市的扩张;以此分析城市扩张所带来的不同类型绿色基础设施的格局演变与内涝风险。研究发现在城市扩张过程中武汉市水文关键区位敏感性高且易被侵占,建成区将面临雨洪调蓄功能降低所带来的内涝风险。城市扩张与用地的博弈难以避免,绿色基础设施作为发挥城市雨洪调蓄功能的天然载体,其结构完整性对于城市水文过程良性循环起本底作用。保护在城市发展过程中敏感性高、易被侵占且具有关键水文功能的区域,根据风险程度建立多级控制体系,对于武汉市绿色基础设施保护及内涝防治具有重要意义。     

基于海绵城市建设指引的迁安市集雨型绿色基础设施体系构建策略初探

城市绿色基础设施作为海绵城市建设的重要载体,能够发挥出强大的集雨型功能。以迁安市集雨型绿色基础设施构建为研究对象,以汇水区划分、空间布局策略、径流控制级别、径流控制功能作为主要研究内容,通过田野调查和教学研讨等研究方法,梳理了京津冀地区由城市绿地系统作为主要载体的集雨型绿地系统的构建方法,归纳了集雨型绿色基础设施体系对绿地系统集雨功能的补充作用;结合专家访谈和课堂授课反馈信息,总结出海绵城市建设中存在的误区与偏差。以此来探讨符合京津冀地区城市实际情况的集雨型绿色基础设施体系构建策略,为海绵城市建设和城市绿地建设提供借鉴。     

Moving forward in implementing green infrastructures: Stakeholder perceptions of opportunities and obstacles in a major North American metropolitan area

Urbanization poses both challenges and opportunities for the management of urban ecosystems globally. In the Greater Montreal Area (GMA), a major North American urban area where green infrastructure (GI) implementation is in its early stage, there are challenges in maintaining provision of ecosystem services due to urban expansion and climate change impacts. In response, stakeholders in the GMA are trying to further integrate the GI concept into planning practices and have participated in focus groups to discuss various approaches to implementing the GI concept. This paper addresses stakeholder perceptions of the opportunities and obstacles related to natural ecosystem management in the GMA. We discuss the way in which participants perceive the prospect of the GI concept to influence discourse and policy about environmental planning. We found plural perspectives on GI yet there was a broad consensus regarding problems in bringing planning tools in line with socio-ecological processes. This research provides a novel contribution by showing how the concept of GI informs narratives about metropolitan green space and environmental planning. The narratives of most research participants emphasised: 1) that efforts to protect and enhance the urban ecosystem should be approached within a coherent social and ecological framework at the scale of the metropolitan area, and 2) that GI planning needed to rely on collaborative and participatory approaches to enhance ecosystem services at all scales of the GMA.     

绿色基础设施城市主义和气候变化

气候变化产生的环境影响：雨水污染加剧、城市洪水、海平面上升和城市热岛效应，已成为全球性问题。绿色基础设施（GI）越来越多地被推广为解决气候变化导致的环境恶化的“灵丹妙药”，尤其是在城市地区。城市本质上为高密度且不透水的空间，仅有少量的绿地来吸收预计增加的降雨量。位于沿海地区的城市容易受到海平面上升的影响，同时，大量的硬质表面会使空气温度的上升加剧。研究认为：可以利用绿色基础设施来改变当前的城市形态以构建应对环境影响的生态韧性。为了实现这一概念，必须将城市视为区域景观的一部分。采用一种基于流域的方法来探索如何用绿色基础设施改善气候变化对环境的影响，并使用推测性案例研究来证明这种方法，表明重新设计的城市形态可以优先安排绿色基础设施，而不会影响建筑项目和房地产投资回报。虽然该研究位于新西兰，但基于流域的方法也适用于中国的城市。     

Urban climate change adaptation: Exploring the implications of future land cover scenarios

Different land cover futures will have contrasting implications for cities working to adapt to the changing climate. This paper explores this issue, reporting on the application of a scenario-based land use modelling case study focused on Greater Manchester in North West England. It highlights that the interplay between varied drivers of change has the potential to generate contrasting land cover futures for the city-region, which will in turn influence climate change adaptation prospects. The case study pays specific attention to green infrastructure cover, as this can enhance the capacity of urban areas to adapt to climate change by providing functions such as evaporative cooling and rainwater infiltration. The two scenarios analysed within this paper connect, broadly, to the contrasting processes of expansion and shrinkage that are shaping cities worldwide. Where cities are expanding, stimulated by economic growth and increase in population, the danger is that associated land use change will pressure existing green infrastructure resources with a detrimental impact on adaptive capacity. Cities that are shrinking, or experiencing relative decline in comparison to other cities, face a different set of issues. Here, the emergence of vacant land provides an opportunity to secure adaptive capacity benefits associated with green infrastructure. With the processes of expansion and shrinkage projected to continue to influence the global landscape of cities, this research highlights that strategies are needed to protect and enhance green infrastructure in both contexts in order to maintain and build adaptive capacity and moderate climate-related risks.     

论绿色基础设施规划与新型城镇化城乡生态建设同构关系

基于对新型城镇化特征、核心目标、城乡生态建设所涉及的社会、经济、环境需求层面以及绿色基础设施规划概念、内涵、作用等层面梳理和概述,针对新型城镇化城乡生态建设与绿色基础设施规划相互关系研究,厘清并建构二者在核心价值、目标体系、空间尺度的同构关系,最后指出绿色基础设施规划对新型城镇化城乡生态建设动力机制作用,新型城镇化城乡生态建设对绿色基础设施规划实施与长效管理的保障作用。     

作业机废气减排技术研究

数字化城市管理信息系统(以下简称"数字城管")目前在全国大中城市广泛应用,在城市的精细化管理中,空间数据库的更新维护工作是"数字城管"长效运转的重要保障。本文在分析原有"数字城管"空间数据库的基础上,结合"数字城管"管理机制和城市基础设施建设,探讨了开展空间数据库更新维护的工作和技术方法,总结了空间数据库更新维护的机制建设。     

Adaptation Planning and Hazard Mitigation for Interdependent Infrastructure Systems to Enhance Urban Resilience Under Climate Change

Climate change and natural hazards have created multiple impacts on human settlements. Urban planning and design are effective tools in dealing with climate adaptation and mitigation issues. However, climate risk and its impacts are multiscale and complex due to interdependence between urban infrastructure systems. Identifying adaptation strategies to cope with these impacts requires planners to understand potential interdependent and interrelated consequences of infrastructure failure under natural hazards, and evaluate cascading and cumulative effects of climate change. This article discussed opportunities and challenges to incorporate interdependent social and physical infrastructure systems in the adaptation planning and hazard mitigation process, including climate hazard assessment, adaptation goal identification, adaptation strategy development, and implementation. The availability of urban big data and high computational resources will enable urban planners and decision-makers to better deal with those complex impacts from climate change and natural hazards. Successful adaptation planning and hazard mitigation for interdependent infrastructure systems also needs to solve issues in uncertainties of climate projection, institutional barriers of adaptation, and challenges of urban big data. Potential solutions to these challenges would include cooperation among multi-disciplinary experts, coordination between different levels of governments, and developing the ethical framework for data protection and robust methodologies to detect and reduce data bias.     

地表温度与城市空间分布结构的关系及其 预测模型

就城市尺度级别下的热环境进行评价,为了能够落 实影响绿地规划的具体空间区域,并提供可以指导绿地布局的 方法,以西安为例,量化植被、建设用地空间分布与地表温度 的关系,确定绿地降温的具体区域;通过卷积计算,以温度变 化为0作为界限,细化冷区和热区,提取城市微更新下绿地布 局待调整的位置;基于机器学习的回归算法,由绿地、建设用 地和水体分布预测作为热环境指示因子的地表温度,从而为规 划的合理性提供参考。通过对研究结果的评价,以及与已有方 法的比较,利用地表温度和地表覆盖变化,量化城市空间分布 结构,为绿地规划提供可以落实的具体空间区域。     

Infrastructure networks and red–green patterns in city regions

Landscape ecology challenges the urbanisation processes and the activities of the infrastructure sectors. Infrastructure networks have a strong impact on the development of cities and landscapes. This impact is often positive in an economic sense but can be negative in respect of natural or recreational functions of city and countryside. The challenge for spatial planning is to locate infrastructure lines in order to safeguard the conditions for the less dynamic functions in and around the urban regions. This paper analyses the impact of network patterns on urban development patterns and on green patterns, taking the history of the Randstad Holland as an example. In history the central peat area of this region was hardly accessible. This fact has led over the course of time to a unique spatial pattern: the major infrastructure lines and the major urban settlements are situated on the rim of a Green Heart. This creates a high-quality setting for the economy and the urbanisation of more than 6 million people as well as for natural and agricultural functions. Such a combination of urban elements and infrastructure around a green core can also be found on other scale levels and in other regions. Constraints on access often correlate with restricted urbanisation and with a sustainable position for the green elements. In those cases that such a restraint is chosen deliberately, often five phenomena are visible: (1) Polarity: a spatial polarity between less dynamic and more dynamic functions. (2) Decentrality: a side position of the main infrastructure and urban centres and a central position for the green functions. (3) Equality: equilibrium in extension of urban and rural elements. (4) Continuity: the green areas are part of larger scale networks. (5) Formality: planning policies couple the planning of infrastructure and dynamic urban activities to the development of the less dynamic, green functions.Together, these five elements create a special approach of spatial planning that can be applied on various scales. It is possible to use these elements as a concept, a design tool to create sustainable conditions for the ‘green’ functions in and around city regions. Based on some examples, suggestions are made for a strategy for urban-rural (re-)development aiming at high-quality urban life and for the natural environment, in and around urban regions. Sustainable spatial patterns demand a planning approach that combines the planning of infrastructure and urban activities with the planning of their green counterpoint.     

Governance of Urban Green Open Space for Responding to Climate Change

In the global actions to address climate change, urban open green space is one of the main spatial objects that can be used to effectively mitigate greenhouse gases and to promote the implementation of climate adaptive policies. From a global perspective, this paper firstly analyzes the governance strategies and cooperation mechanisms of urban open green space as responding to climate change in European countries. Then, taking the Central City of Beijing as a case, the paper explores its urban thermal environment, distribution of urban open green space, and climate governance operation based on the specific conditions in China. Further, with the digital technologies of GIS and RS, it analyzes the nature and related governance demands of urban open green space and then divides the Central City of Beijing into four governance zones, following which this paper discusses the climate policy strategies and implementation approaches of each governance zone.     

应对气候变化的城市规划与设计——前沿及对中国的启示

随着全球变暖和极端气候事件频繁发生,全球气候变化及其不利影响日益成为人类共同关心的问题。文章首先介绍了国外已有的相关研究,并以国外前沿研究为启示,分析了中国气候变化现状、影响及应对措施,认为中国面临的气候形势极为严峻,从而提出了减缓和适应气候变化的城市空间、规模、交通规划理念,又对各类灾害多发区制定了相应的设计法则,并提出了"气候·多规融合"的想法。     

A spatially explicit framework for climate adaptation

Cities increasingly confront climate change-related problems of flooding, urban heat island effects, and the impact of drought on vegetation. There is a need for urban water and infrastructure planners to be able to identify vulnerable areas and to design, compare and evaluate interventions to address these problems. In response to this need, we developed the Integrated Climate Adaptation Model (ICAM), which is a Web-GIS tool based on a spatially explicit framework. ICAM has a user-friendly interface for use by a wide range of urban planning and design professionals. The tool is built on high-resolution spatial datasets, allowing users to identify critical areas that may be impacted by sea-level rise, drought, flooding, temperature increases and threats to tree heath and to consider the benefits of various grey and green infrastructure interventions. The tool is suitable for planning and evaluating interventions and to identify pathways for further desktop modelling.     

When green is grievous: downsides in human-nature interactions in informal urban settlements

Considering how poor households relate with natural ecosystems is crucial to achieving environmentally sustainable low-income communities in South Africa and beyond. This paper presents negative experiences associated with residents’ interactions with, perceptions of, and appropriations of natural ecosystems and green spaces in informal settlements in Johannesburg. In-depth interviews with residents in two communities, key informants, and transect walks were used to identify problems associated with domestic gardens and vegetation in riparian and non-riparian open spaces. Inadequate services and infrastructure exacerbates these problems. This work contributes to knowledge regarding undesirable aspects of green infrastructure in the context of urban poverty. Understanding the downsides in human-nature interactions can usefully inform ecologically sound intervention in low-income informal urban areas.