尾巨桉等桉树无性系生长特性分析及选择

对尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)、巨尾桉(E.grandis×E.urophylla)、尾叶桉(E.urophylla)无性系试验林生长性状和干形进行了分析,为选择优良无性系提供科学依据。结果表明,不同无性系及同一无性系在不同林龄时的胸径、树高、单株材积生长率均有所不同,总体上QL4、QL7无性系生长率较大,而QL1、QL2无性系的生长率则较小;林龄1.5年及6.5年时无性系间胸径、单株材积均有显著差异,而无性系间树高仅在林龄1.5龄时差异显著;其余林龄无性系间的差异均不显著。用6.5年生参试无性系胸径、树高、单株材积、干形观测值对各无性系进行综合评定,结果QL7无性系的综合评定结果最佳,被评为优良无性系,其6.5年生时平均胸径、树高、单株材积分别是16.83 cm、21.42 m、0.233 1 m~3;而QL1无性系综合评定排最后一位;因此,不同无性系及同一无性系在不同阶段的生长表现均有所不同,无性系间胸径、单株材积在其生长的早期及后期均存在显著差异,而树高则在早期差异显著,所选择的QL7优良无性系可在试验地所在区域推广种植。     

尾巨桉无性系不同造林措施林分生长调查

以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)无性系为造林品系,设计了5种不同造林密度和6种不同施肥组合进行造林示范,对43个月生不同造林措施示范林生长量进行分析。结果表明,尾巨桉无性系林分树高、胸径、单株材积生长量随林分密度的增加而减小,但林分蓄积量则有随林分密度的增加而增大趋势,最高密度的林分蓄积量最大,达129.28 m3/hm2;造林后追肥可明显促进林木生长,追肥的林分蓄积生长量是不追肥的166.7%,并且以追肥用量大的林木生长效果更好;在造林后1个月及时追肥情况下,可选用磷肥或复合肥作基肥。     

尾叶桉及其杂交种无性系早期生长变异分析

本文对9个尾叶桉、巨尾桉、尾巨桉无性系0.5~2.5年生试验林生长率、差异性及林分直径结构分析,发现林龄0.5~1.5 a是无性系树高生长高峰期,此时树高生长率达79.20%~96.27%,是林龄1.5~2.5 a树高生长率的3~4倍;林龄1.5~2.5 a时,各无性系林分胸径、树高、单株材积生长率分别为19.66%~25.67%、18.58%~27.96%、52.57%~62.54%,生长率最大的是E7号无性系(胸径、单株材积)和E6号无性系(树高);秩次相关分析表明：各无性系胸径、单株材积生长量在不同林龄时排序变动不大,而无性系树高生长量排序在不同林龄时变动较大;差异性分析表明：无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积生长差异显著,但随林龄增加有差异减小趋势;林龄2.5年生时,E5号无性系胸径、单株材积生长量最大,分别达11.39 cm、0.0736 m3;各无性系林分树木径阶范围为6~14 cm或8~14 cm,以10 cm或12 cm径阶树木占最大比例,除E8号无性系外,其余8个无性系树木径阶分布总体上近似正态分布。     

杂交桉DH系列无性系生长比较

对雷州林业局1997年从广西东门林场引进的人工杂交桉DH系列5个无性系与该局在生产上大面积推广造林的刚果12号桉无性系W5和雷林、柳州尾叶桉（实生）进行对比试验，39个月生的调查结果表明：DH系列无性系年平均蓄积生长量达到28．30－32．84m^3/hm^2，比刚果12号桉无性系W5平均蓄积生长量大28．3％－48．9％，比柳州尾叶桉和雷林尾叶桉蓄积生长量分别大81．1％－110．1％和69．6％－96．8％。方差分析表明参试无性系和树种间胸径、树高、蓄积生长量差异均达极显著水平。     

不同树龄尾巨桉无性系木材机械加工性能研究

为探究不同树龄尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)无性系木材的机械加工性能,以5年生和7年生尾巨桉无性系木材为研究对象,对其木材的刨削、砂削、钻削、铣削、开榫和车削6项机械加工性能进行测试和分析.结果表明,在刨削加工性能上,两个树龄木材均表现为良,刨削深度为1.6 mm时,进料速度宜采...     

尾巨桉人工林生长特性的研究

通过对位于广西南宁市北郊的尾巨桉人工林进行生长特性研究。结果表明,尾巨桉人工林林分胸径、树高和蓄积量均随着林龄的增长而明显增加,其中0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5和4.5年生尾巨桉人工林林分蓄积量分别达到2.02、45.59、98.87、134.58和152.57 m3/hm2,表现出早期快速生长的特性。随着林龄的增加,尾巨桉人工林树高、胸径、蓄积的总生长量并没有出现下降的趋势,但其连年生长量已开始出现较明显的下降现象。     

巨尾桉尾叶桉无性系造林对比试验初报

叙述了巨尾按2个无性系及其亲本之一的尾叶桉1个无性系、尾叶按实生苗造林在桂中的生长情况。对3.5年生林分生长情况初步分析结果表明,该两树种基本能适应桂中肥力低下、干旱的立地条件生长,其中以巨尾桉BH115号无性系表现最好,而未经选优的巨尾桉(无号)无性系表现最差,说明了杂交种巨尾按子代与其亲本之一的尾叶桉子代之间并无绝对的生长优势,应在选优过程中优胜劣汰。     

3个桉树品种对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂抗性研究

对尾叶桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla)、巨桉(E.grandis)和赤桉(E.camaldulenis)3个桉树品种进行了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa FisherLa Salle)自然侵害后的从枝状等级、虫瘿特征、虫瘿数等级进行了调查分析。结果表明:3个品种的受害程度不同,按照丛枝状等级划分,尾叶桉和巨桉为3级,而赤桉为4级。尾叶桉仅在叶柄部位发现虫瘿,而在叶脉和嫩梢部位均未发现虫瘿;巨桉和赤桉在叶柄、叶脉和嫩梢部位均形成虫瘿。3个品种的虫瘿数等级均为2级。结合从枝状等级和虫瘿数等级的评定结果,将尾叶桉定为低抗品种,巨桉定为中感品种,赤桉定为高感品种。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫羽化量的研究

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa Fishher & La Salle)能够在巨圆桉(Eucalyptus grandis×E tereticornis)、窿缘桉(E excserta)、尾叶桉(E urophylla)等多种桉树上危害,对不同寄主的危害程度、产生的虫瘿数量和羽化成虫数量有明显差异.观察...     

尾巨桉人工林萌芽更新最佳经营模式技术

通过试验研究表明:留1条萌芽和留2条、3条萌芽对尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)萌芽林的树高、胸径生长量没有显著的影响,留1条萌芽的的萌芽林树高、胸径普遍大于留2条和3条萌芽,留萌芽数对萌芽林的蓄积生长量在前期(1~4年)有显著的影响。萌芽中的留2条萌芽的蓄积生长量比留1条、3条萌芽的明显要大。不同的抚育措施在前期(1~4年)对萌芽林树高、胸径生长量有明显的促进作用,但不同的抚育措施对萌芽林蓄积有明显的促进作用,尤其是施肥措施,松土对萌芽林的蓄积生长几乎不起作用。桉树人工林萌芽更新最佳的经营模式是留2条萌芽条 施肥处理,其投入产出比最大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.