平头压痕试验确定薄膜弹塑性参数的研究

本文研究用平头压痕试验确定薄膜-基体材料中薄膜材料弹塑性参数的可行性,重点研究了薄膜材料的屈服强度和硬化模量的确定方法.利用有限元(FEM)进行了模拟计算,给出了平头压痕下典型的等应力分布,以及载荷-压入深度的曲线.通过对载荷-压入深度曲线的研究,给出了通过平头压痕试验确定薄膜屈服强度和薄膜硬化模量的方法.     

乙烯裂解炉管沿高度方向的蠕变损伤和剩余寿命评估

通过对某石化公司服役3 a的乙烯裂解炉管沿高度方向的显微组织进行分析,使用定量金相分析的方法将该炉管沿高度方向的损伤状态与蠕变损伤等级-剩余寿命图进行对比,获得了不同高度处炉管的剩余寿命。结果表明:该乙烯裂解炉管蠕变损伤程度沿高度方向的分布是不均匀的,4~7 m高度处损伤最为严重,约有50%的剩余寿命;其他高度处的炉管仍处于蠕变损伤的初级阶段,尚有70%~90%的剩余寿命。     

锅炉省煤器炉管爆裂分析与剩余寿命估算

通过X射线氧化产物分析及宏、微观检验,结合炉管剩余寿命理论计算,认为锅炉省煤器炉管的爆裂失效是超温造成蠕变损伤,蠕变孔洞在应力作用下继续长大并聚合连接成裂纹,最终导致炉管破裂。提出了防止措施。     

某型发动机I级涡轮盘的剩余寿命计算

对某典型飞行科目的载荷谱进行处理,得出对涡轮盘损伤影响较大的主次循环。根据三循环载荷谱,对该科目进行载荷等效转换,并分别对涡轮盘进行弹塑性分析,从而得到在不同循环载荷下的低循环疲劳损伤。进行蠕变分析得到蠕变损伤。通过对已完成的寿命损伤以及计划完成的寿命损伤计算,利用线性累加理论求得剩余寿命。     

三维机织复合材料在拉压循环载荷下的疲劳性能

为研究三维机织复合材料在拉伸-压缩循环载荷下的疲劳性能,对材料进行了应力比R=-1的疲劳试验。在不同的载荷水平下,分别进行了纬向和经向两类拉压疲劳试验。试验获得了试样在疲劳载荷下的滞回曲线和全过程中剩余刚度比随寿命的变化曲线。结果表明,在拉伸-压缩循环载荷下,三维机织复合材料的疲劳损伤过程主要包含3个阶段,分别发生基体破坏、纱线横向裂纹扩展和纱线的最终断裂。基体的破碎和开胶、垂直于载荷方向排布的纱线撕裂和沿载荷方向排布的纱线断裂是试样内部的主要失效模式。试验还获得了纬向和经向拉压疲劳的拟合S-N曲线,可应用于工程中对该型材料进行疲劳寿命估算。该型材料的疲劳寿命在低应力区和高应力区均显示出较小的分散性,双对数坐标系下的拟合S-N曲线具有较好的线性度。     

一种基于复合材料剩余强度的衍生疲劳损伤模型

为了研究纤维增强树脂复合材料在疲劳载荷作用下的损伤发展规律,提出了一种基于复合材料剩余强度的归一化衍生疲劳损伤模型。在该模型中,假定累积损伤与应力水平呈线性关系,可以由拉-拉疲劳试验的应力水平的损伤曲线衍生出未试验的应力水平的损伤曲线。对直径为8 mm的碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)索材进行了不同应力幅的疲劳试验,并同时采用了文献中玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)层合板的试验数据验证模型的可靠性,试验结果表明:损伤模型能较好地反映出三阶段的发展规律,衍生的损伤曲线与试验数据拟合出来的损伤曲线偏离度较小。此外,本文还研究了应力水平对复合材料损伤演化的影响,结果表明随着应力水平的增大,损伤曲线相邻阶段的边界变得不明显。      

3D-C/SiC复合材料拉伸蠕变损伤和蠕变机理

对3D-C/SiC复合材料进行拉伸蠕变试验,蠕变进行一段时间后,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察试样表面的变化,同时测量试样的共振频率.结果表明,3D-C/SiC除通常CMC所产生的蠕变损伤外,纤维束滑动,纤维束之间的夹角变化,孔隙变形,部分孔隙表面空间位置改变,孔隙表面产生基体微裂纹,损伤在纤维束交叉处更为集中,这些可作为3D-C/SiC蠕变变形的独特机理.电阻和模量的相对变化与蠕变曲线相似,因此电阻和模量都可表征C/SiC材料的蠕变损伤,作为损伤变量.该材料的蠕变属于损伤引起.     

基于纳米压痕测试的超细晶Si_2N_2O-Si_3N_4陶瓷室温蠕变特性

目的陶瓷材料由于其固有硬脆性,难以利用传统单轴拉伸与压缩实验测试其蠕变性能,而纳米压痕测试技术对试样形状尺寸没有特殊要求,因此利用纳米压痕测试技术研究Si2N2O-Si3N4超细晶陶瓷的室温蠕变性能。方法针对1600,1650,1700℃条件下烧结制备的Si2N2O-Si3N4超细晶陶瓷,采用纳米压痕技术测试材料在最大载荷分别为5000,6000和7000μN条件下的载荷-位移曲线,并通过拟合计算获得了3种材料室温蠕变应力指数。结果 3种材料均呈现明显的加载效应。结论研究表明,在相同载荷下,压入深度和蠕变位移都随着材料烧结温度的升高而增大,且相同材料的蠕变应力指数,随着保压载荷的增大而减小。对比分析发现,在1600℃条件下烧结制备的Si2N2O-Si3N4超细晶陶瓷,晶粒细小均匀,晶界数多,室温下表现出较强的蠕变性能。     

沥青砂粘弹塑蠕变损伤本构模型实验研究

针对沥青砂的非线性材料特性,结合连续损伤力学理论,对传统Burgers模型进行改造,提出了粘弹塑蠕变损伤本构模型,通过对不同实验条件下沥青砂单轴蠕变试验结果的非线性拟合,获得模型参数,然后利用模型进行预测分析,得到了不同应力水平与环境温度下的蠕变曲线和损伤演化曲线,通过比较发现该文模型能够更合理地反映沥青砂加速蠕变的非线性特征,而且蠕变过程中损伤演化的速度受蠕变时间、应力水平与环境温度的影响很大。     

SA335-P22钢主蒸汽管道非破坏性剩余寿命评估方法

通过宏观检验、多种无损检测方法以及现场硬度测试和金相覆膜方法,对累计运行已超过113 000h的SA335-P22钢主蒸汽管道进行了检测,并结合Larson-Miller公式预测法和蠕变损伤级别分类法共同对该主蒸汽管道进行了非破坏性剩余寿命评估,得出该管道的剩余寿命不超过105 937h。该试验结果可为电厂运行人员提供参考。     

Constitutive description of creep behavior of M-4Al-1Ca alloy

Creep behavior of an advanced magnesium alloy AX41 (4 wt.% Al, 1 wt.% Ca, Mg balanced) was investigated in temperature interval from 343 to 673 K and stresses from 2 to 200 MPa. Compressive creep experiments with stepwise loading were used in order to obtain stress dependence of the creep rate in interval from 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻³ s⁻¹ for a given temperature. All stress dependences can be well described by the Garofalo sinh relationship with natural exponent n = 5. An analysis of the parameters of this relationship has shown that lattice diffusion controls creep at all experimental conditions. While climb-controlled creep mechanism is decisive at lower stresses and higher temperatures, glide-controlled mechanisms act at higher stresses and lower temperatures. A typical power-law breakdown is observed at intermediate stresses and temperatures. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 36–39, January–February, 2008.     

Creep behaviour of AISI 316H stainless steel under stress-varying creep loading conditions: primary creep regeneration

Primary creep regeneration (PCR) is an important reported observation from creep under stress-varying conditions for several alloys. For a specimen deforming in the secondary creep regime, a stress reversal leads to an enhanced creep rate upon reloading due to reactivation of the primary creep regime (i.e. PCR). This paper focuses on an investigation of the PCR phenomenon during stress-varying creep loading for AISI 316H stainless steel at 650°C. The experimental observations clarify the influence of different parameters (e.g. forward creep stress level, reverse stress magnitude and forward and reverse accumulated inelastic strain) on the extent of PCR activation. In addition, a correlation between the extent of PCR activation and inelastic strain accumulation during the reverse loading period was found, which was employed to develop an empirical–phenomenological model for prediction of the creep behaviour of the alloy after stress transients (e.g. stress reversals).     

金属蠕变律及蠕变行为研究

蠕变过程中 ,材料内部状态的不断演化 ,使得材料的蠕变行为发生改变。本文提出考虑损伤和硬化影响的蠕变律。利用该蠕变律讨论了 12 Cr1Mo V钢蠕变行为。分析结果表明 ,ε·c在蠕变过程中始终变化 ,第二阶段仅仅是ε·c相对稳定的阶段 ,其相对稳定程度和持续范围与载荷大小有关。在相同寿命分数下 ,不同应力水平引起的硬化状态也不相同     

Influence of bonding on the tensile creep behavior of paper in a cyclic humidity environment

It has been shown, as paper structure is improved through increased bonding (by increasing relative bonded area or specific bond strength), a fully efficient loaded structure can be achieved. Once fully efficient, further improvements in bonding become redundant and have no effect on some paper deformation behaviors; deformation is dictated only by the characteristics of the fibers. Although previous work had shown this was true for elastic modulus and short time duration stress-strain behavior, it has only recently been shown to be true for constant humidity tensile creep behavior. In this study, the goal was to ascertain if cyclic humidity tensile creep behavior (known as accelerated creep) would follow the same trend. To accomplish this, sheets were made at differing levels of relative bonded area and specific bond strength. This was done by applying two different wet pressing levels (to alter relative bonded area) and using bonder and debonder (to change specific bond strength). It was found that accelerated creep behavior of paper sheets is no different than constant humidity creep behavior; changing bonding does not influence accelerated creep if the sheet has a fully efficient loaded structure. If the sheet structure is inefficiently loaded (there is no redundancy in bonding), accelerated creep will be affected by bonding. However, it is proposed that the only reason accelerated creep is influenced by bonding when inefficiently loaded is because constant humidity creep behavior determines the accelerated behavior and it is influenced, in this case, by bonding.     

Proposal of a new concept on creep fracture remnant life for a precracked specimen

Abstract

The creep life time of a smooth specimen can be predicted using existing laws for creep deformation and steady state creep rate. When crack growth behaviour is involved, it is necessary to construct a law of creep crack growth rate to predict creep fracture life. Creep fracture life can be measured by integrating the law of creep crack growth rate. One example is the creep crack growth rate, represented by the parameter Q*. In this study, we investigated the applicability of this prediction method to creep fracture remnant life for a cracked specimen. The Ω criterion is proposed to predict creep fracture remnant life for a smooth specimen for creep ductile materials. In this study, the correlation between Q*_L derived from the paremeters Q* and Ω is investigated. The correlation between Q_L* and Ω provided a unified theoretical prediction law of creep fracture remnant life for high-temperature creep-ductile materials in the range from smooth to precracked specimens.     

A three dimensional view of high temperature creep damage

Abstract

A three dimensional view of creep voids in a hydrogen reformer tube is presented. By separating and reconstructing various microstructural features present, the proper representation of creep voids in 3D can be fully studied. Useful measurements of parameters such as void volume, void-to-void distance, and grain boundary angles were obtained. The data presented here represent the initial collection of creep void information for use in various creep void nucleation and growth models. Additional data are currently being collected for material subjected to different service conditions.     

Measurements of Creep Internal Stress Based on Constant Strain Rate and Its Application to Engineering

This research is carried out on the basis of Constant Strain Rate （CSR） to measure creep internal stress. Measurements of creep internal stress are conducted on the material test machine by using the CSR method. A mathematical model of creep internal stress is also proposed and its application is presented in this paper.     

蠕变塑性表征方法的研究

比较了高温塑性几处表征方法，提出了用０．２％蠕变变形确定蠕变第Ⅲ阶段开始点的条件蠕变第Ⅲ阶段来表征变塑性，用ＤＤ３单晶的蠕变曲线来验证，获得满意的结果。