经脐单孔腹腔镜下隐睾下降固定术治疗小儿隐睾初步报告

目的探讨经脐进行单孔多通道腹腔镜下小儿的隐睾下降固定术的可行性并评价治疗效果。方法自09年6月至10月,共13例(14侧)患者接受该手术,均取脐作为操作通道,用切开法进入腹腔,将自制单孔多通道套管经脐置入腹腔,从通道内进腹腔镜及两个腹腔镜器械进行操作。将睾丸及精索血管充分游离后,通过腹股沟管将睾丸固定到肉膜外层,用可吸收线缝合伤口。结果手术均获成功,其中11例行一期隐睾下降固定术,2例因睾丸发育不良行睾丸切除术。套管制作平均时间为3min,通道建立时间为5±2min,手术时间17±7min,术中平均出血30±12ml,术后住院时间3.5±1.1d。术中、术后均无并发症发生,术后2周复查脐部切口无明显疤痕,睾丸位于阴囊内。结论经脐单孔腹腔镜隐睾下降固定术治疗小儿隐睾简单易行、安全有效,但操作难度较常规腹腔镜手术复杂,脐部单孔多通道套管及腹腔镜手术器械有待进一步完善和改进。单孔法创伤更小,几乎无疤痕,是一种具有一定优势的微创手术方法,但须掌握正确的操作方法。     

隐睾合并腹股沟疝腹腔镜手术中关闭内环口的必要性探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗小儿隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝术中关闭内环口是否必要。 方法收集2009年6月至2016年5月间宜昌市第二人民医院50例隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术的患儿临床资料。腹腔镜下彻底游离精索后所有的睾丸均经腹股沟管下降至阴囊,内环口均未缝合关闭。观察手术时间、睾丸下降情况及并发症等。 结果50例患儿鞘状突均未闭合,其中腹股沟管型隐睾39例,腹腔型隐睾11例。平均手术时间72 min,所有患儿睾丸均一期下降固定于阴囊。所有病例随访时间9个月至6.5年,中位时间3年,睾丸回缩至阴囊上方3例,超声复查无一例患儿腹股沟斜疝复发。 结论隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术安全、有效,术中缝合关闭内环口也许是不必要的。     

腹腔镜及经阴囊小切口治疗小儿隐睾症的疗效观察

目的探讨小儿隐睾症的不同手术方式选择及疗效观察。方法 2013年9月至2014年7月在我科行睾丸下降固定术的患儿159例,其中睾丸位于阴囊上方或可推至阴囊内者采用经阴囊小切口行睾丸下降固定术,睾丸位于内环口或者无法触及睾丸且超声提示未见明显睾丸者采用腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术,摒弃经腹股沟切口睾丸下降固定术。结果 159例隐睾患儿,除其中15例睾丸萎缩切除外,其余均成功将睾丸降至阴囊内。术后随访患儿,睾丸发育正常,手术切口隐蔽,无明显疤痕,美容效果好。结论低位隐睾选择经阴囊小切口,高位隐睾选择腹腔镜下睾丸下降固定术,手术均能获得满意效果,且术后外观更美观,掌握好这两种手术的适应证和手术技巧,或可取代经典的经腹股沟切口睾丸下降固定术。     

睾丸下降固定术的不同手术径路选择体会

目的探讨分析选择不同路径行睾丸下降固定术的体会。方法 2012年5月至2014年3月期间,共103例患儿在广东省妇幼保健院小儿泌尿外科行睾丸下降固定术,高位隐睾者经腹腔镜下入路和低位隐睾者经阴囊弧形切口入路行睾丸下降固定术或睾丸探查术。分析不同手术径路的术后效果及随访观察患儿手术切口、睾丸位置、血供情况等来评价手术效果。结果 103例隐睾患儿,54例为左侧隐睾,21例为右侧隐睾,28例为双侧隐睾,总共114枚睾丸行睾丸下降固定术。39例(5例为双侧隐睾)患儿,共44枚睾丸经阴囊切口行睾丸下降固定术。64例(23例为双侧隐睾)患儿,共70枚睾丸通过腹腔镜下行睾丸下降固定术,其中20例患儿术中行Flower-Stephens I期术式;15例腹腔镜下行单侧睾丸样组织切除;单侧隐睾2例患儿术中发现输精管及精索血管未汇合。99例患儿获术后随访,时间为3个月~2年,术后随访中经阴囊切口行睾丸下降固定术者有1例患儿未能将睾丸完全下降至阴囊底部,仅位于阴囊上方。无患儿出现睾丸萎缩,无患儿伤口出现脂肪液化、感染。结论腹腔镜下入路和经阴囊弧形入口两种手术路径治疗隐睾安全、有效。     

腹股沟可触及睾丸的隐睾的微创治疗

目的探讨腹股沟可触及睾丸的隐睾的微创治疗方法。方法2007年8月～2008年3月对60例腹股沟区可触及睾丸的隐睾,根据睾丸位置高低,采取经阴囊或腹腔镜辅助下睾丸固定手术。结果经阴囊睾丸固定术24例,睾丸位于外环口与阴囊上极之间,23例固定于阴囊底,1例固定于阴囊上极。经阴囊转腹腔镜睾丸固定术2例,均为右侧,睾丸位于外环口与阴囊上极之间,经隐囊手术睾丸下降位置不满意,转为腹腔镜手术将睾丸固定于阴囊底。经腹腔镜睾丸固定术34例,其中睾丸位于腹股沟内16例（41.1%）,位于近外环口处18例（52.9%）,合并腹股沟斜疝8例（23.5%）,均在腹腔镜下行内环口结扎,术后睾丸固定于阴囊底部。60例B超随访3～6个月,平均4.3月,无睾丸萎缩及回缩,无腹股沟斜疝的发生。结论可触及睾丸的腹股沟隐睾如果能推到阴囊上极,则可选择经阴囊切口的睾丸固定术;如果不能将睾丸推到阴囊上极或经阴囊切口不能将睾丸固定到阴囊底时,可选择腹腔镜手术。2种手术方法睾丸固定位置满意,可作为临床医师的参考手术方式之一。     

保留睾丸引带在腹腔镜小儿腹腔型隐睾手术中的应用

目的:探讨保留睾丸引带在腹腔镜小儿腹腔型隐睾手术中的疗效.方法:回顾分析2007年6月至2010年8月为24例腹腔型隐睾患儿行腹腔镜睾丸阴囊肉膜囊固定术的临床资料,术中保留睾丸引带和精索双向血供.结果:24例均成功完成腹腔镜Ⅰ期睾丸下降固定术,无一例中转手术,手术时间45～60 min,平均55 min,无并发症发生....     

腹腔镜Prentiss路径睾丸下降固定术28例

目的探讨腹腔镜Prentiss路径睾丸下降固定术在高位隐睾手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年8月～2019年3月我院腹腔镜Prentiss路径睾丸下降固定术治疗28例儿童高位隐睾的临床资料。年龄8个月～7岁3个月,中位数1岁10个月。左侧8例,右侧17例,双侧3例。伴同侧腹股沟斜疝13例,鞘膜积液3例。在腹腔镜监视下,经腹腔镜操作剪刀、电凝钩等器械游离睾丸后离断引带,保留精索及输精管表面腹膜,松解精索及输精管,腹腔镜监视下经腹壁下血管内侧建立睾丸下降的Prentiss路径,经体外牵拉睾丸残留引带下降睾丸,体外牵引下再次于腹腔内游离精索,使睾丸能无张力下降至阴囊。结果手术时间35～64(45. 1±6. 9) min,出血5 ml。术后均未使用止痛药,阴囊轻微肿胀,未放置引流条,无须使用抗生素。术后4 h饮水,6 h进流质饮食,1～2 d出院。28例术后随访1～20(8. 5±5. 5)月,无切口感染,睾丸均停留在阴囊内,阴囊外观良好,左右基本对称,无睾丸萎缩、鞘膜积液、腹股沟斜疝等并发症。结论腹腔镜Prentiss路径睾丸下降固定术治疗高位隐睾简单易学且安全有效,容易达到睾丸下降固定的目的。     

不同类型小儿隐睾的微创治疗

目的探讨不同位置的隐睾,采用不同微创手术方式的效果及可行性。方法自2013年6月至2016年6月我院收治各类隐睾共56例。腹腔型隐睾9例采用腹腔镜手术。腹腔镜下游离患侧睾丸及精索,自腹股沟管将睾丸牵入阴囊,固定于阴囊底部肉膜囊内。阴囊高位型隐睾及滑动睾丸6例采用单纯经阴囊切口手术(Bianchi),直接于患侧阴囊底部皮肤皱褶内做顺皮纹切口,游离精索,将睾丸固定于肉膜囊内。腹股沟型隐睾41例,采用腹腔镜手术与Bianchi手术相结合的治疗方法,不将睾丸提入腹腔,不切断睾丸引带,腹腔内游离精索后,将睾丸下推至阴囊,然后转至阴囊部操作,采用Bianchi手术,将睾丸固定于阴囊底部肉膜囊内。结果全部病例均顺利完成手术,达到睾丸无张力固定于阴囊底部的效果。平均手术时间,腹腔型(65±8)min,腹股沟型(56±6)min,阴囊型(45±5)min。术后恢复顺利,无围手术期并发症出现。术后第3天出院。随访3~12个月,所有病例睾丸位置均位于阴囊底部,无睾丸萎缩或回缩病例,血供良好,发育正常。结论根据睾丸位置选取不同的微创手术方式,使隐睾手术全部达到微创化治疗,损伤小,恢复快,无明显切口瘢痕,精索游离充分,能够将睾丸固定于阴囊低位,效果满意。     

未触及睾丸隐睾的腹腔镜手术体会

目的探讨腹腔镜在未触及睾丸隐睾患儿中的应用价值。方法选取2007年12月~2014年6月诊疗的未触及睾丸的隐睾患儿40例(45侧),根据患儿情况在腹腔镜下行相应手术治疗。腹腔内睾丸33例(38侧),其中行一期睾丸下降固定术29例(33侧),分期睾丸下降固定术4例(5侧);精索血管进入腹股沟管6例(6侧),行腹股沟区探查术;1例(1侧)腹腔内见输精管呈盲端,镜下切除。结果 40例(45侧)均手术顺利。手术时间34~65 min,平均46 min。术后住院时间2~5 d,平均3.2 d。40例随访6~24个月,平均8.7月。睾丸回缩至阴囊上方4例,睾丸萎缩1例,阴囊水肿、血肿3例,无睾丸扭转坏死。结论腔镜技术暴露清楚,解剖明确,不易损伤周围组织,对患儿创伤较小,有助于提高睾丸下降固定的成功率,尤其对腹腔内盲端输精管和很高位置的睾丸有较好的治疗效果,对治疗小儿高位隐睾具有重要的临床价值。     

脐缘单孔腹腔镜手术治疗小儿腹股沟管型隐睾的早期疗效

目的 探讨脐缘单孔腹腔镜手术治疗小儿腹股沟管型隐睾的早期临床疗效。方法 2020年9月～2022年3月我科对53例小儿腹股沟管型隐睾(左侧19例，右侧31例，双侧3例)采用腹腔镜镜头由内环口伸入腹股沟管并确定睾丸位置后，利用腹腔镜镜头顶住患侧鞘膜囊，沿腹股沟管下行入患侧阴囊，于阴囊底部腹腔镜头冷光源处做一横切口，腹腔镜镜头将鞘膜囊顶至切口外，打开鞘状突后拖出睾丸，横断鞘膜囊，必要时行精索和输精管的游离，无张力固定睾丸于患侧阴囊皮肤肉膜间。结果 手术均顺利完成，无中转开放手术，术中探查见患侧内环口均未闭合，对侧内环口未闭合占单侧隐睾患儿42.0%(21/50),同期行高位结扎术。手术时间(35.5±6.6)min。53例术后3、6、12、18个月患侧阴囊彩超提示所有患儿患侧睾丸血供良好，未出现睾丸回缩、萎缩，患侧无腹股沟斜疝、鞘膜积液等并发症。术前彩超睾丸体积(0.69±0.25)ml,与末次随访(0.92±0.32)ml比较差异有统计学差异(t=13.083,P=0.000)。结论 脐缘单孔腹腔镜手术治疗小儿腹股沟管型隐睾可行，不破坏患侧腹股沟管结构，能发现并同时结扎对侧鞘状突，短期疗...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.