Chaneya, a New Genus of Winged Fruit from the Tertiary of North America and Eastern Asia

A new genus is recognized on the basis of wind-dispersed fruits from the Eocene of western North America and Miocene of eastern Asia. The fruits consist of an accrescent hypogynous calyx of five obovate sepals and one or more globose fruit bodies. Although the fossils were formerly placed in the extant genera Porana (Convolvulaceae) and Astronium (Anacardiaceae), our investigation of numerous specimens from several floras in the western United States (e.g., Florissant, Green River, Clarno) and Canada (Whipsaw Creek, British Columbia) and the Yilan and Shanwang floras of China reveals unique characters that indicate that the fossils are a distinct genus, which we name Chaneya. Unlike Porana and Astronium, the fossil calyces have stomata that are longitudinally aligned, and early stages of fruit development show a gynoecium of five apocarpous carpels, of which only one or two usually enlarge at maturity. Precise systematic placement of the fossil genus is uncertain, but similarities to the extant Picrasma of the Simaroubaceae are suggestive of possible affinities. Two species are recognized: Chaneya tenuis (Lesq.) comb. nov., from the Eocene of western North America and northeastern China, and Chaneya kokangensis (Endo) comb. nov., from the Miocene of eastern Asia.     

Monogeneans from Pangasiidae (Siluriformes) in Southeast Asia: VI. Pangasitrema camillae n. g., n. sp. (Monogenea, Ancylodiscoididae), from Pangasius polyuranodon

The examination of gill parasites from Pangasius polyuranodon Bleeker, 1852 (Siluriformes, Pangasiidae) in Indonesia revealed the presence of a new species of Manogenea, belonging to a new genus: Pangasitrema camillae n. g., n. sp. (Ancylodiscoididae). Among Ancylodiscoididae, the genus has several distinguishing features: the reduced size of the haptor, the morphology and size of gripi, the absence of a ventral transversal bar and of a cuneus associated with dorsal gripi.     

New species and new records of the subgenus Amiota s. str. Loew (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from North America,East Asia and Oceania

Fifteen known and five new species of the subgenus Amiota (s. str.) from North America, East Asia and Oceania were surveyed and described: A. leucostoma Loew, A. minor (Malloch), A. subtusradiata quadrata Takada & Toda and A. communis Chen & Steyskal, n. sp. from North America; A. aquilotaurinternatta Takada et a/., A. delta Takada et al., A. dentata Okada, A. elongata Okada, A. flagellata Okada, A. kamui Chen & Toda, A. palpitera Okada, A. spinata Chen & Toda, A. subturcata Okada, A. angulisternita Chen & Liu, n. sp. and A. kitamura Chen & Liu, n. sp. from Liaoning and Taiwan, China; biturcata Chen, n. sp. and A. vulnerabla Chen & Zhang, n. sp. each from Hokkaido and Kyushu, Japan, A. sinuata Okada, A. kimurai Chen & Toda and A. nagatai Okada from Papua New Guinea.     

Tributyltin in Seafood from Asia,Australia, Europe,and North America: Assessment of Human Health Risks

This study reports concentrations of tributyltin in seafood collected from eight sites around the world and assesses potential human health risks. Samples of fish, crustaceans, cephalopods ( i.e., squid), and bivalve molluscs were purchased from markets in two Asian cities, one Australian city, three European cities, and two North American cities. Samples were then analyzed for tributyltin, and the chemical concentrations observed were used to calculate potential human health risks from consumption of market-bought seafood. TBT residues in marketable seafood were consistent worldwide, averaging 185?ng/g dry weight. For different reasons, pelagic fish and bivalve molluscs tended to have slightly higher residues than squid, demersal fish (sole/flounder) and crusta-cea. TBT concentrations in seafood from France and Korea were at least twice as high as those from the other countries. Based on average per capita seafood consumption rates for each country, the amounts of TBT ingested did not exceed proposed thresholds for chronic effects, suggesting negligible risks to the average consumer.     

亚欧美栗疫病菌群体的遗传多样性

从 12 0个随机引物中筛选出条带清晰、主带明显、重复性好的 9个引物 ,对来自不同地域和寄主的 7个群体的 14 2个栗疫病菌菌株进行 RAPD分析。 9个引物共扩增出条带 12 4条 ,其中多态性条带 111条 ,多态性比率为 89.5 2 %。利用 Popgen3.2软件对供试群体进行遗传多样性分析和 UPGMA聚类。结果表明 ,中国地区 4个群体间的遗传相似性较大 ,与美国、意大利和日本群体间的相似性较小 ;美国和意大利群体间的遗传相似性较大 ,且它们与日本群体间的相似性大于与中国群体间的相似性。病原菌群体的遗传变异率为 0 .2 35 1,其中在地区水平上 ,82 .34%由群体内的变异引起 ,17.6 6 %由群体间的差异引起 ,群体间的基因流动值为 2 .3311;而在寄主水平上 ,则 79.4 2 %由群体内的变异引起 ,2 0 .5 8%由群体间的差异引起 ,群体间的基因流动值为 1.92 97     

Paleogene fossil fruits of Stephania (Menispermaceae) from North America and East Asia

Stephania Loureiro is a large genus within Menispermaceae, with approximately 60 extant species naturally distributed in tropical to subtropical areas in Asia and Africa, and a few in Oceania. This genus possesses highly characteristic endocarps that facilitate identification of extant and fossil specimens. Here, we report some well-preserved fossil fruits of Stephania from North America and East Asia. The specimens indicate the endocarps were bony or woody with an obovate to obovate-rotund outline and a horseshoe-shaped locule. The endocarp length varies from 4.7 to 8.3 mm, and width from 3.7 to 7.0 mm. The endocarp has a clear foramen in the central area and is surrounded by a keel with ribs running along the dorsal surface. Only one lateral crest develops on each side of the endocarp. Two new species are recognized: Stephania wilfii Han & Manchester sp. nov. from the Paleocene to Eocene of Wyoming (USA), and Stephania jacquesii Han & Manchester sp. nov. disjunct between the late Eocene of Oregon (USA) and the late Oligocene of Guangxi Province (China). In addition, on the basis of more detailed morphological comparative analyses, we transfer the fossils formerly treated as Diploclisia auriformis (Hollick) Manchester from the early Eocene of London Clay, and the middle Eocene of Alaska and Oregon to Stephania auriformis (Hollick) Han & Manchester comb. nov. These fossil materials indicate a broader biogeographic distribution for the ancestors of extant Stephania lineages. This finding enhances our knowledge of the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Stephania and provides new evidence concerning its phytogeographic history.     

中国与北美大陆的高卢蜜环菌系统发育分析

在中国和北美大陆分别收集53和15株高卢蜜环菌Armillaria gallica菌株,并用ISSR（inter-simple sequence repeat）分子标记对这些菌株进行了亲缘关系及系统发育分析。结果表明：中国和北美大陆的A. gallica因地理隔离产生明显的遗传分异,在系统发育树上分别形成了各自的进化分支;北美大陆的分支内部遗传分化尚不明显,而中国的进化分支遗传分化程度相对较大且更为古老,中国菌株可能是两个大陆A. gallica的祖先株系。     

Intraspecific variation of Haematoloechus floedae Harwood, 1932 (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae), from Rana spp. in North and Central America

Haematoloechus floedae was originally described from the lungs of Rana catesbeiana in Texas, and later reported in Florida, in the United States. It was proposed to be synonymous with H. breviplexus, H. parviplexus, and H. varioplexus. We obtained specimens of H. floedae from Rana brownorum and R. vaillanti in Yucatán, Mexico; R. cf. forreri and R. taylori in Guanacaste, Costa Rica; and R. catesbeiana in Georgia and California. Some specimens were processed for morphological study; sequences of the 28S of the rDNA and the mitochondrial COI were obtained from several specimens of each population. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data indicates studied populations constitute a single taxon, different from H. varioplexus, H. breviplexus, and H. parviplexus. Some morphological characters remain constant among populations of H. floedae, and are useful for differentiating this species. These include the oral sucker-pharynx ratio, oral sucker-ventral sucker ratio, ovary and testes shape, extension of uterine longitudinal loops, and extension of vitelline follicles (in fully developed worms). Sequence homogeneity among populations of H. floedae suggests a recent spread, perhaps due to the introduction of R. catesbeiana for culture to the western United States, southeast Mexico, and Costa Rica.     

Nodulation response of woody Papilionoid species after inoculation with rhizobia and soil from Hawaii,Asia and North America

Among subfamilies in the Fabaceae, the capacity to form root nodules is most common in the Papilionoideae. Yet nodules have never been observed on species of Cladrastis, and there are conflicting reports of the capacity of species in the genus Styphnolobium to nodulate. Our objectives were to evaluate Styphnolobium japonicum (formerly Sophora japonica) and Cladrastis kentukea for the capacity to nodulate and to characterize any isolated rhizobia. N-deficient plants were inoculated with rhizobia chosen for their low host specificity or for their symbiotic potential with indigenous and introduced trees and shrubs of Sophora species in Hawaii, Japan and China. Soil samples from the root zones of mature S. japonicum, C. kentukea and other woody legumes, introduced or indigenous to Hawaii, Japan, China and the continental USA, also were used as inocula. Inoculation did not elicit nodulation of C. kentukea or S. japonicum, despite that N concentrations of shoots of S. japonicum (1.6%) and C. kentukea (1.5%) fell below the highest shoot N percentage that previously was associated with well-nodulated plants of Maackia amurensis (1.8%). In addition to these analyses, rhizobia were isolated from nodules on the roots of a tree reported to us as S. japonicum. Nine of the 10 isolates selected as representatives of similarity groups were capable of nodulating M. amurensis, which led to the identification of the putative S. japonicum as Maackia floribunda. We also found that broad-range Bradyrhizobium USDA 6, USDA 3384 and USDA 3456 induce nodules on R. pseudoacacia and M. amurensis, which were used as control species during inoculation trials with S. japonicum and C. kentukea. Our conclusion that S. japonicum and C. kentukea lack the capacity to nodulate is based on the most thorough analysis of the nodulation capacity of these species to date. Previous reports of nodulation of S. japonicum may have been due to inaccurate plant or nodule identification.