LTD模块串联装置中部分模块不工作时的输出性能

基于10级模块串联的1 MV快脉冲直线型变压器驱动源装置,分别开展了1～3个模块在不充电或不触发时装置的整体输出参数测试。结果表明,在二极管负载阻抗基本不变的情况下,装置输出电流和电压降低的数值约为故障模块数与总模块数的比值。与所有模块正常工作时相比,脉冲上升时间分别增加10,22和32 ns,脉冲宽度分别增加13,23和48 ns。根据电路分析以及模块实际电参数建立了装置的等效电路模型,模拟得到的不同数量模块不工作时的输出电压变化趋势与实验结果基本一致,并利用电路模型对故障模块中开关两端的电压进行了模拟和分析。     

气体开关抖动对输出峰值功率和前沿的影响

根据已有的实验数据和理论,给出了抖动和延时的数值表示,利用Matlab软件生成随机数组模拟开关延时和抖动。在Simulink环境下建立简化模型仿真多子块并联直线型变压器驱动源（LTD）模块的工作特性。通过M文件控制模块内多个开关的击穿时序仿真开关抖动,分析开关抖动对40个支路并联输出电流1 MA、上升时间100 ns的LTD模块输出功率峰值及前沿的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定范围内,随着抖动增大,LTD模块输出功率峰值减小,脉冲前沿显著增加,系统的稳定性随抖动增加而降低。随着开关抖动增大,输出到负载的峰值功率减小的速率增大,而脉冲前沿近似于线性增加。由于开关抖动将影响负载输出,为满足一定的系统可靠性要求,存在一个抖动阈值,对于40个子块并联的1 MA LTD模块,在系统可靠性要求5%时,其抖动阈值约为17 ns。     

气体开关抖动对输出峰值功率和前沿的影响

根据已有的实验数据和理论,给出了抖动和延时的数值表示,利用Matlab软件生成随机数组模拟开关延时和抖动。在Simulink环境下建立简化模型仿真多子块并联直线型变压器驱动源（LTD）模块的工作特性。通过M文件控制模块内多个开关的击穿时序仿真开关抖动,分析开关抖动对40个支路并联输出电流1 MA、上升时间100 ns的LTD模块输出功率峰值及前沿的影响。模拟结果表明,在一定范围内,随着抖动增大,LTD模块输出功率峰值减小,脉冲前沿显著增加,系统的稳定性随抖动增加而降低。随着开关抖动增大,输出到负载的峰值功率减小的速率增大,而脉冲前沿近似于线性增加。由于开关抖动将影响负载输出,为满足一定的系统可靠性要求,存在一个抖动阈值,对于40个子块并联的1 MA LTD模块,在系统可靠性要求5%时,其抖动阈值约为17 ns。     

1MA直线型变压器驱动源模块设计

介绍了输出电流幅值为1 MA,电流上升时间为100 ns的快脉冲直线型变压器驱动源(LTD)模块的设计。模块由48个子块并联组成,每个子块由2个电容器和一个多级气体开关串联组成。48个开关由8路高压脉冲触发,每路高压脉冲(100 kV/50 ns)触发6个开关。电路模拟显示,在充电90 kV条件下,输出电流幅值为1.04 MA,电流上升时间为84.5 ns(0~100%)和52 ns(10%~90%)。电路模拟时的参数设置以实验数据为基础,开关的工作条件与已研制成功的100 kA-LTD模块中的开关工作条件近似,模块设计工作于腔体注油状态以保证高压运行安全,能够保证模块达到设计要求。     

1 MA直线型变压器驱动源模块设计

介绍了输出电流幅值为1 MA,电流上升时间为100 ns的快脉冲直线型变压器驱动源（LTD）模块的设计。模块由48个子块并联组成,每个子块由2个电容器和一个多级气体开关串联组成。48个开关由8路高压脉冲触发,每路高压脉冲（100 kV/50 ns）触发6个开关。电路模拟显示,在充电 90 kV条件下,输出电流幅值为1.04 MA,电流上升时间为84.5 ns（0~100%）和52 ns（10%~90%）。电路模拟时的参数设置以实验数据为基础,开关的工作条件与已研制成功的100 kA-LTD模块中的开关工作条件近似,模块设计工作于腔体注油状态以保证高压运行安全,能够保证模块达到设计要求。     

全固态高重复频率LTD的性能测试和特性分析

全固态直线型变压器驱动源(LTD)是具有独特性能的新型高重频脉冲功率发生器。针对LTD的基础特性进行了较详细的实验研究。测量内容包括输出脉冲宽度与控制信号的关联、LTD模块上的信号延迟及其分散性,以及不同条件下LTD系统的能量效率分析。实验结果使我们对LTD取得了更加详细和深入的认识,同时为进一步改善和提高LTD脉冲功率发生器的技术水平提供了重要的参考数据。     

开关放电分散性对FLTD模块输出的影响模拟

建立了包含开关放电分散性的电路模型,模型通过电压控制开关和自击穿开关模型的结合,可对开关抖动及支路间放电的相互影响进行模拟,利用研制的300 kA单级直线型变压器驱动源(FLTD)模块进行了实验验证,模拟结果与实验相吻合。进而针对设计的20支路FLTD模块建立了电路模型,模拟分析了模块支路开关放电分散性对输出电流峰值和上升沿的影响,模拟结果表明,开关抖动小于5 ns时对模块输出影响较小。     

LTD模块气体开关电极材料烧蚀性能实验

针对直线变压器驱动源(LTD)对开关的长寿命需求,基于前期研制的200kV低抖动多间隙气体开关电极几何参数以及开关通流水平,详细开展了不同电极材料(钼、黄铜、铜钨合金、高密度石墨、304和321不锈钢)的烧蚀性能实验。实验结果表明,在单次电荷转移量15.4mC,脉冲电流20kA条件下,体积烧蚀速率从大到小依次为:石墨、黄铜、铜钨合金、钼、不锈钢。电极烧蚀微观形貌分析表明,不锈钢是用于LTD开关相对较好的电极材料。根据不锈钢电极的体积烧蚀速率,可知理论上LTD开关的运行寿命可以超过1×106次,但前提是开关外壳需保持足够的绝缘强度。     

LTD模块气体开关电极材料烧蚀性能实验

针对直线变压器驱动源（LTD）对开关的长寿命需求,基于前期研制的200 kV低抖动多间隙气体开关电极几何参数以及开关通流水平,详细开展了不同电极材料（钼、黄铜、铜钨合金、高密度石墨、304和321不锈钢 ）的烧蚀性能实验。实验结果表明,在单次电荷转移量15.4 mC,脉冲电流20 kA条件下,体积烧蚀速率从大到小依次为：石墨、黄铜、铜钨合金、钼、不锈钢。电极烧蚀微观形貌分析表明,不锈钢是用于LTD开关相对较好的电极材料。根据不锈钢电极的体积烧蚀速率,可知理论上LTD开关的运行寿命可以超过1106次,但前提是开关外壳需保持足够的绝缘强度。     

直线型脉冲变压器模块的响应特性

介绍了短脉冲应用中磁芯的选取,设计了一台两路并联馈电的单模块直线型脉冲变压器驱动源（LTD）装置。在低压情况下测试了装置对不同脉宽信号的响应特性,在此基础上利用一级脉冲形成网络提供的输出阻抗约5 Ω,脉宽约3 μs的近似方波信号对装置进行了高压实验,得到了匹配负载情况下LTD次级上的输出电压波形,和脉冲形成网络的输出波形得到了很好的吻合。建立了相应的LTD电路模型,利用Laplace变换推导了模型对有限上升前沿脉冲的响应,证明了励磁电感偏小是造成实验中LTD装置输出电压幅值明显低于充电电压的主要原因,提出了改进方法并进行了实验验证。     

32级模块化Marx发生器机芯模态分析

模态分析可以获得结构的动特性参数。对32级模块化Marx发生器机芯进行了力学特性仿真分析和模态试验,用以评估Marx发生器的力学环境适应性。首先,建立了模块化Marx机芯的有限元模型,获得了初步振型;其次,在自由边界条件下分别开展了Marx机芯整体模态试验、局部模态试验和传递特性试验,得到了整体和局部结构的模态参数。研究表明,模块化Marx机芯在23.58 Hz处出现整体一阶扭转;机芯局部结构固有频率较高;机芯在x,y,z三个方向的振动传递率的范围分别为5～15,6～10和10～35,为后续工程中Marx发生器机芯的针对性设计提供了参考。     

Performance of thermoelectric generator with graphene nanofluid cooling

Improvement of the heat transfer of the cold side is one of the approaches to enhance the performance of TEG systems.As a new type of heat transfer media, nanofluids can enhance the heat transfer performance of working liquid significantly.Based on a three-dimensional and steady-state numerical model,the heat transfer and thermoelectric conversion properties of TEG systems were studied. Graphene anoplatelet aqueous nanofluids were used as the coolants for the cold side of the TEG system to improve the heat transfer capacity of the cold side. The results showed that the heat absorbed by the hot side, voltage, output power, and conversion efficiency of the TEG system were increased greatly by the nanofluid coolants.The output power and the conversion efficiency using 0.1-wt% graphene nanoplatelet aqueous nanofluid as the coolant are enhanced by 26.39% and 14.74%, respectively.     

光纤探针诊断100 kA-LTD模块开关的同步性

设计了一套用于同轴多间隙气体开关导通起始时间诊断的光纤探针阵列测试系统,其由光纤阵列与多通道快响应光电转换仪两部分组成,系统同步时间小于1 ns。使用该套系统同时对100 kA-LTD模块所有并联支路的10只开关的放电过程进行了测试,获得了开关导通起始时间及模块的输出电流波形。实验结果表明:开关工作欠压比为85%时,时间抖动不超过6.9 ns,负载波形重复一致性较好;开关工作欠压比降至53%时,时间抖动急剧增加至117.7 ns,负载波形重复一致性显著恶化。同时将光纤测试系统获得的各个开关导通起始时间带入PSpice电路模型进行模拟反演,结果表明,模拟结果与实验得到的模块输出电流波形吻合较好,证明了测试系统的准确性。     

Performance evaluation of a novel pilot-scale pinned disc rotating generator of hydrodynamic cavitation

This study investigates hydrodynamic performance of a novel pinned disc rotating generator of hydrodynamic cavitation in comparison with a serrated disc variant on a pilot-scale. Experimental results show that at a given rotational speed and liquid flow rate, the pinned disc generates more intense cavitation (i.e. lower cavitation number, higher volume fraction of vapor and higher amplitude of pressure fluctuations) than the serrated disc, while also consuming less energy per liquid pass (i.e., higher flow rate and pumping pressure difference of water at similar power consumption). Additionally, mechanical and chemical wastewater treatment performance of the novel cavitator was evaluated on an 800 L influent sample from a wastewater treatment plant. Mechanical effects resulted in a reduction of average particle size from 148 to 38 µm and increase of specific surface area, while the oxidation potential was confirmed by reduction of COD, TOC, and BOD up to 27, 23 and 30% in 60 cavitation passes, respectively. At optimal operating conditions and 30 cavitation passes, pinned disc cavitator had a 310% higher COD removal capacity while consuming 65% less energy per kg of COD removed than the serrated disc cavitator. Furthermore, the specific COD-reduction energy consumption of the pinned disc cavitator on the pilot scale is comparable to the best cases of lab-scale orifice and venturi devices operating at much lower wastewater processing capacity.     

Initial stages of germanium growth on the Si(7 7 10) surface

The initial stages of germanium growth on the Si(7 7 10) surface containing regular atomic steps with a height of three interplanar spacings were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. This surface was previously referred to in the literature as (557). The dependence of the morphology and structure of the Si(7 7 10) surface on the coverage and deposition temperature of germanium was studied. It was demonstrated that the formation of three types of nanowires is possible on this surface. Original Russian Text ? R.A. Zhachuk, K.N. Romanyuk, S.A. Teys, B.Z. Olshanetsky, 2009, published in Fizika Tverdogo Tela, 2009, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 189–194.     

Investigation of radiological properties of some shielding materials on charged and uncharged radiation interaction for neutron generator

Radiation interaction parameters such as total stopping power, projected range (longitudinal and lateral) straggling, mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number (Z_eff) and electron density (N_eff) of some shielding materials were investigated for photon and heavy charged particle interactions. The ranges, stragglings and mass attenuation coefficients were calculated for the high-density polyethylene(HDPE), borated polyethylene (BPE), brick (common silica), concrete (regular), wood, water, stainless steel (304), aluminum (alloy 6061-O), lead and bismuth using SRIM Monte Carlo software and WinXCom program. In addition, effective atomic numbers (Z_eff) and electron densities (N_eff) of HDPE, BPE, brick (common silica), concrete (regular), wood, water, stainless steel (304) and aluminum (alloy 6061-O) were calculated in the energy region 10?keV–100?MeV using mass stopping powers and mass attenuation coefficients. Two different methods namely direct and interpolation procedures were used to calculate Z_eff for comparison and significant differences were determined between the methods. Variations of the ranges, longitudinal and lateral stragglings of water, concrete and stainless steel (304) were compared with each other in the continuous kinetic energy region and discussed with respect to their Z_effs. Moreover, energy absorption buildup factors (EABF) and exposure buildup factors (EBF) of the materials were determined for gamma rays as well and were compared with each other for different photon energies and different mfps in the photon energy region 0.015–15?MeV.     

螺旋分布孔高阶旋转模式激励器的设计

针对Danilov (2007) 提出的高阶模式激励器纯度未知和设计思路模糊的不足, 介绍了一种改进型螺旋分布孔高阶旋转模式激励器, 以实现同轴TE1, 1模式到圆波导TE5, 3模式的高纯度转换。根据不均匀弦方程, 编制了数值计算程序对同轴腔体结构参数进行了优化计算, 使工作模式能够有效谐振。基于小孔衍射理论以及PEC表面的电场边界条件, 详细研究了螺旋分布孔的排列方式和模式抑制器的工作原理。数值计算和仿真结果表明: 在中心频率30GHz附近, TE5, 3模式激励器的模式纯度高达97.4%, 转换效率为96.1%。设计的高阶模式激励器相对于Danilov的结构具有纯度高和紧凑的性能。     

A study of some instrument characteristics of an LHS-10 electron spectrometer

The transmission function of a Leybold-Heraeus hemispherical electron spectrometer has been measured for various instrument modes. Additional data concerning peak/background ratios and peak widths are extracted from these measurements. A comparison is made between various methods of background subtraction.