THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

This paper derives from a research project investigating the systematic use of formal optimization techniques in computer aided building design. A comprehensive model of drainage design suitable for optimization is developed. After limited success with a very powerful general purpose optimization program based upon the Geometric Programming technique, a problem dependent algorithm is developed based upon Dynamic Programming. The latter technique is shown in actual designs to produce optimal drainage designs simply and cheaply.     

可测试性技术中的图论问题及其求解

近20年来,为了解决结构日益复杂的电路测试问题,可测试性技术得到了迅速发展。在可测试性技术中,针对不同的测试对象,如何对可测试性设计方案以及测试策略进行优化,降低总体代价,是非常重要且亟待解决的问题。本文应用图论对可测试性技术中的两类典型优化问题进行了描述,并讨论了其最优解的求解过程。鉴于最优解的求解过程过于复杂,为便于工程应用,本文基于“贪婪”策略,分别构造了求解两类问题快速解法,并通过简单实例予以了验证。     

Optimization of Construction of Tire Reinforcement by Genetic Algorithm

A new tire design procedure capable of determining the optimum tire construction was developed by combining a finite element method approach with mathematical programming and a genetic algorithm (GA). Both procedures successfully generated optimized belt structures. The design variables in the mathematical programming were belt angle and belt width. Using the merits of a GA which enabled the use of discrete variables, the design variables in the GA were not only the topology of the belt and belt angle but also the belt material. Furthermore, a discrete objective function such as the number of parts could be optimized in the GA. The optimized structure obtained by the GA was verified to increase the cornering stiffness more than 15 percent as compared with the control structure in an indoor drum test.     

A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING

This paper presents a development of sensitivity analysis (post optimal) for non-linear optimization problems. The basis for this development is the optimization technique known as geometric programming. Efficient procedures are developed which relate changes in the coefficients to the new design variables. The procedure is used to analyze the design of a condenser.     

GENETIC ALGORITHMS AS AN APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE REAL-WORLD TRUSSES

Genetic algorithms, a search technique which combines Darwinian ‘survival-of-the-fittest’ with randomized well structured information, is applied to the problems of real-world truss optimization. In this work a population of binary strings or ‘chromosomes’, which represent the coded truss design variables, a ‘fitness’ as a ranking measure of the adaptability to the environment, selection criteria and mechanical natural operators such as crossover and mutation are used to improve the population, so that over the generations the genetic algorithm gets better and better and at the end of the convergence, a ‘rebirth’ of the population is used to improve the usual process. An overview of the genetic algorithm will be described, continuing the rebirth effect; then, the chromosome representation of trusses is exposed. Afterwards, the objective scalar function is defined taking into account that it seems reasonable in real world to optimize trusses in minimum weight trying, at the same time, to use the minimum number of cross-section types obtained from the market. It also seems reasonable to have the possibility to change the shape of the conceptual design, moving some joints. To simulate nearly real conditions, several load cases, constraints in the elastic joint displacements, ultimate tensile and elastic and plastic buckling in the bars have been taken into account. A hyperstatic 10 bars truss is subjected to a deep analysis in different situations in order to evaluate with other authors when possible as truss optimization with two criteria and buckling effect has not been found in specialized literature. A 160-bar transmission tower is also optimized.     

考虑动静刚度的HDM50卧式加工中心立柱的优化设计

立柱是机床加工中心的关键部件,其结构形式对机床的加工精度有很大影响.以提高立柱动态性能为目的,考虑加工中心的动静刚度性能要求,提出立柱的优化设计方案,建立优化设计模型.首先采用HyperMesh的优化模块Optistruct对立柱进行拓扑优化,得到高性能的拓扑形式,然后考虑可加工性将立柱简化为筋板结构,并在此基础上利用遗传算法结合ANSYS的APDL编程语言进行进一步的详细设计.相比原始设计方案,立柱的动态刚度有了明显的提高,表明给出的方法对机床的结构设计有指导意义.     

基于权重比的车架多工况拓扑优化方法研究

在赛车实际行驶过程中车架会受到各种工况的考验,因此在进行车架结构拓扑优化设计时必须同时考虑多个工况下车架的拓扑优化结果.然而,在进行多工况下拓扑结构设计时往往会遇到如何分配各个工况权重比的问题,各工况权重比的分配直接影响车架最终的拓扑结构.针对此问题进行研究,通过构造代理模型并利用遗传算法寻找最佳权重比.首先,采用折衷规划法建立同时考虑多个工况下车架刚度的拓扑优化综合目标函数模型;接着,采用最优拉丁超立方试验设计方法采样,构造径向基函数代理模型,并在代理模型的基础上利用NSGA-II进行求解,得到各个工况最佳权重比;最后,将获得的各个工况最佳权重比代入综合目标模型中进行拓扑计算,获得同时考虑各工况下车架刚度的拓扑结构.将该方法与获得权重比常用的层次分析法(AHP)和正交试验法(OED)进行比较,该方法较其他两种方法得到的综合目标值是最优的,车架所有工况的加权柔度是最低的.结果表明,所提出的方法很好地解决了多工况下拓扑优化权重比分配的问题,并且较其他方法具有明显的优越性.     

桁架结构布局优化的并行子空间方法

由于结构布局优化存在设计变量类型众多和变量耦合等问题,采取合适的优化方法获得满足结构设计要求的最小质量的结构具有重要的工程意义.基于多学科设计优化方法中的并行子空间优化法,提出一种桁架结构布局优化的并行子空间优化方法.将结构布局设计问题按设计变量类型分为布局、形状和尺寸三个并行的子空间,设计变量在各自的子空间内单独优化,各子空间优化结束后,在系统级中协调3类设计变量,保持最小质量的子空间的优化设计变量不变,采用近似一维搜索的方法协调其他子空间的设计变量,然后进行下一次迭代直至收敛.2个算例表明该方法能够取得较好的优化结果,具有实际工程应用价值.     

胶印机滚筒结构的拓扑及尺寸优化设计

胶印机滚筒在印刷压力作用下的挠曲变形是影响印品质量的重要原因。以PZ1740胶印机橡皮滚筒为研究对象,提出了一种基于拓扑优化和尺寸优化的橡皮滚筒结构设计方法。建立了滚筒结构的二维拓扑模型,以应变能最小为目标,体积分数作为约束,得到滚筒结构的拓扑分布;在拓扑构型基础上,建立了滚筒结构的参数化模型,以挠曲变形最小为目标,结构质量作为约束条件进行尺寸优化,得到了滚筒具体的结构。优化分析结果表明,优化后的滚筒结构在质量约束的条件下有效地减小了挠曲变形,提出的方法在胶印机滚筒结构优化设计中可行且有效。     

Topology and sizing optimization of discrete structures using a cooperative coevolutionary genetic algorithm with independent ground structures

This article proposes a method called the cooperative coevolutionary genetic algorithm with independent ground structures (CCGA-IGS) for the simultaneous topology and sizing optimization of discrete structures. An IGS strategy is proposed to enhance the flexibility of the optimization by offering two separate design spaces and to improve the efficiency of the algorithm by reducing the search space. The CCGA is introduced to divide a complex problem into two smaller subspaces: the topological and sizing variables are assigned into two subpopulations which evolve in isolation but collaborate in fitness evaluations. Five different methods were implemented on 2D and 3D numeric examples to test the performance of the algorithms. The results demonstrate that the performance of the algorithms is improved in terms of accuracy and convergence speed with the IGS strategy, and the CCGA converges faster than the traditional GA without loss of accuracy.     

From a quasi-static fluid-based evolutionary topology optimization to a generalization of BESO

A new algorithm is proposed for topology optimization based on a fluid dynamics analogy. It possesses characteristics similar to most well-known methods, such as the Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO)/Bidirectional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) method due to Xie and Steven (1993 Xie, Y. M., and G.P. Steven. 1993. “A Simple Evolutionary Procedure for Structural Optimisation.” Computers and Structures 49 (5): 885–896. doi: 10.1016/0045-7949(93)90035-C[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], “A Simple Evolutionary Procedure for Structural Optimisation.” Computers and Structures 49 (5): 885–896.), which works with discrete values, and the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) method due to Bendsøe (1989 Bendsøe, M.P. 1989. “Optimal Shape Design as a Material Distribution Problem.” Structural Optimization 1 (4): 193–202. doi: 10.1007/BF01650949[Crossref] , [Google Scholar], “Optimal Shape Design as aMaterial Distribution Problem.” Structural Optimization 1 (4): 193–202.) and Zhou and Rozvany (1991 Zhou, M., and G.I.N. Rozvany. 1991. “The COC Algorithm—Part II: Topological, Geometry and Generalized Shape Optimization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 89 (1–3): 309–336. doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(91)90046-9[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], “The COCAlgorithm–Part II: Topological, Geometry and Generalized Shape Optimization.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 89 (1–3): 309–336.) (using Optimality Criterion (OC) or Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA)), which works with intermediate values, as it is able to work both with discrete and intermediate densities, but always yields a solution with discrete densities. It can be proven mathematically that the new method is a generalization of the BESO method and using appropriate parameters it will operate exactly as the BESO method. The new method is less sensitive to rounding errors of the matrix solver as compared to the BESO method and is able to give alternative topologies to well-known problems. The article presents the basic idea and the optimization algorithm, and compares the results of three cantilever optimizations to the results of the SIMP and BESO methods.     

基于遗传算法的可靠性优化

 建立了可靠性冗余优化模型,分析了各种优化方法的优缺点.提出了遗传算法,并通过实例将遗传算法与启发式方法作了比较,结果表明遗传算法较为有效.对遗传算法初值的选取也作了讨论.     

热泵系统优化的研究现状、方法及展望

分别介绍了地源热泵、空气源热泵和污水源热泵系统优化的国内外研究现状;对优化方法进行了阐述,分析了各种优化方法的特点;指出了热泵系统优化属于多目标优化,应根据热泵系统形式、优化目标和优化原则选择不同的优化方法,并给出了用遗传算法优化土壤源热泵系统的实例;目前的优化方法还有待完善,对未来的热泵系统优化发展的前景也进行了展望。     

基于拓扑理论的产品仿生形态进化设计方法

目的为了更好地在定量层面控制产品形态仿生设计,快速地获得多种方案,运用拓扑理论和猴王遗传算法,构建出产品仿生形态进化设计方法。方法首先,利用拓扑权值,识别仿生对象的特征要素。然后,对产品形态与仿生对象特征要素进行拓扑相似度评价,以此为适应度函数,应用猴王遗传算法实现高效的产品仿生形态进化设计。结果以\"企鹅—水壶\"仿生形态设计为例,对该方法进行实例研究,结果表明,它能够比较合理地保留仿生对象特征要素,并且能够较高效率地提供多样化方案。结论在产品仿生形态设计中,充分考虑仿生对象的特征要素,量化产品形态与仿生对象之间的认知距离,再结合进化算法,使产品仿生形态设计更加理性和高效。