Mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained titanium rods obtained using severe plastic deformation

We present the results of the investigation of the mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained (UFG) titanium rods—semifinished products obtained by equal-channel angular (ECA) pressing in combination with subsequent thermomechanical treatment. This material shows ultimately high values of strength (1240 MPa) and plasticity (relative elongation 12.5%) at room temperature. At the same time, at elevated temperatures the UFG titanium exhibits signs of superplastic behavior with large relative elongations and an enhanced strain-rate sensitivity to the flow stress. The greatest elongation at fracture equal to approximately 300% was reached at 500°C and a strain rate of 10^?4 s^?1. The microstructure and microhardness of the samples after superplastic deformation have been investigated. It has been established that superplastic treatment can favor “structural improvement” of the UFG titanium and further enhancement in its strength.     

Microstructure and hardness of W-25Re alloy processed by high-pressure torsion

The evolution of microstructure and microhardness was studied in a commercial tungsten-25% rhenium (mass fraction) (W-25Re) alloy processed by the high pressure torsion (HPT) procedure under a pressure of 7.7 GPa up to 10 revolutions at different temperatures. The results show that the samples processed by 10 revolutions at room temperature could have the smallest grain size at around 0.209 μm. High saturation hardness (HV ～1200) could be achieved after the rapid strengthening stage for samples processed by 10 revolutions both at room temperature and at 573 K. Microstructural observation and analysis from Hall–Patch relationship could reveal that grain refinement and grain boundaries strengthening are the main factors of hardening mechanism in W-25Re alloy. It is also demonstrated that sintered W-25Re sample may have brittle phase separation phenomenon after HPT processing.     

Thermal stability of nickel structure obtained by high-pressure torsion in liquid nitrogen

Using transmission electron microscopy and durometry, the structural evolution of commercially pure nickel (99.6%) under high-pressure torsion (HPT) in liquid nitrogen and subsequent annealings in the temperature range 100–400°C has been investigated. In this nickel, at cryogenic temperature, HPT gives rise to a nanocrystalline structure with the record high microhardness (6200 MPa) and average crystallite size ～80 nm. The obtained structure is stable at room temperature and possesses a relatively low thermal stability, since recrystallization occurs at lower temperatures than after conventional deformation or HPT at room temperature.     

Effect of torsion conditions under high pressure on the structure and strengthening of the Zr–1% Nb alloy

The effect of temperature and degree of deformation upon severe plastic deformation by torsion under a high pressure on the structure, phase composition, and microhardness of the industrial zirconium Zr–1% Nb alloy (E110) has been studied. The high-pressure torsion (HPT) (with N = 10 revolutions) of the Zr–1% Nb alloy at room temperature results in the formation of grain–subgrain nanosize structure with an average size of structural elements of 65 nm, increase in the microhardness by 2.3–2.8 times (to 358 MPa), and α-Zr → β-Zr and α-Zr → ω-Zr phase transformations. The increase in the HPT temperature to 200°C does not lead to a decrease in the microhardness of alloy owing to the increase in the fraction of ω-Zr phase, though the average size of structural elements increases to 125 nm. The increase in the temperature to 400°C during HPT with N = 10 revolutions leads to the grain growth in the α-Zr grain structure (~90%) to 160 nm and a decrease in the microhardness to 253–276 HV.     

双重退火对BT25钛合金组织与性能的影响

研究双重退火时不同退火温度对BT25钛合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:双重退火后的室温和高温拉伸性能都强于单一退火,具有良好的综合性能。双重退火时,随着第1退火温度的提高,初生等轴α相含量减少,颗粒逐渐增大,次生α相增多增大;合金的强度降低,塑性及韧性提高。随着第2退火温度的升高α颗粒尺寸稍有增大,球化程度进一步提高;合金强度、塑性及韧性变化不大,高温性能稳定。BT25钛合金采用(940~980)℃×1 h,空冷+(530~570)℃×6 h,空冷的双重退火工艺时,可得到较理想的显微组织和良好的综合性能。     

温度和应变速率对Mg61Cu20.3Ag8.7Er10非晶合金力学行为的影响

采用XRD、SEM等技术分析了Mg61Cu20.3Ag8.7Er10合金的结构和断口形貌,研究了Mg61Cu20.3Ag8.7Er10非晶合金在不同温度和不同应变速率条件下的力学行为。结果表明,室温下非晶合金的断裂强度随应变速率的增加而降低。-100℃时,非晶合金不仅具有较高的强度,同时还表现出一定的塑性行为,此时,应变速率对于非晶合金的强度和塑性几乎没有影响。     

SiC_p/ZL201复合材料的力学性能

研究了ＳｉＣｐ尺寸、含量及热处理工艺对铸造ＳｉＣｐ／ＺＬ２０１复合材料的室温和高温力学性能的影响。随ＳｉＣｐ含量的提高和粒子尺寸的增大,复合材料的室温抗拉强度呈下降趋势。随温度升高,基体合金的抗拉强度急剧下降,而复合材料的则下降较小。当温度大于２４０℃时复合材料的抗拉强度高于基体合金,表明ＳｉＣｐ的加入显著提高了基体合金的高温抗拉强度。     

Nanostructurization of Nb by high-pressure torsion in liquid nitrogen and the thermal stability of the structure obtained

The evolution of the Nb structure upon high-pressure torsion (HPT) in a Bridgeman chamber in liquid nitrogen and a subsequent annealing in the range from 100 to 600°C has been studied by the TEM method. With an increase in the degree of deformation, the structure exhibits three stages of refinement: dislocation cellular structure; mixed structure consisting of cells and subgrains; and submicron or nanocrystalline grain structure. The HPT using 3 and more revolutions of the anvils at 80 K leads to the formation in Nb of a nanocrystalline structure with an average grain size of ∼75 nm and a record high microhardness of 4800 MPa. The structure is stable at room temperature but possesses a relatively low thermal stability, i.e., the recrystallization starts at lower temperatures than it does after conventional deformation or an HPT at room temperature.     

The structure and microhardness evolution in submicrocrystalline molybdenum processed by severe plastic deformation followed by annealing

A possibility to form submicrocrystalline structure in molybdenum using severe plastic deformation treatment by torsion under high pressure (HPT) at elevated temperatures has been studied. Quantitative parameters of grain–subgrain structure have been obtained by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods. Thermal stability of microstructure and mechanical properties have been studied. It is established that HPT results in the formation of a submicrocrystalline structure in Mo and in disappearance of residual porosity. The average grain size of HPT-Mo is 0.2 μm. The formation of submicrocrystalline structure enhances significantly (by 2.4 times) the microhardness of Mo relative to that in the as-received (before HPT treatment) state. It is found that grain growth begins at 1173 K and develops intensively at T⩾1273 K.     

铸态和挤压变形态Mg-Zn-Al-Re镁合金的室温和高温力学性能

采用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、拉伸力学性能测试等手段比较分析了铸态和挤压变形态Mg-7Zn-3Al-0～0.7Re(质量分数,%)镁合金的室温和高温力学性能,探讨了稀土和变形加工对合金强度和塑性的影响规律。结果表明,适量稀土Er可以显著提高铸态Mg-Zn-Al合金的高温塑性,而稀土含量对合金室温力学性能和高温屈服强度影响不明显;挤压变形过程中动态弥散析出纳米级的球形析出相,显著提高Mg-Zn-Al-Er合金的高温力学性能,其200℃下的屈服强度和延伸率分别较铸态提高了105%和120%,断口显示其断裂方式呈明显的韧性断裂特征。     

Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Low-Carbon Medium-Manganese Steel Produced by Heavy Warm Rolling

An ultrafine-grained(UFG) low-carbon medium-manganese steel was fabricated by the heavily warm rolling(HWR) and subsequent quenching, and the effects of annealing temperatures on microstructure and mechanical properties of the UFG HWRed steel were investigated. The results show that the HWRed steel exhibits simultaneous improvements in strength,uniform elongation and work hardening, which is mainly attributed to the refinement of martensitic microstructures. The HWRed steels comprise only a-phase when annealing at lower temperatures below to 550 °C and at higher temperatures above to 700 °C. Whereas, UFG c-austenite is formed by reverse transformation when the HWRed steel was annealed at intermediate temperatures from 550 to 700 °C and the volume fraction increases with increasing annealing temperatures,consequently resulting in a dramatic increase in ductility of the annealed HWRed steels. It was found that the transformed UFG austenite and ferrite remained ～500 nm and ～800 nm in size when the HWRed steel was annealed at 650 and700 °C for 1 h, respectively, showing an excellent thermal stability. Moreover, the HWRed steel annealed at 650 °C exhibits high strength-ductility combinations with a yield strength of 906 MPa, ultimate tensile strength(UTS) of1011 MPa, total elongation(TEL) of 51% and product of strength and elongation(PSE: UTS 9 TEL) of 52 GPa%. It is believed that these excellent comprehensive mechanical properties are closely associated with the UFG austenite formation by reverse transformation and principally attributed to the transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) effect.     

Structure and properties of aluminum alloy 1421 after equal-channel angular pressing and isothermal rolling

Sheets from the aluminum alloy 1421 with an ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure and a weak crystallographic texture were prepared by the method of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) through a die with channels of a rectangular cross section and by subsequent isothermal rolling. Both operations were carried out at a temperature of 325°C. It is shown that severe plastic deformation (SPD) leads to the formation of a completely recrystallized uniform microstructure with an average grain size of 1.6 µm in the alloy. At room temperature the alloy 1421 demonstrates high static strength (σ_u = 545 MPa, σ_0.2 = 370 MPa) in the absence of a significant anisotropy. At temperatures of hot deformation, the alloy showed ultrahigh elongations under superplasticity (SP) conditions. At a temperature of 450°C and initial deformation rate of 1.4 × 10^?2 s^?1 the maximum elongation at fracture was ～2700%. At static annealing at a temperature of SP deformation, the UFG structure formed in the process of SPD remains stable. The SP deformation is accompanied by an insignificant grain growth and pore formation.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of low- and heavy-alloyed intermetallic alloys based on γ-TiAl + α2-Ti3Al

The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti-43.7Al-3.2(Nb,Cr,Mo)-0.2B alloy in the as-cast state (after gasostatistic processing) and of the Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2C alloy after hot extrusion at temperatures corresponding to the ?? + ?? phase field followed by heat treatment have been studied. The extruded heavy-alloyed alloy has demonstrated significantly higher plastic/mechanical properties at room temperature with close values of the plasticity/tensile strength and long-term strength at elevated temperatures. A comparison of the results with literature data has shown the properties of the as-cast Ti-43.7Al-3.2(Nb,Cr,Mo)-0.2B to be similar to or superior to those of the best-known casting ?? (TiAl) + ??₂ (Ti₃Al) alloys.     

累积叠轧温度对AZ31镁合金组织和性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、室温拉伸试验、显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等方法研究了累积叠轧温度对AZ31镁合金晶粒尺寸、基面织构、界面结合情况及力学性能的影响。结果表明:3道次累积叠轧后的AZ31镁合金晶粒细化效果明显,硬度增大,随着累积叠轧温度的升高,晶粒细化效果减弱,硬度增加趋势减弱。累积叠轧温度升高有弱化基面织构的作用。AZ31镁合板材在450 ℃累积叠轧3道次,综合力学性能最佳,为显微硬度70.64 HV0.05,抗拉强度288.64 MPa,屈服强度203.76 MPa,伸长率16.96%,界面结合强度21.53 MPa。     

Transformation of the TiNi Alloy Microstructure and the Mechanical Properties Caused by Repeated B2-B19′ Martensitic Transformations

The influences of thermal cycling treatment in the temperature range of B2-B19 martensitic transformations (-150 to 150 °C) on the TiNi alloy structure and properties were studied. Different states named the initial coarse-grained (CG) state, the ultrafine-grained (UFG) state after ECAP (with a grain size of 200 nm), the state after ECAP and cold upsetting by 30% were considered. The results show that the microhardness and the strength increase in all the three states. According to the XRD analysis, a more significant increment in the dislocation density, resulting from thermal cycling, is observed in the UFG alloy than in the CG alloy.     

一种新型锆钛合金的动态力学行为研究

通过对一种新型锆钛合金在室温下的准静态压缩和不同温度下的动态压缩实验,发现该合金在准静态和动态压缩条件下均具有良好的强度和塑性,且随着应变速率的增加和温度的降低,合金强度升高,塑性下降.基于Johnson-Cook模型,建立了该锆钛合金动态压缩下的本构关系.     

固溶和时效温度对IMI834钛合金板材组织和性能的影响

研究了不同固溶时效温度对IMI834合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:IMI834合金板材经低温热处理的组织和轧态没有明显差别,室温强度也与轧态基本保持不变;合金在α+β两相区热处理后得到双态组织,随着固溶温度的升高,初生α相含量减少,室温强度略有增加,塑性的变化规律与强度相反,初生α相含量的减少对板材的室温强度没有明显的影响。随着时效温度的提高,板材的室温强度降低,塑性有所降低。板材的600 ℃高温力学性能变化规律与室温相似,但断面收缩率较室温好。本试验得到的较优的热处理制度为1035 ℃×1 h, AC+(700~750) ℃×4 h, AC。     

Influence of the thermal treatment on the deformation-induced precipitation of a hypoeutectic Al-7 wt% Si casting alloy deformed by high-pressure torsion

A hypoeutectic Al-7 wt% Si alloy was subjected to high-pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature using an imposed pressure of 6 GPa and torsional straining through five revolutions. Different thermal treatments, prior to the HPT processing, resulted in reducing supersaturated Si concentration in comparison to the as-cast material. Microstructural parameters and microhardness were evaluated in the present work. Processing by HPT produced significant grain refinement with grain sizes of about 200-400 nm. Furthermore, fine deformation-induced Si precipitates from the supersaturated solid solution were observed, which are very useful in retaining the fine microstructure during HPT processing. The microhardness increase was outstanding, with values for processed samples twice higher (84 HV) than that for the as-cast Al-7 wt% Si alloy (44 HV). The results demonstrate that the refining and strengthening of the Al matrix by HPT processing depend on the available supersaturated solid solution during the processing.     

ZTi-3B铸造钛合金材料的组织和性能

介绍了ZTi-3B合金在不同状态下的组织、室温及高温力学性能,并对精铸热处理态的室温力学性能进行了分析。合金经试验及实际应用证明:性能稳定、工艺性良好。     

Enhanced mechanical properties of HfMoTaTiZr and HfMoNbTaTiZr refractory high-entropy alloys

Although refractory high-entropy alloys have exceptional strength at high temperatures, they are often brittle at room temperature. One exception is the HfNbTaTiZr alloy, which has a plasticity of over 50% at room temperature. However, the strength of HfNbTaTiZr at high temperature is insufficient. In this study, the composition of HfNbTaTiZr is modified with an aim to improve its strength at high temperature, while retaining reasonable toughness at room temperature. Two new alloys with simple BCC structure, HfMoTaTiZr and HfMoNbTaTiZr, were designed and synthesized. The results show that the yield strengths of the new alloys are apparently higher than that of HfNbTaTiZr. Moreover, a fracture strain of 12% is successfully retained in the HfMoNbTaTiZr alloy at room temperature.