GREEN''''S FUNCTIONS FOR 2D PROBLEMS OF ANISOTROPIC PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL WITH A STRIP REGION

By using Stroh's formalism and the conformal mapping technique, we derive the simple explicit elastic fields of a generalized line dislocation and a generalized line force in a general anisotropic piezoelectric strip with fixed surfaces, which are two fixed conductor electrodes. The solutions obtained are usually considered as Green's functions which play important roles in the boundary element methods. The Coulomb forces of the distributed charges along the region boundaries on the line chargeq atz ⁰ are analysed in detail. The results are valid not only for plane and antiplane problems but also for the coupled problems between inplane and outplane deformations.     

An analysis of 2D piezoelectric half-plane with a fixed conductor surface

Solutions to a piezoelectric half-plane with a fixed conductor surface electrode subjected to two generalized singularities (line dislocation and/or line force and free charge) are presented. Coulomb forces acting on the singularities due to the boundary polarization charges of medium and the induction charges of conductor electrode are analyzed in detail. The interaction between the two singularities is also analyzed numerically. Results show that Coulomb forces will become important as the free charge approaches the boundary or two singularities move closely. Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 10172036).     

Fourier Representation of Intermittent Flow in a Porous Medium

The field measurements and numerical results for intermittent flow regime in a sandy soil show that the time distributions of the soil water flux q(z, t), and the soil water content θ(z, t)at various depths are periodic in nature, where t is time and z is the depth (i.e., at the surface z = 0 and at depths z = − 5, − 10, − 15 cm, etc). The period of q(z, t) and θ(z, t) variations are generally determined by the sum of the duration of pulse and the duration between the initiation of two consecutive pulses of water at the soil surface. Fourier series models have been given for q(z, t) and θ(z, t) variations. The predicted Fourier results for these variations have been compared with the experimentally verified numerical results—designated as observed values. The results show that the amplitudes of these variations were damped exponentially with depth, and the phase shift increased linearly with depth.     

On the Computation of the Third Order Terms of the Series Defining the Center Manifold for a Scalar Delay Differential Equation

When computing the third order terms of the series of powers of the function whose graph is the center manifold, at an equilibrium point of a scalar delay differential equation with a single constant delay r > 0, some problems occur at the term w_2,1z²[`(z)].{w_{2,1}z^2\overline{z}.} More precisely, in order to determine the values at 0, respectively −r of the function w _2,1(.), an algebraic system of equations must be solved. We show that the two equations are dependent, hence the system has an infinity of solutions. Then we show how we can overcome this lack of uniqueness and provide a formula for w _2,1(0).     

INTERACTION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES IN A PIEZOELECTRIC WITH RIGID EXTERNAL CRACKS

IntroductionRecently much attention has been paid to Green’s functions[1 -7]for anisotropic mediabecause of their important applications in boundary element methods used widely inengineering analysis. Generally speaking, it is relatively easy to obtain G…     

Induced parallel vortex shedding from a circular cylinder at Re of O(10) by using the cylinder end suction technique

In the present work, the objective is to attempt to induce parallel vortex shedding at a moderately high Reynolds number (=1.578 × 10⁴) by using the cylinder end suction method, and measure the associated aerodynamic parameters.We first measured the aerodynamic parameters of a single circular cylinder without end suction, and showed that the quantities measured are in good agreement with equivalent data in the published literature. Next, by using different amount of end suction which resulted in increasing the cylinder end velocity by 1%, 2% and 2.5%, we were able to show that the above corresponded to the situation of under suction, optimal suction and over suction, respectively. With optimal suction, we demonstrated that the end suction method works at Re = 1.578 × 10⁴. The shape of the primary vortex shed became straighter than when there is no end suction, and parameters like cylinder surface pressure distribution, drag force per unit span, as well as vortex shedding frequency all showed negligible spanwise variation. Further careful analyses showed that when compared to the naturally existing curved vortex shedding, with parallel vortex shedding the mid-span drag per unit span became slightly smaller, but the drag averaged over the cylinder span became slightly larger. For cylinder surface pressure, it was found that cylinder end effects mainly influenced the surface pressure in the angular ranges −180°  β < −60° and 60° < β  180°. Without end suction, the cylinder surface pressure in the above ranges was found to increase (become less negative) slightly with |z/d|, but such increase disappeared when optimal end suction was applied, and the cylinder surface pressure distribution became spanwise location independent. As for the vortex shedding frequency (Strouhal number), although the Strouhal number showed spanwise variation when there is no end suction and negligible spanwise variation when optimal suction was applied, the difference between the spanwise averaged Strouhal number was quite negligible. With under suction, the spanwise dependence of various aerodynamic parameters existed, but was found to be not as significant as when no end suction was applied at all. With over suction, the flow situation was found to be practically no change from the optimal suction situation.     

Three-dimensional elastic behavior of a nonhomogeneous layer

Summary  This paper deals with the theoretical treatment of a three-dimensional elastic problem governed by a cylindrical coordinate system (r,θ,z) for a medium with nonhomogeneous material property. This property is defined by the relation G(z)=G ₀(1+z/a) ^m where G ₀,a and m are constants, i.e., shear modulus of elasticity G varies arbitrarily with the axial coordinate z by the power product form. We propose a fundamental equation system for such nonhomogeneous medium by using three kinds of displacement functions and, as an illustrative example, we apply them to an nonhomogeneous thick plate (layer) subjected to an arbitrarily distributed load (not necessarily axisymmetric) on its surfaces. Numerical calculations are carried out for several cases, taking into account the variation of the nonhomogeneous parameter m. The numerical results for displacement and stress components are shown graphically. Received 10 May 1999; accepted for publication 15 August 1999     

Fatigue behavior of E-glass fiber reinforced phenolic composites: effect of temperature, mean stress and fiber surface treatment

Phenolic matrix is reinforced by unidirectional E-glass fibers with volume fractions of 0.30 and 0.45. Three different surface treatments are applied to the E-glass fibers. The composite specimens are tested at ambient condition and temperatures of 100°C 150° and 200°C with stress levels of R(σ_min/σ_max) equal to 0 and 0.4 for load frequencies of 1.5, 10 and 25 Hz. Data are presented in terms of S/N curves and assessed by degradation of modulus based on compliance. For a particular fiber glass surface treatment and volume fraction, the composite specimen is notched and tested at room temperature and 200°C. A fatigue strength reduction factor K_f is defined and obtained such that the results could be compared with those of the unnotched specimens. Notch effect is small if the hole diameter is equal to the specimen thickness; it would be important for larger hole sizes. Fractured surfaces are examined by the scanning electron microscope.     

Three dimensional K-T z stress fields around the embedded center elliptical crack front in elastic plates

Through detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) calculations, the out-of-plane constraints T_z along embedded center-elliptical cracks in mode I elastic plates are studied. The distributions of T_z are obtained near the crack front with aspect ratios (a/c) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. T_z decreases from an approximate value of Poisson ratio ν at the crack tip to zero with increasing normalized radial distances (r/a) in the normal plane of the crack front line, and increases gradually when the elliptical parameter angle ϕ changes from 0° to 90°at the same r/a. With a/c rising to 1.0, T_z is getting nearly independent of ϕ and is only related to r/a. Based on the present FE calculations for T_z, empirical formulas for T_z are obtained to describe the 3D distribution of T_z for embedded center-elliptical cracks using the least squares method in the range of 0.2≤a/c≤1.0. These T_z results together with the corresponding stress intensity factor K are well suitable for the analysis of the 3D embedded center-elliptical crack front field, and a two-parameter K-T_z principle is proposed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50275073) The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

Enhancement of fracture toughness of steel with defects by warm-prestressing

The technique of warm-prestressing to improve the resistance of structural steel with defects against low temperature fracture has received considerable attention. It is found that warm-prestressing can improve the fracture toughness and change the COD or δ_c, especially the crack tip plastic opening δ_p.The experimental results obtained from three-point bending tests of 42Mn2 steel specimens at −60°C and −20°C are analyzed. Experiments are also made on the bursting of pressure vessels manufactured from #20 steel. The results indicate that warm-prestressing at room temperature increased the bursting pressure at −40°C for d/t = 0.2 to 0.4, where d is the depth of surface crack and t the vessel thickness.     

Lock-on characteristics of a cavity shear layer

This investigation focuses on defining the lock-on regions of a cavity shear layer subject to local periodic excitations. A circular cylinder of small diameter (d=4 mm), located very close to the upstream edge of cavity, is used to generate the local periodic excitations in the form of oscillatory rotation about its center with various angular amplitudes (Δθ) and frequencies (f_e). All the experiments were conducted in a recirculating water channel at three different Reynolds numbers that are based on the momentum thickness at the upstream edge of cavity (Re_θ0=152, 216 and 278). The LDV system and the laser-sheet technique are employed to perform the quantitative velocity measurements and the qualitative flow visualization, respectively. For cavity flows at three Reynolds numbers studied, the resonant lock-on is found to be the primary lock-on region within the range of frequency ratio (f_e/f₀=0.28–2.0). Here f₀ denotes the natural instability frequency of an unexcited cavity shear layer. The frequency bandwidth of resonant lock-on region does increase with increasing excitation amplitudes (Δθ). While the excitation amplitudes are smaller than 5° (Δθ5°), the resonant lock-on region, at Reynolds numbers 216 and 278, distributes asymmetrically about f_e/f₀=1.0 and biases to the high frequency (or large f_e/f₀) side. However, the sidewise expansion of resonant lock-on region is enlarged and the degree of asymmetric distribution is alleviated at large excitation amplitudes (Δθ>5°). The amount of sidewise expansion of the resonant lock-on region biased toward the high-frequency side is more significant at the lowest Reynolds number (152) than those at two higher Reynolds numbers (216 and 278). Besides, there exists a sub-harmonic lock-on region only at the lowest Reynolds number 152. The existence of a sub-harmonic lock-on region clearly reveals that the differential equation governing the self-excited oscillation within a cavity contains the quadratic nonlinear term. Further, at the lowest Reynolds number (152), the sidewise expansion of the sub-harmonic lock-on region is much narrower than that of the resonant lock-on region.     

条带域内二维各向异性压电介质的Green函数

以压电各向异性弹性介质广义平面变形的Stroh一般解为基础，采用复变函数方法（即保角变换技术），研究了条带域介质内物理场的封闭形式解，求得了介质内某一点同时存在广义线位错和广义线力作用时的简单明确解，它就是边界元法中的Green函数，还分析了极化介质表面的电荷分布情况，并进而讨论了线电荷q与边界分布电荷间的库仑力问题，文中结果不仅适用于平面或反平面变形问题，而且也适用于两者耦合的二维变形问题。     

An Experimental Investigation of Two-Point Correlations in Two- and Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers

Two-point correlation measurements of the wall normal fluctuating velocities were made in two-dimensional (2-D) and pressure-driven three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent boundary layers. These data are needed for characterization and modeling of active-motion length scales, especially for 3-D flows. The fine-probe-volume data were measured using two custom-designed laser-Doppler-velocimeter fiber-optic probes. The data are relatively free of noise, signal broadening, and bias effects. Favorable comparisons with direct-numerical-simulation (DNS) results in the near-wall region of the 2-D flow validate the experimental techniques used here. For a given fixed probe location, non-dimensional correlation values scale best on the probe separation. For both the 2-D and 3-D cases, peak correlations lie along a line inclined away from the wall at 11° and 8°, respectively, which suggests the existence of an outgoing characteristic line affected by only the upstream flow. The decay of the correlation coefficient occurs nearer the wall than away from the wall relative to the fixed probe location. The variations for the 3-D flow correlations are similar to the 2-D variations, but with longer Δ x ⁺and Δ y ⁺ decay distances, probably because of the 3-D flowacceleration. While the spanwise variation of the correlationcoefficients is symmetric about the fixed point for the 2-D case asdictated by reciprocity, the 3-D case shows a large asymmetry for spanwise variations Δ z ⁺ < 68. The profiles at higher Δ z ⁺ are more symmetric. In general, at a given y the maximum correlation is skewed toa non-zero Δ z. It appears that the skewing of the correlation coefficient in the z direction tracks the sign of . This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the generalized Cauchy function and new Conjecture on its exterior singularities

This article studies on Cauchy’s function f (z) and its integral, (2πi)J[ f (z)] ≡■C f (t)dt/(t z) taken along a closed simple contour C, in regard to their comprehensive properties over the entire z = x + iy plane consisted of the simply connected open domain D + bounded by C and the open domain D outside C. (1) With f (z) assumed to be C n (n < ∞-times continuously differentiable) z ∈ D + and in a neighborhood of C, f (z) and its derivatives f (n) (z) are proved uniformly continuous in the closed domain D + = [D + + C]. (2) Cauchy’s integral formulas and their derivatives z ∈ D + (or z ∈ D ) are proved to converge uniformly in D + (or in D = [D +C]), respectively, thereby rendering the integral formulas valid over the entire z-plane. (3) The same claims (as for f (z) and J[ f (z)]) are shown extended to hold for the complement function F(z), defined to be C n z ∈ D and about C. (4) The uniform convergence theorems for f (z) and F(z) shown for arbitrary contour C are adapted to find special domains in the upper or lower half z-planes and those inside and outside the unit circle |z| = 1 such that the four general- ized Hilbert-type integral transforms are proved. (5) Further, the singularity distribution of f (z) in D is elucidated by considering the direct problem exemplified with several typ- ical singularities prescribed in D . (6) A comparative study is made between generalized integral formulas and Plemelj’s formulas on their differing basic properties. (7) Physical sig- nificances of these formulas are illustrated with applicationsto nonlinear airfoil theory. (8) Finally, an unsolved inverse problem to determine all the singularities of Cauchy function f (z) in domain D , based on the continuous numerical value of f (z) z ∈ D + = [D + + C], is presented for resolution as a conjecture.     

Influence of the material hardening and compressibility on the solution of elastoplastic deformation problems for a space with a cylindrical cavity

The present paper deals with plane deformation problems (ɛ _z = 0) concerned with elastoplastic deformation of a space with a cylindrical cavity in the case where the load is given either at infinity or on the cavity surface. It is assumed that the material obeys the relations of the theory of flow with isotropic hardening and the von Mises plasticity condition. The effects of the elastic compressibility (Poisson’s ratio) and the coefficient of linear hardening on the stress-strain state are studied. The influence of the linear hardening is shown to be small, while that of the elastic compressibility is shown to be quite significant.     

On a class of non-linear elastic materials

This article deals with a family of non-linear hyperelastic materials depending on a parameter varying from 0 to 1; is a masonry-like material and is linear elastic. Some properties of the function delivering the Cauchy stress corresponding to the infinitesimal strain E, are proved; in particular, it is shown that is strongly monotone for >0 and monotone for =0. Moreover, denoting by [u(·;), E(·;), T(·;)] the solution to the equilibrium problem for solids made of a material the convergence of [u(·;), E(·;), T(·;)] for going to 0 and 1, is investigated.     

Influence of mean stress on the fatigue crack growth characreristics of CrlMo steel tube at elevated temperature

The fatigue crack growth characteristics of CrlMo steel have been investigated at 861 K over the R-ratio range 0.1–0.7 utilising a dwell time of 10 min. at maximum load. All tests were conducted under load control in a laboratory air environment. It was established that the R-ratio significantly affected the fatigue crack extension behaviour inasmuch that with increasing R-ratio, the critical ΔK level for the onset of creep fatigue interactive growth, ΔK^IG, decreased from 20 to 7 MPa√m and the threshold stress intensity, ΔK_th, decreased from 9 to about 3 MPa√m. At intermediate ΔK levels, i.e. between ΔK_th and ΔK^IG, the fatigue crack extension rates, for all R-ratio values, resided on or slightly below the CTOD line, which represents the upper bound for contrnuum controlled fatigue crack growth. Creep fatigue interactive growth was typified by crack extension rates that reside above the CTOD line with a ΔK^IG dependence; the attainment of some critical creep condition or crack linkage condition which causes the abrupt change in crack extension behaviour at ΔK^IG; and crack extension occurs almost exclusively in an intergranular manner. The R-ratio and ΔK^IG followed a linear relation. A literature review concerning the effect of temperature on the threshold fatigue crack growth characteristics of low alloy ferritic steels demonstrated powerful effects of temperature; the magnitude of these effects, however, were dependent upon the testing temperature regime and R-ratio level. The effect of R-ratio on ΔK_th was greatest at temperatures >400°C, significant at ambient temperatures and least in the temperature range 90°C to <300°C. The relationship between temperature and ΔK_th, at a given R-ratio, exhibited a through and a minimum ΔK_th value was observed in the temperature range 200–250°C. The magnitude of the temperature effects on ΔK_th decreased with increasing R-ratio. Such effects of temperature and R-ratio on ΔK_th was reasonably explained in terms of crack closure effects. Finally, the present elevated temperature fatigue crack growth data exhibited massive crack extension enhancement values when compared to ambient near-threshold fatigue crack growth data for CrlMo steel. Such large enhancement values were the combined effects of temperature (environment) and frequency.