板中热弹波传播: 一种改进的勒让德多项式方法

近年来, 超声导波因其衰减小, 传播距离远和信号覆盖范围广, 成为无损检测领域快速发展的方向之一. 然而, 基于超声导波的高温在线检测和激光超声技术却发展缓慢, 其关键在于热弹耦合波动方程求解难度大、传播与衰减特性研究困难. 作为一种有效的求解方法, 勒让德正交多项式方法已广泛应用于导波传播问题, 但该方法在求解热弹导波传播时存在两个不足, 限制其进一步的发展和应用. 这两个缺陷是: (1)求解过程中大量积分的存在, 致使计算效率低下; (2)仅能处理等热边界条件的热弹导波传播. 针对两项不足之处, 提出一种改进的勒让德正交多项式方法, 以求解分数阶热弹板中的导波传播. 推导求解方法中积分的解析表达式, 以提高计算效率; 引入温度梯度展开式, 发展适合勒让德多项式级数的绝热边界条件处理方法. 与已有文献结果对比表明改进方法的正确性; 与已有方法的计算时间对比说明改进方法的高效性. 最后将改进的方法用于求解分数阶热弹板中的导波传播, 研究分数阶次对频散、衰减曲线和应力、位移、温度分布等的影响.      

THERMOELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN PLATES: AN IMPROVED LEGENDRE POLYNOMIAL APPROACH 1)

近年来, 超声导波因其衰减小, 传播距离远和信号覆盖范围广, 成为无损检测领域快速发展的方向之一. 然而, 基于超声导波的高温在线检测和激光超声技术却发展缓慢, 其关键在于热弹耦合波动方程求解难度大、传播与衰减特性研究困难. 作为一种有效的求解方法, 勒让德正交多项式方法已广泛应用于导波传播问题, 但该方法在求解热弹导波传播时存在两个不足, 限制其进一步的发展和应用. 这两个缺陷是: (1)求解过程中大量积分的存在, 致使计算效率低下; (2)仅能处理等热边界条件的热弹导波传播. 针对两项不足之处, 提出一种改进的勒让德正交多项式方法, 以求解分数阶热弹板中的导波传播. 推导求解方法中积分的解析表达式, 以提高计算效率; 引入温度梯度展开式, 发展适合勒让德多项式级数的绝热边界条件处理方法. 与已有文献结果对比表明改进方法的正确性; 与已有方法的计算时间对比说明改进方法的高效性. 最后将改进的方法用于求解分数阶热弹板中的导波传播, 研究分数阶次对频散、衰减曲线和应力、位移、温度分布等的影响.     

一种求解复波数域波动弥散方程的通用数值方法

波动弥散方程的求解是分析弹性波或声波问题时的一种比较常见的过程,求解所得的曲线即为弥散曲线。其方程形式一般是关于波数与频率的一个二元超越方程,当波数为复数时,方程实际为三元超越方程。这类方程没有解析解,由于方程的变量和参数涉及复数域,一般的数值求解方法也难以处理。本文提出了一种基于模值收敛性的数值方法,求解一般波动弥散方程复波数域内的解。首先论述了本方法的理论依据,然后介绍了其求解步骤,最后将本方法应用于求解复波数域波动弥散方程的具体算例。通过对比可以发现:本方法广泛有效地解决了复波数域内波动弥散曲线的求解问题,适用于不同形式波动弥散方程的求解。     

多层圆柱体锚固结构中超声导波频散特征的研究

超声导波无损检测技术因其高效和快捷的优点成为检测锚杆锚固质量的有效方法。但锚固锚杆结构中超声导波的多模态性、频散性与能量泄露导致完整的锚杆底端反射信号的获得具有不确定性。应用弹性动力学理论并采用全局矩阵法建立超声导波在多层圆柱体锚固结构中的频散方程的通用表达式,然后通过非线性外推法和二分法两步算法求解频散方程的精确解,解决了频散曲线的分类和相交等难题,获得了具有自主知识产权的求解多层圆柱体锚固结构频散曲线的程序。利用该程序计算了不同锚固锚杆结构的频散曲线,并与商用软件Disperse计算的结果吻合较好。同时用本程序计算了实验室有限锚固结构中的频散曲线,验证了低频导波在有限与无限结构中的巨大差异,而这一结构特征的频散特性Disperse并未给出相关算例。     

波导结构频散分析的特征频率法及在板条结构中的应用

提出一种求解波导结构频散特性的有限元特征频率法,该方法基于振动问题的特征频率计算理论,根据模态振型识别波数与模态类型,建立了相速度及群速度的求解方法。该方法可适用于任意波导结构的频散关系求解。首先分析满足收敛精度要求的最大网格单元尺寸与最小模型长度,并用该方法对简支板条结构的频散特性进行了计算。结果表明,有限元特征频率法适合求解波动频散关系,板条结构中模态受边界影响会产生同阶高次模态,边界尺寸决定新模态的截止频率;随频率的增大,同阶低次反对称模态会趋于一致;对称模态能量分布受边界影响较大。本文也为板条类结构导波实验结果的分析提供了理论依据。     

复波数域弥散曲线的求解方法研究

研究了复波数域弥散方程的求解问题,根据相关文献提出了三种求解复波数域弥散曲线的方法,即一种改进的牛顿迭代法——抛物牛顿迭代法、求解方程组的二分法、模值收敛判别法。应用上述三种算法可以求出大部分弥散方程的数值结果。文中引用了参考文献中关于复波数域弥散曲线的算例,应用这三种方法分别对算例中的弥散方程进行求解并绘制相应复波数域弥散曲线。结果表明,这三种方法均可较好地对算例中的弥散方程在复数域中进行求解。通过与参考文献中的算例进行对比,进一步分析了这几种方法的特点和使用范围,介绍了如何应用这几种方法对复波数域弥散方程进行求解。     

功能梯度粘弹性板中的Lamb波

研究功能梯度Kelvin模型粘弹性板中Lamb波传播的频散和衰减特性,基于弹性力学理论,建立了以位移函数表示的功能梯度粘弹性板中Lamb波传播问题的控制方程;采用幂级数方法求得其渐近解,得到波速-波数方程的解析形式;采用最小模值逼近法求解复数域超越方程。通过对比均质粘弹性板和特殊梯度粘弹性板中Lamb波传播的精确解析解和幂级数渐近解,由此验证幂级数解的可靠性。研究结果表明:当梯度参数同时变化时,梯度板中的Lamb波波速的实部、虚部、减幅系数较均匀板中均无显著变化;仅密度梯度参数增大时波速实部和虚部绝对值都减小,减幅系数增大;仅弹性模量梯度参数增大时,波速实部和虚部绝对值都增大,减幅系数减小。准S0模态和准A0模态的减幅系数基本相同,而与准A1模态相差较大。在同模态下频率越高减幅系数越大,同频率下高模态对应的减幅系数较小。这些结论可为非均质粘弹性板结构无损检测提供理论依据。     

梯度半空间梯度覆层中的Love波

对功能梯度弹性半空间上覆盖一层功能梯度材料中的Love波的频散问题进行了研究，给出 了Love波频散方程的一般形式. 对功能梯度弹性半空间和功能梯度覆层的反平面剪切波的运 动控制方程进行了求解，给出了半空间和覆盖层的位移、应力解析解，给出了Love波在该解析 解下的频散方程. 以覆盖层的剪切弹性模量和质量密度均呈指数函数变化，半空间的剪切弹 性模量和质量密度均呈抛物线变化为例，利用迭代方法对频散方程进行了求解，给出了频散 曲线. 结果显示：在最低阶振型频散曲线中出现截止频率.     

基于导波技术的螺柱轴力无损检测

根据弹性动力学理论,采用纵向导波与弯曲导波相结合的方法对螺柱所受轴向应力进行无损检测。计算了M22螺柱中纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度频散曲线。根据频散曲线,确定了采用导波对螺柱轴向应力进行无损检测的最优检测信号频率范围(50~80 kHz),此频率范围的纵向导波与弯曲导波模态单一,并且频散性较低。分别计算了不同轴向应力σ作用下,多种频率的纵向导波和和弯曲导波在螺柱中传播的群速度值cgσrL和cgσrF。结果表明,随着轴向应力的增大,同频率纵向导波和弯曲导波的群速度皆呈线性递减趋势。利用纵向导波和弯曲导波群速度与轴向应力的线性关系及纵向导波和弯曲导波在轴向应力作用螺柱端面的反射时间tLσ和tσF,可以迅速确定螺柱所受轴向应力值。     

功能梯度空心圆柱体中的周向超声导波

为了更有效地使用超声技术检测功能梯度管道中纵向缺陷,基于3维弹性理论,采用一种正交多项式法研究无限长功能梯度材料管道中的周向导波。为验证方法的正确性与适用性,首先采用该方法计算均匀各向异性管道中的周向导波,并与已有数据相比较。其次,计算了不同梯度函数下管道周向导波的频散曲线,并与均匀管道进行了比较,说明了梯度材料管道中周向导波的特点以及梯度函数变化对频散曲线的影响。最后,求解了不同径厚比下功能梯度材料圆柱壳周向导波的频散曲线,分析了径厚比的变化对频散曲线的影响。     

Evanescent waves in FGM spherical curved plates: an analytical treatment

A deep understanding of both guided propagating and evanescent waves is very essential for non-destructive evaluation. Guided propagating waves have received considerable attention, but the research on guided evanescent waves is quite limited, especially for functionally graded structures. This paper presents an analytical approach, based on the orthogonal function technique, to solve the evanescent waves in a spherical curved plate with functionally graded material in the radial direction. The proposed approach can obtain all the real, imaginary and complex solutions but without iterative process. The validity of the proposed approach is illustrated by comparison with available results. The convergence of the approach is also discussed through a numerical example. Dispersion characteristics of the guided waves in various graded spherical curved plates are studied and three dimensional dispersion curves are plotted in frequency-complex wavenumber space. The effects of different radius-thickness ratios and graded fields on the dispersion curves of the guided evanescent waves are illustrated. The displacement distributions are also discussed to analyze the characteristics of the guided evanescent waves.     

基于带状单元法的电磁弹性多层板复频散特性分析

超声波在弹性介质中传播时理论上可以分为传播、非传播及衰减模式,且分别与实、虚及复波数相对应,可用复频散特性来进行描述.这一性质在电磁弹性多层板结构中同样存在.该文利用带状单元法对其进行了分析和计算.首先,利用能量守恒定律并结合介质的本构方程、平衡方程及相应边界条件构建了结构的带状单元模型,然后利用该模型获得了电磁弹性多层板的频散方程,最后以一个由压电材料BaTiO3和压磁材料CoFe2O4构成的三层板为数值分析对象,给出了波在其中传播时的复频散特性,并利用计算结果证明了当前相关文献中材料常数引用的不合理性.     

Elastic waves in piezoceramic cylinders of sector cross-section

The propagation of elastic waves in piezoceramic cylindrical waveguides of circular cross-sections with sector cut is investigated on the basis of the linear theory of electroelasticity. Dispersion functions are obtained from boundary conditions in an analytical form of functional determinants for each value of the generalized wave number. A selected set of numerical results including real, imaginary and complex branches of full dispersion spectrums with various symmetry of wave movements is presented to describe the essential characteristics of the waves. Leading effects of spectrums transformation by change of waveguide’s angular measure are enlightened, and wave asymptotic behavior is analyzed. The variation of the cross-section is considered as a mechanism to control the dispersion characteristics of waveguides.     

Characteristics of guided waves in graded spherical curved plates

An elastodynamic solution for the stress wave propagation in spherical curved plates composed of functionally graded materials (FGM) is presented. Properties of materials are assumed to vary in the direction of the thickness according to a known radial variation law (gradient field). The formulation is based on the linear three-dimensional elasticity. The Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion approach is used for determining the guided waves dispersion curves in functionally graded spherical curved plates. Our results from a homogeneous anisotropic spherical curved plate are compared with those published earlier to confirm the accuracy and range of applicability of this polynomial approach. Guided wave dispersion curves for graded spherical curved plates with different gradient fields are calculated, and the effects of the gradient field on the characteristics of guided waves are illustrated. Finally, dispersion curves for graded spherical curved plates at different ratios of inner radius to thickness are calculated to discover the influences of that ratio on the wave characteristics.     

GUIDED CIRCUMFERENTIAL WAVES IN DOUBLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES

A model of guided circumferential waves propagating in double-walled carbon nan- otubes is built by the theory of wave propagation in continuum mechanics,while the van der Waals force between the inner and outer nanotube has been taken into account in the model.The dispersion curves of the guided circumferential wave propagation are studied,and some dispersion characteristics are illustrated by comparing with those of single-walled carbon nanotubes.It is found that in double-walled carbon nanotubes,the guided circumferential waves will propagate in more dispersive ways.More interactions between neighboring wave modes may take place.In particular,it has been found that a couple of wave modes may disappear at a certain frequency and that,while a couple of wave modes disappear,another new couple of wave modes are excited at the same wave number.     

Circumferential wave in magneto-electro-elastic functionally graded cylindrical curved plates

Piezoelectric-piezomagnetic functionally graded materials (FGM), with a gradual change of the mechanical and electromagnetic properties, have greatly applying promises. Based on Legendre orthogonal polynomial series expansion approach, a dynamic solution is presented for the propagation of circumferential harmonic waves in piezoelectric-piezomagnetic FGM cylindrical curved plates. The materials properties are assumed to vary in the direction of the thickness according to a known variation law. The dispersion curves of the piezoelectric-piezomagnetic FGM cylindrical curved plate and the corresponding non-piezoelectric and non-piezomagnetic cylindrical curved plates are calculated to show the influences of the piezoelectricity and piezomagnetism. Electric potential and magnetic potential distributions are also obtained to illustrate the different influences of the piezoelectricity and piezomagnetism. Finally, a cylindrical curved plate at a different ratio of radius to thickness is calculated to show the influence of the ratio on the piezoelectric effect and piezomagnetic effect.     

Dispersion Spectrum of an Anisotropic Waveguide with Sector-Shaped Cross Section and Fixed Boundary

The dispersion equations are derived analytically for normal elastic waves in a longitudinally anisotropic cylindrical waveguide with circular cross-section and a sector-shaped channel of arbitrary angular measure. The boundary surfaces of the channel are covered with flexible, inextensible membranes. The cylindrical portion of the lateral surface is rigidly fixed. A numerical analysis of the dispersion equations reveals spectral branches of traveling normal waves with different types of symmetry of cross-sectional displacements and different circumferential wave numbers. Some features of the spectrum due to variation in the angular measure are established __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 46–51, September 2005.     

初应力对单向复合材料圆柱板周向波的影响

基于“增量变形力学”理论,研究了径向和轴向均匀初应力作用下单向复合材料圆柱板中周向波的传播特性,应用Legendre多项式方法求解了耦合波动方程。讨论了单向复合材料纤维方向分别为周向和轴向时,初应力对圆柱板中的周向类Lamb波和SH波的影响。数值分析结果表明初应力对周向类Lamb波和周向SH波的影响是非常不同的;轴向初应力对频散曲线、位移和应力分布的影响与径向初应力的影响也不相同。     

周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟研究

在石油、化工、食品和城市供水等行业,由于腐蚀等原因而引起泄漏事故,造成巨大的经济损失和资源浪费.因此,能够预先检测到管道缺陷避免事故发生显得十分重要.基于弹性动力学理论,利用Matlab编程实现周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟.利用特征函数展开法计算出周向导波的频散曲线及0.6MHz和1MHz各个模态的时域波形图并据此分析激励方式同周向导波传播的关系,频率为1MHz或0.6MHz时,1和2模态在空心圆柱壳中传播的周向导波中处于主导地位:各模态的径向或周向位移幅度会受到激励入射角的影响而变化并且周向导波的位移幅度随着激励入射角的增加而增加:得到特定频率下,周向导波各模态径向、周向位移的变化关系.本文结果为进一步利用实验方法研究周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播特性和缺陷检测奠定了基础.