裸岩石砾地覆土厚度对土壤水分的影响

覆土厚度与土壤水分的关系密切,直接影响到土地的整治与利用效果。设置一试验小区,在分析土壤水分的时间动态分布特征及空间变化特征的基础上,研究了裸岩石砾地不同覆土厚度对土壤水分的影响。结果表明:覆土厚度在50 cm以内时,土壤水分的时间变异性较大,土壤水分随土层深度的增加而增加,覆土厚度对表层土壤水分含量影响较大;覆土厚度超过50 cm后,土壤水分含量相对稳定,时间变异性较小,土壤水分随土层深度的增加呈先增大后减小趋势,表层土壤水分含量变化不大。通过分析得出,为保障土壤水分含量,在裸岩石砾地整治中,覆土厚度不宜小于50 cm,研究成果为类似地区土地整治中覆土厚度的确定提供了一定的理论依据。     

喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分变异特征及其与地形因子的关系

土壤水对于喀斯特地区生态环境具有重要的影响,研究喀斯特山体土壤水分的空间变异性及地形因子对土壤水分的影响规律,为喀斯特地区开展生态恢复和石漠化防治等工作提供重要的参考依据。以贵阳市斗篷山小流域代表性山体为研究对象,通过时域反射仪(TDR)测定山体东北、西北、正东、正西、正南5条样带0～10、10～20、20～30 cm 3个土层深度的土壤水分,分析喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分变异特征及其与地形因子的关系。结果表明:(1)自然状态下土壤水分由表层到深层逐渐增大,表层和深层较中间层变异大,土壤水分含量随变异系数(CV)值的增加而减小;(2)坡度对表层土壤水分影响较大,土壤水分随坡度的增大呈减小的趋势;(3)土壤水分随坡位的变化规律主要表现为下坡位中坡位上坡位,坡位对中间层和深层的土壤水分影响较表层大;(4)坡向对土壤水分的影响主要表现为,北坡较高,南坡较低,降雨事件的发生会扰动这种规律,坡向对不同层次土壤水分无显著影响。     

红壤耕地土壤水分时空分布特征分析

根据中国气象网上的2000年1月至2013年12月农田土壤湿度旬值数据及其农业气象数据,分析了江西省红壤土壤水分时空分布特征。结果表明,江西省红壤耕地土壤水分年际间变化相对平稳,年内土壤水分的变化可以划分为春季饱和期,夏季干旱期,秋季补水期和冬季湿润期。随着土层深度增大,土壤含水量呈增加趋势,但变异系数呈减少趋势。土壤相对湿度对降水的响应随着土层的加深而减弱,0~50 cm土层湿度对降水量具有显著的相关性。干旱过程中,20~50 cm土壤水分监测可作为红壤干旱监测指标。     

坝前淤泥土固结-渗透耦合特性试验研究

为研究坝前淤泥土在不同荷载下固结-渗透耦合特性,对分别取自10、50、100 cm深度处的坝前淤泥土样进行固结-渗透耦合试验,研究其孔隙比、渗透系数随固结压力的变化规律以及不同深度处孔隙比与渗透系数之间的关系。结果表明:在同一荷载作用下,随着深度的增加,淤泥土样的变形量逐渐减小,当荷载达到800 kPa时,10 cm深度处的压缩变形量为5.32 mm,50 cm深度处的压缩变形量为4.92 mm,100 cm深度处的压缩变形量为4.54 mm;不同深度处的淤泥土孔隙比随着荷载的增大逐渐减小,e—lg p曲线均表现出直线状态,孔隙比与固结压力之间呈现明显的对数关系;不同深度处的淤泥土渗透系数均随着固结压力的增大而减小,后期降低较缓慢,呈现明显的非线性,且孔隙比与渗透系数关系密切,渗透系数随孔隙比的减小而逐渐减小,利用单指数衰减方程可以较好地表达淤泥土渗透系数与固结压力及孔隙比与渗透系数之间的关系。     

华北山前平原灌溉农田深层土壤水分动态特征及渗漏量估算

以中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站的大埋深土壤水分剖面观测设施为依托,利用中子水分仪对15.4m深度的土壤水分进行连续1年的定位观测,同时通过定期采集深层土壤和水分样品,对该区土壤水分变动特征和深层入渗量进行了定量研究。结果表明:土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布受土壤质地组成控制,同时在年内受降水事件和灌溉的影响而波动,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤水分的变异性呈减弱趋势;根区土壤水分受降水(灌溉)和作物耗水的共同影响而变化剧烈,根区以下土壤水分对降水的响应有一定延迟;在观测期间,整个15.5m深度的土壤剖面上有水分的盈余,土壤水贮量增加了216mm,但在小麦生育期土壤水分表现出耗损过程(土壤水贮量减少了208mm)。最后利用氯质量平衡法估算560cm深度处渗漏量约为65mm。     

干旱半干旱矿区采煤裂缝对土壤水分的影响研究

为研究采煤塌陷裂缝对土壤水分的影响,选取了阜新塌陷区为研究区,应用系统聚类、Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法及多元线性回归等数理统计的方法,研究了塌陷裂缝不同深度的土壤容重变化特征,分析了塌陷裂缝尺度、距裂缝距离和土壤含水率的关系。研究结果表明,研究区土壤容重随着埋深线性增大,且容重的变化幅度具有明显的突变点,连通裂缝、隐伏裂缝和非塌陷区的突变点位置分别为50cm、70cm和150cm;同一尺度不同深度裂缝处,裂缝宽度对土壤含水率的影响随深度的增加而减小;在同裂缝同深度情况下,随着与裂缝距离的增加土壤含水率越高,至2m后影响不明显。裂缝尺度影响了土壤含水量的空间分布特征,裂缝尺度的增大使得土壤含水率平均偏差增大。     

淮北平原土壤水与地下水埋深及降水关系研究

为探究淮北平原夏玉米生长期土壤水与地下水埋深及降水的关系,基于五道沟实验站26 a的长系列资料,结合氢氧稳定同位素示踪法,对淮北平原夏玉米生长期的大气降水、土壤水和地下水进行了分析。结果表明：土壤平均含水率随土层深度的增加呈现出先减小后增加再减小的趋势,其中0～0.2 m土层平均土壤含水率最低,0.3～0.5 m土层土壤含水率最高。根据大气降水、土壤水和地下水氢氧同位素特征值可知：土壤水δ18O和δD平均值随土层深度的增加而减小,表明土壤水分蒸发会导致土壤重同位素富集,富集程度由土壤表层至深层递减。土壤水氢氧稳定同位素随土层深度的增加而减弱,30 cm和50 cm土层深度的土壤水变化最为明显,土壤易接受降水补给,而且土壤蒸发较为强烈。     

库区洲滩潜流带温度示踪流速计算方法

以澜沧江漫湾库区洲滩为研究对象,实时监测水库运行期间洲滩监测井水位和水温变化过程,依据水位和水温数据,分别用水动力学法和温度示踪法核算流速。结果表明:在计算库区水位波动引起的潜流交换上,Hatch相位法具有更高的准确性,监测时段内的潜流交换流速和交换量分别为-5.87×10~(-5)~12.92×10~(-5)m/s和2.66m~3。在计算库区与洲滩补给和排泄过程中的峰值流速时,Hatch相位法的计算结果均较水动力学法滞后。在空间上,洲滩深度越深,流速越小,不同深度流速曲线规律基本一致。     

北疆膜下滴灌棉田冻融过程中土壤水盐运移研究

为研究非生育期北疆膜下滴灌棉田在冻融过程中的土壤水盐运移规律,在石河子121团试验地开展了常规水分、盐分和温度监测试验。研究结果表明:气温对土壤温度的影响很大,随着土层深度的增加,各土层温度逐渐减小,气温对各土层的影响也逐渐变小。冻结前期,各层土壤水分随深度的增加而增加,水分主要集中在40~100 cm土层,盐分主要分布在80~100 cm土层。冻结期,水分波动较盐分剧烈,盐分大部分都集中在100 cm层。融解期,由于多次的冻融循环作用,各土层的水分含量变化比较大,而盐分在10~80 cm层变化不大,80~100 cm层盐分累积比较大。经过一个冬季,盐分主要分布在80~100 cm土层。     

青海湖流域生长季土壤水分空间分布特征研究

【目的】土壤水分作为水文循环过程的重要环节,是影响青藏高原生态环境演变的关键因素之一。青海湖是维系青藏高原东北部生态安全的重要水体,了解青海湖流域土壤水分空间分布特征对于维护区域生态系统稳定具有重要意义。【方法】本研究基于2019—2021年7～8月青海湖流域75个采样点的土壤水分实测数据,分析了不同植被类型和海拔高度的土壤水分空间分异,辨识了不同深度土壤水分变化的主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明：(1)青海湖流域土壤水分平均值及其变异系数在垂直方向上均随深度增加而减小,深层(60～100 cm)土壤水分空间分布更均匀。(2)不同植被类型和海拔高度下的土壤水分垂直分布表现出不同的特征。四种典型植被类型土壤水分平均值由高到低依次为高寒草甸、灌丛、高寒草原、温性草原;除高寒草甸土壤水分平均值随深度增加逐渐减小外,其余三种植被类型均呈先增大后减小趋势。土壤水分随海拔升高而增大,3 600 m以上地区土壤水分变异系数呈“W”型变化。(3)不同环境条件下土壤水分变化的主要驱动因素各不相同。高寒草原和温性草原土壤水分受气温影响较大,两者在60～80 cm深度同气温相关系数分别为-0.509和-0.7...     

毛乌素沙地典型湖滨带湿地有机碳、氮素空间分布特征

通过对陕西毛乌素沙地典型湖滨带湿地有机碳和氮素的空间分布特征进行研究,为探讨湿地生态系统如何在沙化环境下发挥其特有的功能提供科学依据。在巴吓采当湖泊湖滨带A~F类型区采集土壤,测定土壤的有机碳、全氮、有机氮、硝态氮和铵态氮等指标。利用方差分析、Spearman相关性分析和主成分分析等方法分析对湖滨带有机碳、氮素空间分布特征进行研究。土壤表层0~10cm的有机碳和全氮含量随水位升高呈增加趋势。除了铵态氮外,有机碳、全氮、有机氮和硝态氮含量垂直分布上随着土壤深度增加呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳、全氮含量分别与全磷、土壤容重、含水率、水位显著相关。铵态氮和全磷、含水率、土壤容重、全氮、有机碳和水位等显著相关。硝态氮与微生物生物量碳、氮的相关系数分别为r=0.637和r=0.617(中度正相关)。有机碳及氮素的含量与土壤粘粒含量相关性不高。主成分分析提取3个主成分,累积贡献率达76.15%。土壤全磷、土壤含水率、土壤容重和水位是影响湖滨带土壤有机碳、氮素空间分布的主要因子。     

Water depth and lake-wide water level fluctuation influence on α- and β-diversity of coastal wetland fish communities

Coastal wetlands in the Laurentian Great Lakes are critical habitats for supporting fish diversity and abundance within the basin. Insight into the coupling of biodiversity patterns with habitat conditions may elucidate mechanisms shaping diverse communities. Within coastal wetlands, water depth as well as fluctuations in lake-wide water levels over inter-annual timescales, both have the potential to influence fish communities. Water level fluctuation can influence fish habitat structure (e.g., vegetation) in Great Lakes coastal wetlands, but it is unclear how water depth and lake-wide water level fluctuations affect fish community composition and diversity. Using β dissimilarity indices and multivariate ordination techniques, we assessed fish community structure among bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus)-dominated wetlands in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, USA. We examined whether community structure was related to wetland water depth at the time of sampling and whether fish communities were more similar among years with similar Lake Huron water levels. Results suggested relatively high levels of both spatial (among wetlands) and temporal (among year) community dissimilarity that was driven primarily by species turnover. Thus, variability in water depths among wetlands and in Lake Huron water levels among years likely both contribute to regional fish diversity. Further, fish abundance and alpha diversity were positively correlated with wetland water depth at the time of sampling. Both climate change and anthropogenic water level stabilization may alter the magnitude and timing of water level fluctuations in the Great Lakes. Our data suggest that these changes could affect local fish community composition and regional fish diversity.     

陕西王东沟小流域野外土壤入渗试验研究

以野外土壤入渗试验为依据，利用时域反射仪进行了土壤水分动态变化的观测，并分析了积水入渗过程中土壤水分的动态变化规津及停渗后土壤水分再分布规律。结果表明：野外土壤积水入渗过程中，土体内任—埋深处士壤含水率的变化一般经历稳定不变、缓慢上升、急剧上升和再稳定4个阶段，不同土地利用类型的土壤每一阶段听经历的时间长短不同；积水深度越大，土壤剖面含水率、入渗量变化越明显，湿润锋的推移也越快；停渗后土壤水分再分布规律表现为表层0～10cm土壤含水率急剧减小，10～70cm土壤含水率开始呈增大趋势，然后再逐渐减小，70cm以下的土壤含水率略有变化。     

Water level fluctuation and sediment–water nutrient exchange in Great Lakes coastal wetlands

The influence of water level fluctuation on sediment–water nutrient exchange in coastal wetlands of Lakes Michigan and Huron was investigated using controlled, laboratory experiments. At each wetland, sediment cores were collected from 5 locations along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline, desiccated for 8 weeks, and then re-wetted with original site water for 24 h to simulate water level fluctuation. Soluble reactive phosphorus release declined exponentially along transects, with highest release rates from sediments collected at the ordinary high water mark (OHWM), and lowest rates from sediments underlying water > 0.25 m in depth. Nitrate exchange showed no obvious pattern in the Lake Michigan wetlands but nitrate was lost at all locations in the Lake Huron wetlands, suggesting denitrification. Ammonium was released at all sites, but with no obvious pattern along transects. Sulfate release was low at the OHWM locations and increased in a lakeward direction, plateauing by the 0.25 m water depth.     

Impacts and Implications of Major Changes Caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

The impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has disturbed the hydrological regime downstream and has directly affected the relationship between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake. To trace the realistic and potential impacts, this paper examined the changes of the channel morphology and sedimentology caused by the TGD through a field survey on the channel cross-sections and then analyzed the impact on lake water level through BP neural networks. The possible impacts on inundation patterns in lake wetlands were studied based on the lake basin DEM. The results indicate that drastic sediment decline and severe channel erosion are putting considerable pressure on the river and lake. Changing river channels are evident in some monitoring cross-sections. Dongting Lake, for the first time, changed from trapping to supplying net sediment to the Yangtze River. During the water storage periods of the TGD, the water level decreased 2.03?m in 2006 and 2.11?m in 2009 at the outlet of the lake, with extreme decreases up to 3.30?m and 3.02?m, respectively. These changes have inevitably induced alterations in the inundation patterns of the lake wetlands, which in turn have disturbed the ecological function of lake wetlands as habitats for both migratory birds and aquatic fish. The serious droughts in Dongting Lake recent years were largely connected with the above changes. Therefore, proper attention should be paid to this occurrence.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植被叶片和土壤δ15N特征分析

为研究鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植被叶片和土壤δ¹⁵N特征,以蚌湖和修水之间的洲滩作为研究对象,选取典型断面研究2015年10—12月和2016年4月植被叶片和土壤δ¹⁵N的相关关系,探讨土壤含水量和无机氮(铵态氮和硝态氮)对植被叶片和土壤δ¹⁵N的影响。结果表明:大部分C3植被的叶片δ¹⁵N大于C4植被;湿润时期植被叶片和土壤δ¹⁵N大于干旱时期,但湿润时期和干旱时期植被叶片均较土壤富集¹⁵N。铵态氮在湿地土壤中占比高达87.43%,是土壤主要的无机氮,但湿地植被主要吸收硝态氮。研究区氮循环开度较小,土壤δ¹⁵N随着可利用氮素的增加而降低,而随着土壤含水量的增加而增加。植被叶片δ¹⁵N与土壤δ¹⁵N呈显著的正相关关系,植被叶片δ¹⁵N主要受土壤氮素变化和氮同位素分馏的影响。     

Relative Role of Lake and Tributary in Hydrology of Lake Superior Coastal Wetlands

Despite the documented importance of hydrodynamics in influencing the structure and function of Great Lakes coastal wetlands, systematic assessments of coastal wetland hydrology are lacking. This paper addresses this gap by describing patterns in lake and tributary inputs, water residence times, and mixing regimes for a suite of western Lake Superior wetlands that differ in the amount of tributary and seiche flow they receive. We show that variability in tributary flows among wetlands and over time is far greater than variability in seiche-driven water movements, and that the amount of tributary flow strongly influences wetland hydrology via effects on water mixing and residence times, seiche size, mouth closures, and relative amounts of main and off-channel areas. Wetland seiche amplitudes were reduced in systems with small mouth openings and wetland mouth size was correlated with tributary flow. All wetlands experienced seiche-driven water level oscillations, but there was lake water intrusion only into those wetlands where tributary outflow was small relative to the seiche-driven inflow. Wetlands in settings exposed to long-shore sediment transport exhibited periodic mouth closures when stream flows were low. The absolute and relative size of lake and tributary inputs must be explicitly considered in addition to wetland morphology and landscape setting in studies seeking to understand determinants of coastal wetland structure, function, and response to anthropogenic stressors.     

土壤水分对玉米蒸腾特性的影响

针对干旱半干旱地区的农业用水短缺问题,以节水灌溉及水资源的合理利用为目标,利用包裹式茎流计对甘肃省会宁县玉米的蒸腾进行连续观测,并同步监测玉米地不同埋深下的土壤水势、土壤含水率及周围气象因子,研究土壤水分对玉米蒸腾特性的影响。结果显示:(1)在不同天气条件下,玉米蒸腾速率的日变化情况大致相同,均呈"几"字型的变化曲线。(2)不同埋深下土壤水势及含水率的日变化幅度不大,均呈缓慢下降趋势。土壤水势及含水量在晴天的变化情况比阴雨天的对称性更好;7月至8月,气温升高,玉米蒸腾耗水增加,土壤水势及含水率逐渐下降,20 cm深处的土壤水势变化幅度最大;20～30 cm深处的土壤水势与蒸腾速率的相关性稍好于10～20 cm深处的土壤水势与蒸腾速率的关系,这主要跟玉米的根系分布有关;各埋深下土壤水势与玉米蒸腾累积量的相关性都呈极显著正相关;30 cm埋深处土壤水分对蒸腾作用的影响比5 cm深处土壤水分对蒸腾作用的影响大。(3)对比发现蒸腾速率与土壤水势的相关性比与土壤含水率的好。结果表明,土壤水分是影响玉米蒸腾耗水差异的重要原因。     

Hydrological Evolution of Wetland in Naoli River Basin and its Driving Mechanism

Naoli river basin(NRB), with an area of 24,863 km², is the largest basin and also the largest marsh distribution area in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang, China. The hydrological evolution process of wetland in NRB has made a marked ecological responses for anthropic activities, also reflects the drying trend of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Global climate warming also contributes to the hydrological evolution process. The following key research results are obtained: (1) The monthly average water level of Naoli river at Caizuizi hydrological station in different ages showed a marked decline tendency, the annual mean water level dropped from 96.63 m during 1960–1969 to 95.59 m during 2000–2005, the water level drawdown is 1.04 m; (2) The annual runoff flowing into wetlands in NRB decreased. Duration of Naoli river and its tributaries being thoroughly frozen from riverbed to river-water-surface showed an prolonged trend, and the water level drawdown in frozen seasons increased. The water storage capacities of wetlands in NRB declined. (3) The interactions between ground water and surface water in wetland areas are close. The ground water level variation span is bigger than that of surface water level in wetland areas of NRB. The drawdown of ground water level promotes the surface water level to decline, correspondingly. In recent 20 years, the cultivated area extension of rice field in upstream NRB has made an adverse influence on the hydrological processes of wetlands. (4) The wetland area decrease and farmland area increase significantly contribute to the runoff depth decrease of wetlands in NRB. The runoff depth variability has been mostly posed by anthropic activities. (5) Reservoirs, ditches and dykes in NRB have greatly changed the runoff generation processes. Thickness of the seasonal frozen soil layer becoming thinner and the evaporation potential becoming bigger also contribute to the runoff depth reduction and the water level drawdown of rivers. The present study results will provide a scientific basic for developing an integrated watershed management program for NRB, especially, restoring the wetland hydrological processes, maintaining or improving the wetland structure and enhancing the wetland service functions.