紫色土旱坡地油菜/玉米轮作下氮流失的年际变化特征

明确三峡库区紫色土旱坡地氮流失的年际变化特征,为库区的施肥管理措施和面源污染治理提供参考.依托中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站,于2018～2020年连续3 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、优化施肥(OF)、化肥减量配施生物炭(BF)和化肥减量配施秸秆覆盖(SF)5种处理,研究紫色土旱坡地在油菜-玉米轮作模式下氮流失的年际变化特征.结果表明：(1)三峡库区紫色土旱坡地地表径流主要发生在5月和8月,壤中流主要发生在6～10月. 2018～2020年降雨量逐年增加,各处理地表径流产流量逐年减少,壤中流产流量大致呈逐年增加的趋势,年尺度下,壤中流产流量和产流次数均高于地表径流.(2)2018～2020年每年各形态氮的最高流失浓度出现时间大概一致,地表径流全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在5、 8～10和7月,壤中流各形态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在10、 10和5～7月.(3)地表径流各形态氮流失通量呈逐年降低趋势,壤中流各形态氮流失通量大致逐年增加.(4)生物炭和秸秆还田第一年降低氮流失通量的效果较好,但后续两年还田反而加剧了氮素流失通量.因此,三峡库区紫色土旱坡...     

紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应

紫色土旱坡地被认为是三峡库区泥沙和面源污染的主要来源地,加强对紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流中氮流失特征的研究,对防控三峡库区的面源污染有重要的现实意义.依托中科院成都山地所忠县石宝寨试验站的紫色土旱坡地定位径流小区,设置不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（T₁）、优化施肥（T₂）和减肥配施秸秆（T₃）这4种不同的处理,通过监测在油菜-玉米轮作制度下紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流的流失通量、各次径流不同氮形态的流失浓度和流失通量,研究紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应.结果表明,壤中流径流量占总径流量的比例达到60.14%~88.56%,壤中流氮流失通量占全氮流失通量的72.88%~92.35%.铵态氮主要通过地表径流的方式流失,硝态氮主要通过壤中流的方式流失且是氮流失的主要形态.不同处理的铵态氮和硝态氮流失通量均呈现出T₁ > T₂ > T₃ > CK,T₃处理的氮流失通量为20.07 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,较T₁和T₂分别下降了43.59%和39.55%.减肥配施秸秆显著降低了紫色土旱坡地铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮的流失通量,对紫色土旱坡地雨季径流中氮流失有显著的消减效应.     

化肥减量配施生物炭对紫色土坡耕地磷流失的影响

磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,但过量磷的投入是造成水体富营养化问题的重要原因.探究实际生产中施肥方式与磷素流失之间的关系,为科学施肥和合理减施化肥提供理论依据.本试验采用野外径流小区对紫色土坡耕地2017～2018年度多次降雨产流产沙进行定点监测,研究了不施肥处理、常规施肥处理、优化施肥处理和减量施肥配施生物炭4种不同方案对紫色土坡耕地壤中流、地表径流和泥沙磷素流失的影响.结果表明:①各处理的产流总量表现为:优化(20 737.23 L)常规(18 513.17 L)CK(18 134.58 L)生物炭(13 594.85 L),各处理的产沙总量表现为:CK(1998kg·hm~(-2))生物炭(1 884 kg·hm~(-2))优化(1 681kg·hm~(-2))常规(910kg·hm~(-2)).壤中流是紫色土坡耕地雨季产流的主要类型,占到总产流量的60.14%～87.34%,各处理的产沙总量除常规外,其他处理不存在显著性差异(P0.05).②各处理的全磷流失通量均表现为泥沙地表径流壤中流.通过壤中流流失的磷素最少,只占全磷流失通量的2.63%～12.91%,而泥沙磷素流失通量占比可达63.74%～78.74%,是紫色土坡耕地土壤磷素流失的主要输出途经.③配施生物炭可以有效减少紫色土坡耕地土壤的壤中流产流量,以及壤中流的正磷酸盐的流失通量,较常规处理分别减少49.94%和56.45%.但是对地表径流的截留效果不佳,对颗粒态磷的流失通量无明显影响,同时增加了地表径流与泥沙中的全磷流失通量,较常规处理显著增加73.28%和123.53%(P0.05).因此,为控制西南地区紫色土坡耕地磷的流失,应着重减少土壤泥沙流失的发生.而生物碳在农业生产实际应用中也应进一步优化与化肥磷素投入配比.     

减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应

采用野外径流小区对紫色土旱坡地2014年雨季(5~8月)3次典型降雨产流进行定点监测,研究了优化施肥(P)、优化施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)、优化施肥+秸秆还田(SP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)、不施磷肥(P0)等不同方案对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流磷素流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是雨季径流主要输出途径,而次降雨地表径流总磷(TP)平均含量和流失负荷都远高于壤中流;地表径流磷素流失是紫色土旱坡地雨季磷素流失主要方式.发现减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地坡面径流中磷素流失有显著消减效应,SDP、MDP分别比优化施肥P的总磷含量降低57%和48%,配施秸秆效果好于配施猪粪有机肥.次降雨磷素平均流失负荷为0.01~0.26kg·hm~(-2),磷素平均流失负荷表现为PMPSPMDPSDPP0.减磷配施猪粪和秸秆有机肥对土壤磷素地表径流损失具有显著消减效应,但增加壤中流磷素淋失风险.     

紫色土地区水文特征对硝态氮流失的影响研究

采用人工降雨模拟的方法,研究水文传输途径对紫色土中NO3--N流失的影响.研究结果表明,在所有雨强中均观察到壤中流的存在.在小雨强长历时的降雨中壤中流的径流量大于大雨强短历时降雨;随着雨强的增大,壤中流的径流系数下降.在紫色土地区,氮素的流失途径不仅包括地表径流而且包括壤中流,并且壤中流是NO3--N的主要水文传输途径.无论是否受到施肥措施的影响,壤中流中NO2--N浓度均高于地表径流.在对照小区,壤中流中NO3--N平均浓度是地表径流的7倍以上;施肥后壤中流NO3--N平均浓度为26.07mg·L-1,是地表径流的20倍以上.在对照小区,壤中流NO3--N的流失量占流失总量的30%以上;在施肥小区,壤中流NO3--N流失量占总流失量的90%以上.在紫色土地区,土壤特征和降雨特征决定了该地区壤中流形式的普遍存在,而NO3--N以壤中流流失的特点与当地施肥习惯的耦合效应增大了该地区的NO3--N流失风险.     

生物炭配施缓控释肥对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流流失的影响

在太湖流域,通过田间试验研究了控释肥(CRF)、生物炭配施控释肥(BC+CRF)、生物炭配施稳定性肥(BC+SF)、生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥(BC+CRF+SF)4种施肥处理对稻田田面水p H、氮素动态变化、氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,田面水平均p H介于5.64~8.15,生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水p H降低3.16%~4.48%.田面水平均全氮(TN)质量浓度介于19.05~25.23 mg·L~(-1),生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水TN质量浓度显著降低4.75%~6.58%.田面水无机氮素以铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为主,NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)平均质量浓度分别介于0.01~17.26 mg·L~(-1)和0.24~3.11mg·L~(-1).与单施控释肥相比,各处理田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度分别显著降低35.89%~48.78%和20.54%~37.01%.生物炭配施稳定性肥显著降低了田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度,有效减少无机氮素径流流失风险.TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失量分别介于16.24~18.09、1.76~2.22、0.76~1.38 kg·hm~(-2).与单施控释肥相比,各处理TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失均有不同程度削减.生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥显著削减了氮素径流流失,有效降低区域稻田氮素面源污染风险.     

化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆增加了坡耕地壤中流磷流失风险

紫色土坡耕地是中国西南地区的重要农耕用地,也是三峡库区农业非点源污染的主要来源地之一,采取合理的措施控制其土壤养分流失对该区域非点源污染治理具有重要意义.以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,通过3 a(2018～2020年)大田试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、优化施肥(OF)、生物炭+优化施肥减量15%(BF)和秸秆+优化施肥减量15%(SF)这5个处理,对自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流(0～20 cm)和壤中流(20～60 cm)磷流失规律进行监测与评估.结果表明,施肥减少了紫色土坡耕地产沙量和地表径流流失通量,但增加了壤中流流失通量.地表径流正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)、全磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)总流失通量以BF处理最高,SF处理最低.各施肥处理壤中流磷流失通量均高于CK处理,且PO^3-₄-P和TP流失通量以BF处理最高(213.88 g·hm^-2和694.54 g·hm^-2),其次为OF和SF处理.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,地表径流流失通量和生物...     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征

为研究自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素径流输出特征,采用野外大型土壤水分渗漏装置对活地被物覆盖、死地被物敷盖和裸露对照这3种处理的地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的磷素输出开展了为期一年的试验观测.结果表明:(1)3种处理下径流总磷和可溶性磷浓度变化趋势总体表现为地表径流略高于壤中流,并随着土层深度的增加有降低趋势;总磷累积输出量大小排序为裸露(1.61 kg·hm~(-2))敷盖(1.33 kg·hm~(-2))覆盖(0.82 kg·hm~(-2));(2)裸露对照坡地磷素输出以地表径流为主要途径,占总磷径流输出总量的57%,壤中流和地下径流输出量分别占6%和37%;有覆盖和敷盖措施的坡地磷素输出以地下径流为主,占总磷径流输出总量的71%以上,而地表径流输出量则不足14%;(3)各处理中地表径流、壤中流和地下径流磷素输出均以颗粒态为主,占磷输出总量的64%~97%.地下径流是红壤坡地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道,覆盖和敷盖措施可控制磷素径流流失总量,但未能显著降低磷素径流流失浓度.     

三峡库区石盘丘小流域氮磷输出形态及流失通量

小流域作为三峡库区非点源污染源头,是缓解水体水质恶化的重点防控对象.在三峡库区选取具有多种土地利用类型的石盘丘小流域为研究对象,对流域出水口断面水量水质进行连续监测,分析了小流域氮、磷污染物随降雨径流流失的浓度及形态变化特征,并计算小流域的污染物流失通量,分析影响氮、磷养分流失的主要人为和自然因素,对农业非点源污染特别是三峡库区的农业非点源污染研究具有相当重要的现实意义.结果表明,流域降雨量随季节变化明显,降雨多分布在4～6月,为小流域氮、磷流失的主要输出时期,占全年总氮、总磷负荷的58.94%和67.60%.石盘丘小流域年径流总量为8.02×10~4 m~3,总氮年流失通量为5.04 kg·hm~(-2),其中以硝态氮(2.54 kg·hm~(-2))为流失主体;输出总磷为0.534 kg·hm~(-2),可溶性总磷(0.422kg·hm~(-2))占总磷流失通量的79.00%.因此,对于石盘丘小流域来说,需要注意防范施肥和降雨期重合时水田氮磷流失.     

三峡库区兰陵溪小流域径流氮磷输出及其降雨径流过程特征

以三峡库区兰陵溪农林复合系统小流域为研究对象,对小流域氮磷流失量及其浓度进行连续监测,结合丰水期次降雨分析径流氮、磷输出变化特征及其响应过程.结果表明:(1)小流域雨季径流总量为50.92×10~4m~3,输出总氮载荷为52.43kg·hm~(-2),其中以硝态氮(30.26 kg·hm~(-2))和颗粒态氮(21.61 kg·hm~(-2))为主体,输出总磷为0.10 kg·hm~(-2);(2)降雨量分布具有阶段性特征,丰水期强降雨是土壤养分输出的主要驱动,其降雨径流贡献了雨季88%的总氮和90%的总磷流失;(3)小流域土壤养分氮、磷主要经由降雨形成地表径流过程输出,占养分总流失量的68%和74%;(4)降雨径流过程硝态氮浓度与径流量表现为负相关,养分输出主要在径流过程后期;径流的氨氮、总磷浓度与降雨量显著正相关,输出主要在径流过程前期;(5)雨季流域水体总氮浓度超标,降雨或非降雨期间均属劣Ⅴ类水质.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.