表面改性钛合金与增强型聚四氟乙烯在海水中的摩擦学行为

为改善海水环境中钛合金与增强型聚四氟乙烯摩擦副对磨时的摩擦学性能,采用离子渗氮、微弧氧化技术对Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行改性处理。对比研究了Ti6Al4V合金基材与改性层在模拟海水环境中分别与两种增强型聚四氟乙烯配副材料对磨的摩擦学行为。结果表明:在海水介质环境中,Ti6Al4V钛合金及其表面渗氮、微弧氧化处理试样与两种增强型聚四氟乙烯配副对磨时摩擦系数均较低;Ti6Al4V钛合金基体不耐磨,且造成两种增强型聚四氟乙烯配副的严重磨损。上述两种表面处理均有效改善了钛合金表面的耐磨性能,其中表面离子渗氮处理钛合金耐磨性能更优,同时降低了增强型聚四氟乙烯配副的磨损程度,而微弧氧化处理则使增强型聚四氟乙烯配副的磨损加重。相同试验条件下,玻璃纤维增强聚四氟乙烯比锡青铜增强聚四氟乙烯的耐磨性能优。采用离子渗氮钛合金与玻璃纤维增强聚四氟乙烯组成配副材料应用于海水环境中服役的水压传动摩擦学元件有明显的优势。     

含h-BN 的钛合金激光熔覆自润滑耐磨涂层的摩擦学行为

为提高Ti6Al4V合金的摩擦学性能,采用激光熔覆技术在钛合金表面制备以TiC、TiB2、CrB等为增强相、γ-Ni基固溶体为增韧相、h-BN为固体润滑相的自润滑耐磨复合涂层;分别在不同载荷下测试复合涂层和Ti6Al4V合金基体的干滑动磨损性能。结果表明,该复合涂层的摩擦因数及磨损率随着载荷的增大呈现先减小后略增大的趋势,并且摩擦因数和磨损率均比Ti6Al4V合金基体显著降低;在中等载荷下,复合涂层中的润滑颗粒被挤出磨损表面形成润滑膜,因而具有较好的自润滑耐磨性能,磨损后表面光滑平整。     

Ni+注入参数对Ti6Al4V表面改性层生物摩擦学性能的影响

为改善Ti6Al4V表面的生物摩擦学性能,把不同能量与剂量的Ni~+注入到Ti6Al4V表面以形成表面改性层。用Nano IndenterⅡ型纳米显微力学探针测定表面改性层的纳米硬度,在MRTR多功能摩擦磨损试验机上以Zr O2球/改性层为摩擦副,以透明质酸钠溶液润滑剂在室温下进行生物摩擦学实验,使用S-3000N扫描电子显微镜观察生物摩擦学试验后试样的磨痕形貌并分析磨损机制。结果表明:Ni~+注入Ti6Al4V表面的形成相为Ti2Ni;随着注入能量和剂量增加,改性层中Ti2Ni的质量分数增加,改性层的纳米硬度增加,摩擦因数下降,且磨损出现不同程度的减轻;注入能量增加比剂量增加更有利于提高改性层的生物摩擦学性能。     

磷酸盐溶液钛合金微弧氧化膜影响因素的研究

采用脉冲电源于NaH2PO4＋NaF溶液中对Ti6Al4V进行微弧氧化.于Ti6Al4V表面形成了氧化物陶瓷膜.综合研究了电解液浓度、电压、氧化时间对膜厚的影响,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射研究了陶瓷膜的组织结构.结果表明：在恒定的电参数下,随电解液浓度提高,电压升高,膜层粗糙度加大,由亚稳态的锐钛矿相TiO2向高温稳定的金红石相TiO2转变;随氧化时间的延长,膜厚逐渐增加,达到一定时间后膜厚趋于平稳.     

高频感应加热膏剂法制备渗铬层的组织与性能

利用高频感应加热膏剂法在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备了渗铬层,对渗铬层的厚度、显微组织、化学成分、硬度、结合强度以及摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:渗铬层厚度可达25μm以上;渗铬后在合金表面形成了由α+β、CrVO3、(Ti0.88Cr0.12)2O3和TiN相组成的渗铬层;渗铬层的化学成分呈梯度分布,距渗铬层表面25μm处的硬度可达850HV,渗铬层与基体实现了冶金结合,明显提高了基体的摩擦学性能。     

渗氢温度为800℃时氢对Ti6Al4V合金切削加工性影响的试验研究

试验试件的渗氢温度为800℃。通过对不同氢含量Ti6Al4V合金试件进行车削试验,测量切削力和加工后的表面粗糙度以及观察切屑形态,研究氢对Ti6Al4V合金切削加工性的影响。试验结果表明:随氢含量增加,Ti6Al4V合金的切削加工性提高,并且有一个最佳氢含量范围,超过该氢含量范围,随氢含量增加,Ti6Al4V合金切削加工性变差。     

磷嗪对Ti6Al4V/钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用SRV型微动摩擦磨损实验机考察Ti6Al4V-钢摩擦副在磷嗪(X-1P)润滑下的摩擦磨损性能,并利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪分析Ti6Al4V磨斑表面形貌和典型元素的化学状态。结果表明,X-1P作为Ti6Al4V-钢摩擦副的润滑剂,具有很好的润滑性能;摩擦因数随载荷的增加变化不显著,磨损率随载荷的增加逐渐增大;频率和振幅明显影响摩擦学性能,磨损率随频率的增加逐渐减小,随振幅的增加逐渐增大;在Ti6Al4V-钢摩擦副中,X-1P由于含有极性元素F、P,Ti6Al4V的磨损表面主要发生腐蚀磨损,其磨损机制为X-1P在磨损表面发生摩擦化学反应,形成一层含O、C、F、N、P的保护膜以及金属氟化物,从而起到抗磨减摩作用。     

微弧氧化电源占空比对陶瓷基自润滑复合涂层性能的影响*

为提高柴油机铝合金活塞的可靠性和耐用性,在不同电源占空比下通过微弧氧化实验在铝合金基体上制备得到微弧氧化陶瓷层,利用电泳技术将MoS_2微纳米粒子引入陶瓷层的孔隙中,制备得到陶瓷基自润滑复合涂层。研究微弧氧化电源占空比对陶瓷层和复合涂层微观形貌、厚度和表面粗糙度的影响,并利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦、油润滑条件下对复合涂层的摩擦学性能进行分析。结果表明:随占空比的提高,微弧氧化陶瓷层的厚度、表面粗糙度呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势;随占空比的提高,制备得到的复合涂层的摩擦因数先减小后增大,占空比为60%～70%得到的复合涂层摩擦因数最低,且复合涂层与基体结合状态好,抗磨自润滑性能显著。     

脉冲频率对钛合金微弧氧化膜的影响

采用交流微弧氧化法于NazSiO3和Na3PO4的混合溶液中,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备了氧化物陶瓷膜;研究了脉冲频率对氧化膜厚度、表面形貌、物相组成和耐腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:随着脉冲频率的增高,氧化膜的厚度逐渐减小,氧化膜表面的孔径尺寸减小,微孔数量逐渐增多;氧化膜主要由锐钛矿相和金红石相两种TiO2组成,当脉冲频率低于500 Hz时,频率对氧化膜各相含量的影响不明显;当脉冲频率超过500 Hz时,随着频率的增高,氧化膜中金红石相TiO2的含量稍有增加;表面覆盖氧化膜的Ti6Al4V钛合金在30%硫酸中的耐腐蚀性能比表面未覆盖氧化膜的有明显提高.     

辉光离子渗氮对Ti6Al4V合金在航空煤油中摩擦学性能的影响

为改善钛合金在航空煤油中的摩擦学性能,采用辉光离子渗氮技术对Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行改性处理。分析了渗氮层的表面形态、组织结构、显微硬度沿层深的分布,对比研究了钛合金基体、渗氮层和5CrMnMo工具钢在航空煤油中分别与GCr15钢及QSn4-3铜合金配副对磨时的耐磨性能,并探讨了渗氮层的表面粗糙度对摩擦磨损行为的影响。结果表明:Ti6Al4V钛合金表面渗氮层硬度明显高于5CrMnMo工具钢,经表面抛光后处理,其耐磨性能显著优于钛合金基材与5CrMnMo工具钢,同时也有效降低了摩擦配副的表面磨损。研究同时发现QSn4-3铜合金配副的磨损体积损失与渗氮层的表面粗糙度呈线性递增关系,原因归于铜合金配副的磨损失效由渗氮层表面微凸体的磨粒磨损作用及航空煤油的润滑状况决定。     

Fretting wear behavior of nitrogen ion implanted titanium alloys in bovine serum lubrication

Nitrogen ion implantation was performed on biomedical titanium alloys by using of the PBII technology to improve the surface mechanical properties for the application of artificial joints. The titanium nitride phase was characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanohardness of the titanium alloys and implanted samples were measured by using of in-situ nano-mechanical testing system (TriboIndenter). Then, the fretting wear of nitrogen ion implanted titanium alloys was done on the universal multifunctional tester (UMT) with ball-on-flat fretting style in bovine serum lubrication. The fretting wear mechanism was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D surface profiler. The XPS analysis results indicate that nitrogen diffuses into the titanium alloy and forms a hard TiN layer on the Ti6Al4V alloys. The nanohardness increases from 6.40 to 7.7 GPa at the normal load of 2 mN, which reveals that nitrogen ion implantation is an effective way to enhance the surface hardness of Ti6Al4V. The coefficients of friction for Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum are obviously lower than that in dry friction, but the coefficients of friction for nitrogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum are higher than that in dry friction. Fatigue wear controls the fretting failure mechanism of nitrogen ion implanted Ti6Al4V alloy fretting in bovine serum. The testing results in this paper prove that nitrogen ion implantation can effectively increase the fretting wear resistance for Ti6Al4V alloy in dry friction, and has a considerable improvement for Ti6Al4V alloy in bovine serum lubrication.     

Increasing the tribological performances of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by forming a thin nanoporous TiO2 layer and hydroxyapatite electrodeposition under lubricated conditions

In this study, comparative investigation of (i) untreated Ti–6Al–4V alloy, (ii) nanoporous thin TiO₂ layer formed by controlled anodic oxidation and (iii) electrodeposited hydroxyapatite coatings into porous oxide layer was carried out for evaluation of sliding-wear performances in a bio-simulated environment. Wear mechanisms, wear volumes and friction coefficients of the three types of surfaces under lubricated conditions in a bio-simulated solution were recorded and analyzed. The results presented herein show that, under the investigated tribocorrosion conditions (under reciprocating sliding), both surface treatments applied have improved the wear resistance and friction coefficients as compared to the untreated Ti–6Al–4V alloy surface.     

Triboelectrochemical behaviour of a Si3N4–TiN ceramic composite and a titanium alloy commonly used in biomedical applications

In this paper the corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of a traditional metallic biomaterial (Ti6Al4V) and a Si₃N₄/TiN (SN/TiN) ceramic composite are studied and compared during exposures to 1% NaCl and 1% NaCl + 1% lactic acid solutions.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data collected on Ti6Al4V in both neutral and acidic solution have been interpreted on the basis of a double layer surface oxide film, which is completely removed from the wear track during the sliding tests. Under these conditions, the impedance of the depassivated region dominates the overall electrode impedance.Previous EIS tests performed on SN/TiN evidence that even this material exposed to neutral solution is covered by a double layer film, while a porous monolayer film forms in acid solution. Under pure corrosion conditions, SN/TiN exhibits corrosion rates which are quite comparable to those measured on Ti6Al4V. During tribocorrosion tests the EIS response of the ceramic material does not change much. Its corrosion rates are two orders of magnitude lower than those measured on Ti6Al4V.Profilometer analysis shows that on both materials most of overall tribocorrosion damage is due to mechanical wear.The tests suggest that SN/TiN is a promising biomaterials for applications where sliding conditions occur.     

Multi-pass scratch test behavior of modified layer formed during plasma nitriding

316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy were plasma nitrided at different treatment parameters, and the wear behaviors of the modified layers formed on the surface during nitriding were investigated by multi-pass scratch test. Phase structure and cross-sections of modified layers were also examined with XRD and SEM. While a single modified layer formed on surface of the 316L stainless steel, both modified and diffusion layers were observed on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy after nitriding. As a result, it was observed that phase structure and thickness for modified layers of 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy, respectively, were the significant parameters for friction coefficient and wear rate. In addition, diffusion layer formed during the nitriding process caused on increase of wear resistance of Ti6Al4V alloy by supporting the modified layer on the surface.     

Biotribological properties of Ti/TiB2 multilayers in simulated body solution

Ti/TiB₂ multilayers with various modulation ratios were prepared by magnetron sputtering on biomedical titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. The tribological properties of the multilayers sliding against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene under lubrication with Hank׳s solution were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the tribological properties strongly depended on the modulation ratios of multilayers. The coefficient of friction of multilayers with a modulation ratio of 1:5 was 0.1, a reduction by 28.6%; the wear volume loss of UHMWPE decreased by almost one order of magnitude compared to that of Ti6Al4V alloy, exhibiting excellent anti-friction and anti-wear properties. The oxidation wear of Ti6Al4V alloy could be restrained effectively and converted to abrasion wear and/or adhesive wear by the laminate structures in the multilayers, suggesting that this material may serve as a potential candidate for the surface modification of artificial joints.     

Ti6Al4V的微磨粒磨损研究

研究了医用Ti6Al4V合金在蒸馏水中的微磨粒磨损行为,考察了载荷、滑行距离、料浆浓度和转速对微磨粒磨损规律的影响,并对微磨粒磨损机制进行了讨论。结果表明:随载荷、滑行距离和料浆浓度的增加,Ti6Al4V合金的磨损量增加,磨损机制由三体磨损转变为混合磨损。     

PCBN刀具高速切削钛合金切削力和表面质量的研究

针对PCBN刀具材料和钛合金Ti6Al4V工件材料的特点,采用单因素试验法,对切削力和已加工表面粗糙度进行研究。通过与其它刀具材料作对比,证明了PCBN在高速、低进给量、低背吃刀量下切削钛合金可以得到较平稳的切削力和较低的工件已加工表面粗糙度。     

Solid particle erosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V alloy

Abstract

The effects of particle impingement angle, impingement velocity and erodent particle size on the erosion rate and surface morphology of the Ti6Al4V alloy have been investigated comprehensively in order to evaluate solid particle erosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V alloy. Samples were eroded in a specially designed sandblasting system under various parameters using alumina (Al₂O₃) erodent particles. Surface morphology investigations were examined by scanning electron microscope using various analysis and modes (energy dispersive X-ray analysis, elemental mapping and compositional contrast). Ti6Al4V alloy showed ductile behaviour with a maximum erosion rate at 30° impingement angle. Erosion rate of Ti6Al4V alloy increased with increases in velocity and decreased with increases in erodent particle size. Scanning electron microscopy investigations of eroded surfaces of Ti6Al4V alloy samples reveal the dominant erosion mechanism such as microploughing, microcutting and plastic deformation. Embedded erodent particles on the surfaces of Ti6Al4V alloy nearly at all particle impingement angles and velocities were clearly detected.     

Several plasma diffusion processes for improving wear properties of Ti6Al4V alloy

Different kinds of diffusion processes, plasma nitriding, oxidizing and oxynitriding as of a combination of other two, have been applied to Ti6Al4V alloy to evaluate the effect of treatment times (1 and 4 h) and temperatures (650 and 750 °C) on wear properties of the alloy. It was observed that a hard modified layer was produced on the surface of the alloy after each diffusion process. While TiN and Ti₂N phases form in the modified layer with plasma nitriding, mainly TiO₂ phase forms after plasma oxidizing treatment. The wear tests performed at different normal loads showed that all treated samples, except for nitrided and oxidized at 650 °C for 1 h, exhibited higher wear resistance than untreated Ti6Al4V alloy. The plasma nitrided samples showed adhesive wear. On the other hand, while the plasma oxidizing samples displayed adhesive wear at lower loads, wear mechanism changed to abrasive wear as the load increased because the oxide film which covers the surface was broken during the sliding at higher loads.