铜基粉末冶金材料/铬青铜摩擦副中的电弧侵蚀机制

以铜基粉末冶金材料/铬青铜为摩擦副,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行载流摩擦学特性研究。在多种条件下试验,探讨载流条件下铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副中的电弧侵蚀机制。结果表明:载流摩擦下销试样磨损形式主要以机械磨损、电流和机械综合作用下的磨损、电弧侵蚀为主;电弧对铜基粉末冶金材料的侵蚀主要是熔融材料的黏着磨损、磨粒磨损,电弧作用下材料表层的疏松化、材料的蒸发与转移、材料的熔融积瘤。     

铜基粉末冶金刹车闸片磨损形貌演变研究

采用多功能销-盘摩擦磨损试验机，开展铜基粉末冶金/Q235-B摩擦副的摩擦磨损试验，在载流和无载流的工况下，研究接触压力(0.4、0.7、1.0和1.3 MPa)对铜基粉末冶金材料闸片磨损表面形貌的影响。结果表明：在无载流工况下，随着接触压力的增大，摩擦因数和磨损率均缓慢上升，试样表面损伤加剧，粗糙度升高，主要的损伤机制为磨粒磨损和剥层；在载流工况下，0.4 MPa时的摩擦因数和磨损率最大，损伤最严重，粗糙度最高，当接触压力增大到0.7 MPa后，表面形貌损伤的变化趋势与无载流工况一致，磨损机制在磨粒磨损和剥层的基础上增加了电弧烧蚀；载流工况下材料表面的粗糙度普遍高于无载流工况下，表面损伤更为严重。     

电流对铬青铜/紫铜摩擦学特性的影响

采用自制的销盘摩擦磨损试验机,在载流条件下对铬青铜QCr0.5/T2铜的摩擦学特性进行了研究,结果表明电流对摩擦因数和磨损率具有显著影响,电流越大,磨损率越高,摩擦副磨损越严重,摩擦因数越大。载流条件下,摩擦表面发生电点蚀,并出现局部熔化和雨滴状金属颗粒。     

铜-10%石墨合金的载流摩擦磨损性能

为提高铜基合金的载流摩擦磨损性能,采用粉末冶金方法制备了含10%石墨的铜基合金,并在自制的销盘式载流摩擦磨损试验机上进行了不同电流和滑动速度下的摩擦磨损试验.结果表明:与不含石墨的铜合金相比较,在不同电流和滑动速度下,加入10%石墨铜合金的摩擦因数和磨损率均降低,耐磨性能明显提高,摩擦因数稳定.     

铜基粉末冶金/Q235B摩擦副载流摩擦磨损性能*

磁浮列车中部分制动闸片在服役时一直处于受流状态,导致材料磨损加剧,影响闸片的服役寿命。为研究中低速磁悬浮列车制动闸片在受流工况下的摩擦磨损性能,以制动闸片使用的铜基粉末冶金材料和刹车盘使用的Q235B材料为摩擦副,研究不同制动速度下铜基粉末冶金/Q235B摩擦副的载流摩擦磨损行为。结果表明：无电流时随着滑动速度的增大,摩擦因数及磨损率整体呈现下降的趋势,载流时随着滑动速度的增大,摩擦因数整体呈现下降的趋势,而磨损率则整体呈现上升的趋势;无电流时磨损后的铜基粉末冶金材料表面覆盖着一层靛色的第三体层,该第三体层低速时主要以颗粒状为主,随着速度的增加逐渐被压实成连续致密状,高速时因黏着磨损加剧使得连续致密状第三体被破环,导致材料的摩擦因数和磨损率呈现反向增长的趋势;载流下磨损后的铜基粉末冶金材料表面出现了以机械磨损为主和以电弧烧蚀为主的2个区域,其中以机械磨损为主的区域依然是由靛色的第三体层组成,而以电弧烧蚀为主的区域表面则覆盖了一层金色熔融状物质,并且随着速度的增大,烧蚀区面积也逐渐增大。     

电弧能量对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流效率及载流稳定性的影响

以铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜为摩擦副,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行载流摩擦学特性研究,探讨电弧能量对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流效率、载流稳定性的影响。结果表明:载流效率、载流稳定性与电弧能量的大小是密切相关的,电弧能量越大,载流效率、载流稳定性越差;频率相对均匀和瞬间电弧能量密度小的电弧可以维持电流的连续性,有较好的载流稳定性及较高的载流效率,而瞬间较高的电弧能量使载流效率急剧降低,载流稳定性变差;电弧发生及能量大小的随机性与不确定性及电弧对试样表面的侵蚀都导致了销试样间电压与电阻的波动,是载流效率和载流稳定性变差的主要原因。     

室温及气氛条件下铜基自润滑复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了3种铜基自润滑复合材料,分别考察了它们在室温及气氛条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过对复合材料的力学性能和磨痕表面形貌、成分的分析,探讨其摩擦磨损机制.结果表明:Cu-9%石墨、Cu-4.5%石墨-4.5%MoS2、Cu-9%MoS2复合材料的密度、硬度和抗弯强度值都依次增大;室温条件下,因石墨与Cu的硫化物协同润滑作用,Cu-4.5%石墨-4.5%MoS2复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好;气氛条件下,因Cu的硫化物发挥了其自润滑作用,Cu-9%MoS2复合材料表现出最佳的减摩耐磨性能,而Cu-4.5%石墨-4.5%MoS2复合材料次之;铜基自润滑材料的基体强度与固体润滑膜的覆盖率,是影响摩擦磨损机制转变的关键因素.     

铝含量对铜基粉末冶金材料性能的影响

从一系列铜基粉末冶金材料配方中选出几种具有代表性的配方进行实验,研究铝含量对铜基粉末冶金材料密度、抗压强度、摩擦磨损等性能的影响。结果表明:在铜基粉末冶金材料中添加铝元素后,材料的密度、抗压强度和摩擦因数都降低,磨损率明显下降;随着铝含量的增加,材料的磨损率大幅下降,但摩擦因数变化不明显;在铜基粉末冶金中加入铝元素后,在显微组织中有新相生产,使基体组织细化,因而铜基粉末冶金的整体材料性能得到提高。     

铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损的电弧侵蚀特性研究

在销/盘式载流摩擦磨损试验机上,对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损的电弧侵蚀特性进行了研究,探讨了电弧对铜基粉末冶金材料的载流摩擦学特性的影响.利用方差分析表,采用F检验法对电流、载荷、速度3种因素进行了显著性检验.结果显示电流对电弧能量的大小有影响,载荷、速度对电弧能量有显著影响;随着速度的增加,电弧的强度和发生频率均增大;低速下,主要是磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,高速下,主要是电弧侵蚀和粘着磨损.     

表面粗糙度对铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副载流摩擦磨损性能影响的研究

以铜基粉末冶金/铬青铜摩擦副为对象,应用销盘式摩擦磨损模拟试验,研究载流条件下摩擦副的表面粗糙度对摩擦学特性的影响规律.结果表明:表面越粗糙,越易起弧,形成更高的电弧能量,磨损形式主要是磨粒磨损、电弧侵蚀;表面越光滑,燃弧时间越长,电弧能量越高,摩擦因数越低,磨损形式主要是黏着磨损、电弧侵蚀;表面粗糙度有一个最佳值,在这个表面粗糙度下电弧能量最小、质量磨损率也最小.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.