滨海平原持续开采浅层地下水的环境效应：漳州市宫口半岛群孔抽水试验

群孔抽水试验是查明不同含水层水力联系、评价地下水资源量、模拟地下水实际开采能力的有效技术手段之一。本文选取漳州市宫口半岛南部风海积平原的蔬菜连片种植区为研究对象,利用群孔持续性抽水试验模拟开采地下水时水位和水质的变化规律。结果表明持续性抽水形成水位负值区,群孔抽水时各抽水孔相互干扰,钻孔单位降深涌水量均有下降,降幅13.0%～31.2%。四个抽水孔L5K2-E、L5K2-S、L5K2-W和L5K2-N氯离子浓度分别升高了163.65、93.94、37.77和126.65 mg/L;矿化度分别升高了266.30、65.34、76.44和313.70 mg/L。持续性抽水降落漏斗范围不断扩大,周边地下水不断向抽水孔迁移,引起了显著的环境负面效应。研究结果可为当地合理开发利用地下水资源、保护生态环境提供参考。     

石油类污染物在潜水含水层中的运移

结合新疆某电厂工程,基于研究区环境水文地质条件,建立数学模型,分析电厂生产过程中石油类渗漏可能对地下水污染的影响,对污染物在潜水含水层运移和变化进行了数值分析.结果显示,石油类污染物运移方向与地下水流方向基本一致,因弥散作用导致污染羽面积不断扩大.污染物浓度迁移曲线呈正态分布,在污染源下游400 m处,污染物运移9年时浓度达最大值0.16 mg/L.预测20年后石油类污染物渗漏对潜水含水层的影响范围扩大到36 400 m2,最大运移距离为1 297 m,其污染物运移已超过地下水平均水流所波及的范围.     

地下水库人工补给的模型研究--以大沽河地下水库为例

为使地下水库在丰水季节获得足够补给,利用Visual Modflow 软件,在分析地下水库水文地质条件的基础上,概化出该区水文地质概念模型,运用准三维地下水水流模型,通过有限差分方法对地下水库的地下水系统进行了模拟,拟合结果表明, 地下水位的计算值与实测值拟合程度较好,模拟出的地下水流场与实际情况基本一致.利用校正好的模型,分析了橡胶坝渗漏补给的动态变化规律,并针对橡胶坝的补给,通过数值模拟探讨了坝内蓄水因工业开采而激发的渗漏补给量.结果显示,橡胶坝的渗漏补给量在枯水期（2～5月份）逐渐增大,而在平水期（9～12月份）逐渐减小;激发补给量与激发开采量的比值呈现上升趋势,同时随着激增补给量的迅速增大,激发补给量与开采增加量的比值随工业开采量的增加而逐渐增大,这说明傍橡胶坝取水可使更多的地表水入渗补充地下水,从而有效地提高水资源的利用率.     

黄河农场地区地下水入海量FEFLOW软件数值模拟

分析了黄河农场地区的降雨、蒸发、地表径流、灌溉和地下水水位常规观测资料,构建了该区的水文地质模型。在此基础上,运用FEFLOW软件建立了黄河农场地区三维地下水流数值模型,用实测资料来识别此模型,运用模型估算出研究区2层潜水含水层的地下水入海量,进一步分析地下水中的营养盐物质,得出研究区营养盐入海量。     

截渗墙作用下滨海地下水渗流与排泄特征

截渗墙的修建是防治滨海含水层中海水入侵的有效手段,然而它对地下水渗流和排泄的影响是被忽略的.本文通过建立场地尺度的数值模型,模拟了海水入侵的动力学过程,以地下水流速和流量为指标定量评价了截渗墙结构对地下水渗流和排泄的影响.研究结果表明,截渗墙条件下的地下水排泄量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在墙体下方形成高流速区域,但地下...     

秦皇岛市海岸带地下水资源的合理开采利用

随着经济的发展,在沿海地区地下水补给量减少,开采量增加,造成地下水超采,地下水位持续下降,部分地区形成地下水位下降漏斗,地下水污染面积扩大,原有稳定、良性的地下水均衡被破坏,引起海水入侵、湿地减少等生态环境问题。在地下水长期监测的基础上,建立了地下水资源管理模型,对地下水资源环境进行了承载力分析,计算了生态水量;提出了严格控制地下水开采量,促进地表水与地下水良性循环,保护湿地,改良恢复水环境,保障水资源循环利用等措施。     

BDS/GPS组合系统在不同随机模型下的精度分析

合理的观测值权阵能提高BDS、GPS及其组合系统伪距单点定位的精度。对比分析了各系统在实测数据和模拟观测条件下等权模型、高度角模型、Helmert方差分量模型3种随机模型的定位精度。结果表明:在模拟观测条件下, BDS/GPS组合系统精度最高,BDS系统次之,基于Helmert方差分量模型的精度最优,高度角模型次之;在正常观测条件下, BDS系统平面精度高于GPS系统,但高程精度低于GPS系统,其余结论与模拟条件下结果一致。研究结果可在提高BDS、GPS及其组合系统伪距单点定位精度方法中起参考作用。     

莱州湾沿岸地下水水化学特征分析

对2009年6月在莱州湾沿岸采集的地下水样品进行水化学特征分析,结果表明:(1)莱州湾东、南岸海水入侵区地下水中的Na+和Cl-与TDS之间呈显著相关,地下淡水中对应的相关系数较小;海水入侵区地下水中K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO24-也与TDS有较为明显的正相关关系。(2)根据离子比值特征分析,南岸海水入侵区地下水阳离子交换程度普遍高于东岸,其淡化历史也较东岸长。(3)莱州湾沿岸地下水,由电导率推算的矿化度值同实测值之间的相对误差均较小,在海水入侵监测中可以利用电导率作为矿化度的替代指标。     

大沽河下游地区地下咸水的水化学特征及成因

大沽河下游地区存在大面积咸水体,为了查明咸水体盐分的来源,揭示地下水咸化机理,于2017年4、8和10月在大沽河下游地区采集地下水样品,对其进行研究。现场原位监测地下水的水位、水温、电导率和总溶解性固体等,并采集水样进行主要水化学离子测定。用数理统计法、吉布斯图解法、主要水化学离子比值法以及卤族元素比值法对地下水样进行综合分析,分析地下水化学分布特征,识别出地下咸水的盐分来源;并结合古地理、地质和水文地质资料,研究其咸水形成机理。结果表明:(1)研究区由西北向东南方向,TDS和Cl浓度均逐渐升高,水质由淡水逐渐向盐水转化,地下水的优势阴离子类型沿着HCO_3型→HCO_3·Cl型→Cl·HCO_3型→Cl型变化,大部分地区的阳离子以Na^+占主导地位。(2)研究区内地下淡水受到岩石风化-溶滤和蒸发浓缩的共同影响,地下咸水的形成主要受到与海水的混合作用控制,还受到阳离子的交换吸附和矿物溶解作用的影响。(3)综合Br/Cl和I含量,证实了研究区存在着海相沉积地层的溶解作用,这是研究区东南部地下咸水的重要盐分来源。     

截渗墙渗漏对黄水河下游地区地下水水质的影响研究

黄水河流域自20世纪70年代后期发生海水入侵,地下水库截渗墙的修建有效阻止了截渗墙两侧的水力联系,同时使截渗墙以南地区残留了一定区域的咸水体,由于地下水库截渗墙建造年数已久,存在出现渗漏的可能性,仍会影响黄水河地区地下水资源的开发利用。本文利用Visual MODFLOW中的SEAWAT模块建立变密度地下水流模型与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型,基于校准好的模型,预测了不同截渗墙渗漏位置对黄水河下游地区地下水水质的影响程度。结果表明：(1)截渗墙东部渗漏对研究区地下水氯离子浓度的影响最大,海水入侵面积与现状年相比增加17.58%,中部渗漏和西部渗漏时海水入侵程度相近。(2)当截渗墙出现渗漏时,距离墙体越近的地下水井受其渗漏的影响越大,且靠近某一处渗漏位置的地下水井受其他两处渗漏的影响较小。(3)与截渗墙下部渗漏相比,上部渗漏时研究区地下水氯离子浓度更高。该预测结果可为黄水河下游地区未来地下水资源管理提供依据。     

Elevation trends and shrink–swell response of wetland soils to flooding and drying

Given the potential for a projected acceleration in sea-level rise to impact wetland sustainability over the next century, a better understanding is needed of climate-related drivers that influence the processes controlling wetland elevation. Changes in local hydrology and groundwater conditions can cause short-term perturbations to marsh elevation trends through shrink–swell of marsh soils. To better understand the magnitude of these perturbations and their impacts on marsh elevation trends, we measured vertical accretion and elevation dynamics in microtidal marshes in Texas and Louisiana during and after the extreme drought conditions that existed there from 1998 to 2000. In a Louisiana marsh, elevation was controlled by subsurface hydrologic fluxes occurring below the root zone but above the 4 m depth (i.e., the base of the surface elevation table benchmark) that were related to regional drought and local meteorological conditions, with marsh elevation tracking water level variations closely. In Texas, a rapid decline in marsh elevation was related to severe drought conditions, which lowered local groundwater levels. Unfragmented marshes experienced smaller water level drawdowns and more rapid marsh elevation recovery than fragmented marshes. It appears that extended drawdowns lead to increased substrate consolidation making it less resilient to respond to future favorable conditions. Overall, changes in water storage lead to rapid and large short-term impacts on marsh elevation that are as much as five times greater than the long-term elevation trend, indicating the importance of long-term, high-resolution elevation data sets to understand the prolonged effects of water deficits on marsh elevation change.     

An efficient approach for characterizing basin-scale hydrodynamics

As the upstream oil and gas sector continues to use more groundwater resources for their operations, a comprehensive understanding of formation fluids at the sedimentary basin scale is required to inventory and manage available groundwater resources. Basin-scale fluid flow is often simplified to only assess pre-development groundwater conditions without understanding how large-scale hydrocarbon development might be changing regional flow patterns. This study focuses on two aspects of hydrogeological mapping for characterizing basin-scale hydrodynamics: (1) assessing the influence of hydrocarbon production and injection on pressure measurements used to map hydraulic heads and infer groundwater conditions; and (2) determining the effects of variable density groundwater on understanding the magnitude and direction of flow primarily in saline formation water aquifers. Drillstem Tests (DST's) are transient pressure tests that are used to infer regional groundwater flow, but they can be strongly affected when the sample location is located within the vicinity of a hydrocarbon production or injection well. To identify production and injection influences this study implements a Cumulative Interference Index (CII) methodology. This implementation can be used to map pre-development groundwater flow conditions and evaluate regional changes or effects due to historical oil and gas activity. Density effects are often neglected and can have considerable effect on groundwater flow in cases where aquifers contain dense brines, are inclined and sloping, or possess weaker hydraulic gradients than the buoyancy force potential. This study implements a vectorial analysis to identify flow directions in regions where density driven flow is important and can change the inferred magnitude and direction of flow. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of these methodologies at evaluating basin-scale hydrodynamics.     

海底承压含水层排泄电阻率法探测效果模拟与分析

海底承压含水层排泄是海底地下水排泄的一种主要形式。由于这一过程发生在海水层下部,探测难度较大。为探讨海洋多电极电阻率法对该过程的探测能力,根据典型海底承压含水层地质模型构建不同排泄阶段地电模型,模拟海面和海床面两种探测情形分别进行多电极电阻率法理论探测结果计算和物理模拟,并对所得电阻率剖面进行对比分析。研究结果表明,水面多电极电阻率探测剖面能够清晰刻画出排泄入海的淡水体在海水中迁移、混合过程,但剖面异常特征和分辨率受探测装置形式、电极极距、海水深度影响;海床面探测则对沉积层中咸淡水交换过程反映能力更强,沉积层中的锲形海水侵入体可得到良好反映。     

Flow and geochemistry of groundwater beneath a back-barrier lagoon: The subterranean estuary at Chincoteague Bay,Maryland, USA

To better understand large-scale interactions between fresh and saline groundwater beneath an Atlantic coastal estuary, an offshore drilling and sampling study was performed in a large barrier-bounded lagoon, Chincoteague Bay, Maryland, USA. Groundwater that was significantly fresher than overlying bay water was found in shallow plumes up to 8 m thick extending more than 1700 m offshore. Groundwater saltier than bay surface water was found locally beneath the lagoon and the barrier island, indicating recharge by saline water concentrated by evaporation prior to infiltration. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied, with buried peats and estuarine muds acting as confining units. Groundwater ages were generally more than 50 years in both fresh and brackish waters as deep as 23 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and isotopic data indicate that freshened plumes beneath the estuary are mixtures of water originally recharged on land and varying amounts of estuarine surface water that circulated through the bay floor, possibly at some distance from the sampling location. Ammonium is the dominant fixed nitrogen species in saline groundwater beneath the estuary at the locations sampled. Isotopic and dissolved-gas data from one location indicate that denitrification within the subsurface flow system removed terrestrial nitrate from fresh groundwater prior to discharge along the western side of the estuary. Similar situations, with one or more shallow semi-confined flow systems where groundwater geochemistry is strongly influenced by circulation of surface estuary water through organic-rich sediments, may be common on the Atlantic margin and elsewhere.     

青岛地区玄武岩蓄水条件探讨

提出在青岛开发利用玄武岩地下水资源。探讨白垩纪与第三纪玄武岩孔洞裂隙水分布、赋存特征、蓄水条件、富集规律、水量与水质评价、利用现状,开发利用存在的问题以及合理开发玄武岩地下水资源的主要措施。     

青岛大沽河水源地地下水水质的数值模型预测

大沽河是胶东半岛最大的河流,近几年随着城市发展,用水量增加,其水环境问题也日益突出,利用已有资料,结合本次水文地质及环境地质调查、野外弥散试验等工作成果,建立青岛市大沽河水源地地下水质数值模型并进行验证,模拟预测地下水污染并分析治理对策,通过预测,在进入地下水的污染物质浓度每年平均递减3%的情况下,今后10年内,大沽河水源地地下水质大部分地段有变好的趋势,下游李哥庄镇附近有变差的趋势。     

青岛地区的环境水文地质问题及其防治对策

随着工农业的发展,围绕水资源的开发利用而产生的环境水文地质问题,日益向广度和深度发展。青岛地区近年来产生的环境水文地质问题主要有:地下水超采造成的区域性水位下降、海水入侵及地下水污染。另外,部分地区存在原生环境水文地质问题之一——地方性氟病。本文试就这些问题出现的原因、发展程度、防治措施及进一步的研究方向,作了一些有益的探讨。     

The use of a water mass curtain to control fish behavior for marine ranching

A practical method is described of initiating a water mass curtain (a jet flow of water partitioning another body of water) to be used to control fish movements, along with its theoretical analysis. In this paper, equations to evaluate the change of density and upward flow rates in a water curtain due to entrainment are presented, and the accuracy of the equations is verified experimentally. The discontinuity of the density on the boundary between jet and ambient fluid was assumed in the analysis, since our experiments showed that the instantaneous density distribution was discontinuous. The equations are much simpler than the conventional formulae deduced by assuming a Gaussian curve, and are amenable to practical usage. The control efficiency of the water curtain is very good for young red sea bream.     

非饱和带全剖面尿素态氮迁移转化规律分析

尿素是农田常用氮肥,本文通过实验室土柱试验,利用HYDRUS-1D建立非饱和带尿素态氮迁移转化模型,并对大沽河地下水源地夏玉米生长季节内水氮运移过程进行模拟,分析灌溉农业条件下非饱和带全剖面中氮迁移转化和深层淋溶规律。结果表明:(1)常规施肥条件下,尿素态氮水解达97.09%,仅有0.01%能够淋溶至地下水;(2)硝态氮更易淋溶至地下水,硝态氮淋失量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下淋失量表现为深施>灌施>表施;(3)根系吸氮量与灌溉量和施肥量呈正相关,与灌溉强度呈负相关,不同施肥方式下吸氮量表现为灌施>深施>表施,不同管理策略下玉米氮素利用率为20%~50%;(4)常规条件下土壤储氮量>玉米氮素利用率>氮淋溶量>气态氮损失。本研究对量化氮迁移转化过程、定量评价氮损失、预测地下水氮污染具有重要意义。