Petrology and Geochemistry of the Volcanic Rocks Dredged from the Geophysicist Seamount in the Kurile Basin: Evidence for the Existence of Thinned Continental Crust

Dredged samples from the Geophysicist seamount volcano in the northeastern part of the Kurile Basin include volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks ranging from basalt to andesite. The rocks have geochemical features typical of high-K island-arc calc-alkaline volcanism. They are enriched in LILE and depleted in Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta and Y. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns are characterized by enrichment of LREE similar to those of island-arc lava from the submarine volcanoes of rear-arc zone of the Kurile Island Arc. The volcanic rocks have a wide range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70287-0.70652), varying ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and Pb isotopic ratios. Their trace-element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope signatures may be explained by a small addition of crustal continental component to mantle-derived magmas that suggest the existence of thinned continental basement under the eastern part of the Kurile Basin.     

Neotectonics of the Deryugin Basin area (Sea of Okhotsk)

The data of the bottom “summit” surface were used for compiling the schematic structural-neotectonic map and map of the main neotectonic structural elements. Their comparison with the schematic paleogeographic maps of the lithophysical complexes for four periods (K₂-$ _{1 - 2} $ _{1 - 2} , $ \rlap{--} P_3 $ \rlap{--} P_3 -N₁¹, N₁^1–2, and N₁³-N₂) reveals that the largest part of the considered area was characterized by either a continental or relatively shallow-sea environment, except for the western areas occupied at that time by the relatively deep trough with its axis located substantially westward of the neotectonic Deryugin Basin and the Staritskii Trough. In the Late Pliocene, the deep paleotrough ($ \rlap{--} P_3 $ \rlap{--} P_3 -N₂²) and Deryugin Basin were likely occupied by shelf settings with continuing sedimentation. The paleogeographic environments of the area for the period from the terminal Pliocene to the late Riss (Taz) Glaciation (Q₂⁶; MIS6) are unknown so far. The most complete Quaternary section recovered by Core LV 28-34-2 consists of six units; the odd (1, 3, and 5) and even (2, 4, and 6) among them correspond to the warm and cold marine isotopic stages, respectively. Judging from the benthic foraminiferal assemblages, the water depths during cold periods were shallower as compared with the warm stages, which is explained by the respective ascending and descending bottom movements and, partially, by the eustatic sea level fluctuations. In the Late Pleistocene-Holocene (∼17 ka), the bottom of the Deryugin Basin and the summit part of the Institut Okeanologii Rise subsided with average rates of 8 and 3 cm/year, respectively.     

Stratigraphy of peat bog in the Gorobets River valley and development of natural environments of Shikotan Island (Lesser Kurile Ridge) in the Holocene

The stratigraphic subdivision of peat in the Gorobets River valley, the largest river on Shikotan Island, is conducted based on the study of palynological and diatom assemblages, tephrostratigraphy, and radiocarbon dating. The study object is one of the oldest peats in the South Kurile region and reflects the development of natural environments beginning from the early Holocene. Nine phases are distinguished in the development of vegetation on Shikotan Island. The changes in vegetable communities were determined by climatic fluctuations during the Holocene. Their ages, the factors responsible for the appearance and extinction of particular coniferous, small-, and broad-leaved taxa, and changes in their landscape-forming role during different periods of the Holocene, as well as specific features in the formation of the present-day vegetation on the Lesser Kurile Ridge representing a separate floral area, are established. In addition to the climatic and sea-level fluctuations, the development of the island landscapes was determined to a significant extent by its topography, size, and isolation.     

Tectono-stratigraphic modelling of the North Sicily continental margin (southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

A two-dimensional numerical modelling that simulate the kinematic and thermal response of the lithosphere to thinning was used for the quantitative reconstruction of the late Neogene to Recent times tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of the North Sicily continental margin (southern Tyrrhenian Sea). The numerical study of the evolution of the North Sicily margin builds on the crustal image and kinematic interpretation of the margin obtained by Pepe et al. [Tectonics 19 (2000) 241] on the basis of seismic data and gravity modelling. Tectonic modeling indicate that different segments of the margin were undergoing different vertical movements, which are mainly expression of the rifting and thinning of the lithosphere occurred during tectonic evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. A prediction of the pre-rift basement topography and the Moho along the margin converges to a value of 6.5 km for the depth of necking and a temperature-dependent EET (500° isotherm). The model fails to reproduce the morphology of the Solunto High confirming its non-extensional origin. A polyphase evolution is required to reproduce the observed syn- and post-rift stratigraphy. During the first rifting stage (between 9 and 5 Ma), crustal thinning factors reach maximum values of 1.27 in the Cefalù basin. A similar value is predicted for the subcrustal thinning around 60 km NNE of the profile margin. Crustal thinning factors increase during the second rifting stage (from 4 to 2 Ma) and reach values of 2 and up to 3.5 in the Cefalù basin and in the continent–oceanic transition zone, respectively. Similarly, subcrustal lithospheric thinning factors reach values up to 2.5 in the distal sector of the margin. An uplift of more than 100 m is predicted for the North Sicily shelf and surrounding onshore areas during the post-rift stage. The evolution of thermal structure with time is very sensitive to the partial thinning factors describing the evolution of the thinning itself during time. The lithosphere preserved part of its strength during extension. The effective elastic thickness (EET) along the margin through time is 24 km at the onset of rifting and reaches values less to 8 km during the second rifting stage in the northeastern end of the margin.     

Western Alpine back-thrusting as subsidence mechanism in the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (Western Po Plain, NW Italy)

Basin formation dynamics of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin (TPB) are here investigated by means of cross-section numerical modelling. Previous works hypothesised that basin subsidence occurred due first to extension (Oligocene) and then to subsequent loading due to back-thrusting (Miocene). However, structural evidence shows that the TPB was mainly under contraction from Oligocene until post Pliocene time while extension played a minor role. Furthermore, thermal indicators strongly call for a cold (flexure-induced) mechanism but are strictly inconsistent with a hot (thermally induced) mechanism. Our new modelling shows that the TPB stratigraphic features can be reproduced by flexure of a visco-elastic plate loaded by back-thrusts active in the Western Alps in Oligo-Miocene times. Far-field compression contributed to the TPB subsidence and controlled the basin infill geometry by enhancing basin tilting, forebulge uplift and erosion of the southern margin of the basin. These results suggest that the TPB subsidence is the result of a combination of mechanisms including thrust loading and far-field compressional stresses.     

A paleomagnetic study of the Basque Arc (Basque-Cantabrian Basin,Western Pyrenees)

The Basque Arc constitutes the northern segment of the Basque-Cantabrian basin, in the western part of the Pyrenees. The main goal of the present study was to find out by means of paleomagnetic analysis if the arched shape of the Basque Arc has a primary origin, due to the development of sedimentary basins related to the opening of the Bay of Biscay or a secondary origin due to rotations about vertical axes. Nine volcanic flows of late Albian to Santonian age (100–83.5 My) were sampled together with 10 sedimentary sites (marls, limestones, calcarenites and sandstones) of lower Jurassic to early Eocene age in order to carry out paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic experiments, 15 paleodirections being obtained. In order to analyse these results together with data from previous studies, the studied area was subdivided into a western, a central and an eastern sector. While inclinations of all three sectors show a similar value, declinations differ. The western sector displays a 37 ± 16° clockwise rotation of its mean paleodeclination, the central sector is not rotated (4 ± 9°) and both sedimentary sites which make up the eastern sector show counter-clockwise rotations (−25 ± 11° and −68 ± 9°). These results suggest that the shape of the Basque Arc does not have a primary origin, but a secondary origin due to rotations about vertical axes as a result of differential shortening related to post-Lutetian compressive tectonics which resulted in the formation of the Pyrenees.     

Authigenic Carbonate and Barite Mineralization in Sediments of the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk)

Results of the analysis of mineralogy, geochemistry, and isotope parameters (¹³C, ³⁴S, ¹⁸O, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) of carbonates and barites from sediments of the Deryugin Basin in the Sea of Okhotsk are presented. The diagenetic nature of carbonates and barites, which are formed as a result of the prolonged activity of cold seeps acting along a fracture zone and supplying methane–and barium-saturated fluids, is determined. Any signs for hydrothermal activity were not observed.     

扬子西南缘盐边群时代及构造环境: 来自碎屑沉积岩的约束

出露于扬子地块西南缘的盐边群为一套火山-沉积岩系,其深入研究对探讨扬子西缘新元古代构造环境具有重要意义.本文对盐边群中碎屑沉积岩进行了较系统的岩石学、碎屑物质组成和地球化学研究,并从小坪组和乍古组中各选取了1件变质砂岩样品进行锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素分析.变质砂岩主要由棱角状-次棱角状火山岩岩屑、石英和长石矿物碎屑组成.碎屑沉积岩Al2O3/SiO2值为0.12～0.4,K2O/Na2O值范围为0.14 ～9.45(其中板岩K2O/Na2O值多大于1.0,而变质砂岩中多数样品的K2O/Na2O值小于1.0).所有样品具有轻-中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异((La/Yb)N=1.6 ～9.37),多数样品具有明显的负Eu异常.εNd(t)值范围为-1.77～ +5.01.变质砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄峰值为900～ 910Ma,同时存在少量太古代-古元古代碎屑锆石.小坪组和乍古组变质砂岩中年轻碎屑锆石206pb/238U年龄加权平均值分别为888±8Ma和884±14Ma.碎屑物质组成、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年龄结果共同表明,盐边群碎屑沉积为近源沉积,物源区主要为岛孤中酸性火山岩和花岗岩.结合关刀山岩体(857Ma)和荒田组玄武岩(880～830Ma)研究结果,进一步限定盐边群的时代为880～830Ma,形成于弧后盆地环境,其沉积物源区为华夏地块向扬子地块俯冲过程中,扬子西南缘形成的火山岛孤.     

西太平洋典型边缘海盆的岩浆活动

在发育有全球最大、最复杂的弧—沟—盆体系的西太平洋地区,集中了全球75％左右的边缘海盆(弧后盆地).根据磁异常条带年龄,这些边缘海盆可粗略分为3个扩张幕.主要根据DS-DP,ODP和IODP计划实施以来所获得的成果,结合其他海洋调查航次研究成果,系统阐述了分属3个扩张幕的西菲律宾海盆(第一扩张幕)、南海—四国海盆(第二扩张幕)和冲绳海槽(第三扩张幕)—马里亚纳海槽内的岩浆活动特点.西菲律宾海盆(扩张时代为65～35 Ma BP)从原先的赤道位置迁移至现今的位置,其内存在如似正常洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB)、洋岛玄武岩(OIB)及弧火山岩等多种岩石类型,其地球动力学背景分别与弧后扩张、地幔柱及火山弧等背景有关,其复杂的构造演化样式需要进一步研究;四国海盆(扩张时代为27 ～ 15 Ma BP)是由古伊豆—小笠原—马里亚纳弧(IBM)裂解形成的,其内除发育正常(N)—富集(E)的洋中脊玄武岩(NMORB-EMORB)外,还在扩张停止的同时出现了板内火山作用,形成了中K-超K碱性玄武岩.四国海盆的扩张模式并没有从岩石学和地质年代学角度进行明确制约,板内火山作用的地球动力学背景也不甚清楚.南海(扩张时代为32～15.5 MaBP)是由来自华南地块的一些微陆块向东南裂离后的海底扩张所形成,并在海底扩张后2 ～8 Ma出现板内火山作用,截止目前,并没有获取到洋壳基底样品,主要获取到了南海海山似OIB的玄武岩,未来需要从岩石学和地质年代学角度对南海海底扩张动力学和时代以及扩张期后的板内火山作用动力学背景进行进一步制约.马里亚纳海槽(扩张时代为5 Ma BP至今)为一年青的洋内弧后盆地,其北段处于裂解增进阶段,其内出露有似MORB(中南段)及介于似MORB与似岛弧岩石之间过渡类型的玄武岩(增进端);虽然在扩张时代上与马里亚纳海槽相当,但冲绳海槽(扩张时代为4 Ma BP至今)为一陆缘、初生弧后盆地,从西南往东北方向,不同区段处于不同的伸展发育阶段,西南段出露有似MORB岩石,中段岩石主要为玄武质岩石和流纹质岩石组成双峰组合,而东北段为中酸性火山岩.正在活动的马里亚纳海槽与冲绳海槽的岩浆作用研究应和其伴随的火山岛弧及其相邻的海沟处正在俯冲的洋壳板块结合起来,完整理解板块俯冲输入(subduction input)与弧及弧后输出(volcanic output)之间的关系,这将为揭示西太平洋地区构造演化提供重要证据.即将在西太平洋地区实施的IODP 349 ～ 352航次,为我国科学家提供了研究西太平洋地区构造演化的契机.     

Permian biostratigraphy of the northern Okhotsk region (Northeast Asia)

Fossil biota and detailed biostratigraphy of the Permian northeastern Okhotsk and Ayan-Yuryakh sedimentary basins located in the northern Okhotsk region are characterized. The biota core is represented by bivalves associated with gastropods, brachiopods, and other faunal groups. It is shown that a new regional stratigraphic scale of northeastern Russia based on brachiopods and bivalves may be used for subdivision of Permian sections in these basins. Fossil assemblages have many features in common with their counterparts from the Verkhoyansk region; at the same time, there are endemic species and the big group of species characteristic of the Omolon basin. The upper part of the Khivach regional horizon is subdivided into subzones based on the evolutionary lineages of the Maitaia and Intomodesma genera. Changes in the taxonomic composition of coeval communities in different basins are shown to be largely controlled by the basin depths and facies environments. Impoverished fauna of the Ayan-Yuryakh basin was less diverse in taxonomic aspect, represented almost entirely by bivalves (mostly Inoceramus-like) accompanied by rare gastropods. The discovered taxa are figured in majority, and table of their stratigraphic distribution is presented.     

卡拉库姆盆地晚二叠世-三叠纪的构造属性讨论

卡拉库姆盆地位于中亚地区图兰地台南部,北西走向,是中亚地区最重要的含油气盆地之一。对于盆地晚二叠世-三叠纪的构造属性一直都存在着很多争论,我们根据钻井、地球物理及露头资料,认为卡拉库姆盆地是以增生杂岩为基底形成的一个沉积盆地,晚二叠世-三叠纪具有弧后裂谷的性质。卡拉库姆盆地前侏罗纪的构造演化分为4个阶段:1)石炭纪之前古特提斯洋壳开始俯冲增生; 2)石炭纪-早二叠世形成丝路弧; 3)晚二叠世-三叠纪马什哈德-北帕米尔弧形成,卡拉库姆盆地处于弧后拉张的位置; 4)晚三叠世末伊朗等地块与欧亚大陆碰撞,卡拉库姆盆地进入短暂的周缘前陆盆地阶段。其晚二叠世-三叠纪的沉积中心在北阿姆河坳陷,木尔加布坳陷和科佩特山前坳陷,沉积环境主要为陆相,三叠纪发生海侵,部分地区接受海相沉积。岩石类型主要为陆源碎屑岩、火山岩及少量灰岩。     

Manganese metalliferous sediments of the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhotsk): Chemical composition and geological setting

This paper reports the results of an investigation of the chemical composition and distribution of manganese-rich metalliferous sediments in the Deryugin Basin. They compose an upper sedimentary layer up to 30 cm thick within a strip up to 40 km wide and 180 km long in the central part of the basin along the East Deryugin suture zone bounding the Deryugin sedimentary basin to the east. The sediments are enriched relative to the regional background composition in Mn (by a factor of 35); Au; Ni; Zn; Co (by a factor of 3–5); and, locally, in Mo, V, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Hg. It was supposed that their formation was controlled by several processes: precipitation of Mn and some other trace elements from hydrothermal plumes of seawater that occasionally form above submarine hot vents in the northern part of the basin, precipitation from anoxic bottom waters at the eastern boundary of the Deryugin sedimentary basin, and early diagenetic migration of Mn into the surface sediments.     

北秦岭东段二郎坪群基性火山岩中浅色岩体的地球化学、年代学及其地质意义

豫西湾潭地区二郎坪群基性火山岩中存在颜色深浅不同的浅色岩体。它们呈透镜状或不规则脉状产出,主要由斜长石(50%~60%)和石英(40%~50%)组成,另含少量黑云母和绿泥石(3%)。地球化学研究显示,这些浅色岩体主要为英云闪长岩或为奥长花岗岩,具有高Si、富Na,极端贫K,中等Al,低Fe、Mg、Ti的特点,与大洋斜长花岗岩的成分特征相似。微量元素方面则显示出富集Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素的岛弧花岗岩特征。在多种主、微量元素判别图解中,这些不同颜色的浅色岩体之间及与二郎坪蛇绿岩中的基性火山岩之间都显示出明显的结晶分异特征,指示这些浅色岩体与二郎坪蛇绿岩一起形成在弧后盆地环境,是幔源低钾拉斑玄武质岩浆结晶分异的产物。LA-ICP-MS锆石定年结果得到两个斜长花岗岩样品的形成年龄分别为468.5±1.5Ma和470.0±2.6Ma,代表浅色岩体的结晶年龄。该年龄与新近获得的二郎坪群基性火山岩的形成年龄(475±1.5Ma)一致,表明北秦岭二郎坪群弧后盆地型蛇绿岩的形成时代为~470Ma的早古生代。二郎坪基性火山岩470Ma的形成时代和弧后盆地型蛇绿岩的构造属性与秦岭群超高压榴辉岩的原岩年龄(~800Ma)及板内玄武岩的地球化学属性截然不同,而且470Ma年龄明显晚于其南侧秦岭群中超高压榴辉岩~500Ma的峰期变质年龄,暗示二郎坪群基性火山岩与其南侧的北秦岭超高压榴辉岩可能无直接成因联系。     

Evidence for Devono-Carboniferous extensional tectonics in the central Pyrenees

Abstract

Detailed mapping of the prc-Variscan rocks exposed in the Southern Central Pyrenees reveals the occurrence of extensional tectonic contacts overprinted by main phase and pre-main phase folds. The interpretation of the former contacts as normal faults and the reinterpretation of other contacts described in the literature lead us to suggest an extensional event during Devonian and/or early Carboniferous times, prior to the contrac-tional Variscan paroxysm.     

Salt tectonics in pull-apart basins with application to the Dead Sea Basin

The Dead Sea Basin displays a broad range of salt-related structures that developed in a sinistral strike-slip tectonic environment: en échelon salt ridges, large salt diapirs, transverse oblique normal faults, salt walls and rollovers. Laboratory experiments are used to investigate the mechanics of salt tectonics in pull-apart systems. The results show that in an elongated pull-apart basin the basin fill, although decoupled from the underlying basement by a salt layer, remains frictionally coupled to the boundary. The basin fill, therefore, undergoes a strike-slip shear couple that simultaneously generates en échelon fold trains and oblique normal faults, trending mutually perpendicular. According to the orientation of basin boundaries, sedimentary cover deformation can be dominantly contractional or extensional, at the extremities of pull-apart basins forming either folds and thrusts or normal faults, respectively. These guidelines, applied to the analysis of the Dead Sea Basin, show that the various salt-related structures form a coherent set in the frame of a sinistral strike-slip shearing deformation of the sedimentary basin fill.     

东海盆地的变质岩

东海盆地处于欧亚板块和太平洋板块的交接部位,是全球岩石圈结构和动力学机制研究中涉及众多基础问题的关键地区。它的生成及发展对深化中国东南陆缘地区地壳构造演化的认识,且为能源勘查,研究海平面变化,预测自然灾害,保护环境及国土主权均有重大意义。就其构造机制及性质说法不一,有待商榷。该盆地内已钻井30余口,随改革开放以来,局部凹陷对外公开招标,已施工10余口井,涉及变质岩的仅2口井。变质岩为黑云斜长片麻岩类,原岩恢复为变质火成岩(中性侵入岩,包括石英闪长岩及其相关的浅成岩),属吕梁期,原岩经多期变质或混合岩化作用所致,是中国大陆的自然延伸部位。     

Basin Structure and Numerical Simulation for the Mechanisms of Seismic Disasters

In the present study seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous media is numerically simulated by using the pseudospectral method with the staggered grid RFFT differentiation in order to clarify the cause for the complicated distribution characteristics of strong ground motion in regions with basin structure. The results show that the maximum amplitudes of simulated ground acceleration waveforms are closely related to the basin structure. Interference of seismic waves in the basin strongly affects the distribution of maximum seismic waveforms, which may result in peak disasters during earthquakes. Peak disasters might be away from basin boundaries or earthquake faults. Seismic energy transmitted into the basin from the bedrock can hardly penetrate the bottom of the basin and then travel back into the bedrock region. The seismic energy is absorbed by basin media, and transferred into the kinematical energy of seismic waves with great amplitude in the basin. Seismic waves between basins may result in seriou     

Stratigraphic responses to a major tectonic event in a foreland basin: the Ecuadorian Oriente Basin from Eocene to Oligocene times

The Eocene to Oligocene sediments of the Ecuadorian Oriente Basin record two kinds of second-order stratigraphic response to the tectonic evolution. Lower Eocene shows evidences of local scale syntectonic deposits. This tectonic activity can be related to right lateral convergent movements inverting pre-cretaceous extensional structures. Upper Eocene and Oligocene sediments are integrated as the expression of an isostatic rebound characterizing a basin scale syntectonic deposition. This response is evidenced by a reciprocal architecture of the depositional sequences identified in the sedimentary formations. These data have allowed us to propose a new geodynamic model for the Paleogene evolution of the Oriente Basin.     

Small-scale spatial variation of the stress field in the back-arc Aegean area: Results from the seismotectonic study of the broader area of Mygdonia basin (N. Greece)

In the present work a detailed seismotectonic study of the broader area of the Mygdonia basin (N. Greece) is performed. Digital data for earthquakes which occurred in the broader Mygdonia basin and were recorded by the permanent telemetric network of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki during the period 1989–1999 were collected and fault plane solutions for 50 earthquakes which occurred in the study area were calculated with a modified first motions approach which incorporates amplitude and radiation pattern information. Fault plane solutions for the 3 main shocks of Volvi (23/05/78, M_W = 5.8 and 20/06/78, M_W = 6.5) and Arnaia (04/05/95, M_W = 5.8) events and the 1978 aftershock sequence were additionally used. Moreover, data from two local networks established in the Mygdonia basin were also incorporated in the final dataset.Determination of the stress field was realized by the use of the method of Gephart and Forsyth [Gephart, J.W., Forsyth, D.W., 1984. An improved method for determining the regional stress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data: application to the San Fernando earthquake sequence: Jour. Geophys. Res., v.89, no. B11, p. 9305–9320] for the stress tensor inversion and the results were compared with independent estimates based on the calculation of the average moment tensor [Papazachos, C.B.,Kiratzi, A.A., 1992. A formulation for reliable estimation of active crustal deformation and its application to central Greece. Geophys. J. Int. 111, 424–432]. The obtained stress results show a relatively good agreement between the two approaches, with differences in the azimuth of the dominant extension axis of the order of 10°. Furthermore, comparison with independent information for the mean stress axes provided by the study of kinematics on neotectonic faults [Mountrakis, D., Kilias, A., Tranos, M., Thomaidou, E., Papazachos, C., Karakaisis, G., Scordilis, E., Chatzidimitriou, P., Papadimitriou, E., Vargemezis, G., Aidona, E., Karagianni, E., Vamvakaris, D. Skarlatoudis, A. 2003. Determination of the settings and the seismotectonic behavior of the main seismic-active faults of Northern Greece area using neotectonic and seismological data. Earthquake Planning and Protection Organisation (OASP) (in Greek)] shows a similar agreement with typical misfit of the order 10°. The stress inversion method was modified in order to select one or both nodal planes of the focal mechanism which corresponds to the “true” fault plane of the occurred earthquakes and was able to select a single fault plane in the majority of examined cases. Using this approach, the obtained fault plane rose diagrams are in agreement with results from various neotectonic studies. Moreover, several secondary active fault branches were identified, which are still not clearly observed in the field.     

攀西裂谷内陆盆地自由热对流应力分析及盆地沉降

康滇地区裂谷作用已得到证实,但形成这种地堑地垒的格局有多种解释,以传统的地质力学分析为主。笔者借以热力学的自由热对流原理来加以论述:攀西巨厚的火山岩体在下覆异常地幔热作用下,发生自由热对流,引起热量散失,使地壳沉降与隆起不均衡,生成地堑地垒的格局。自由对流单元的侧向迁移,使盆地形成非对称性。