非繁殖期大仓鼠对同种气味的反应和个体间的行为关系

在实验室通过对陌生成年大仓鼠（Ｃｒｉｃｅｔｕｌｕｓｔｒｉｔｏｎ）非繁殖期的气味偏好,性别选择和两鼠间的行为关系的实验研究表明,用Ｙ－型迷宫进行选择测试时,与空白组比较,大仓鼠了同种个体鼠垫的气味,在雌雄巢垫气味之间,雌鼠偏好雄性巢垫的气味,雄鼠不表现性别偏好,与空白组比较,被试鼠选择同种个体;在雌雄个体之间,雄性大仓鼠选择同性个体,雌性不表现性别偏好,在观察箱内,无论同性相遇还是异性相遇,两鼠间攻     

食物限制对异性大仓鼠气味选择的影响

通过Y型迷宫实验 ,以巢垫物为气味选择源 ,研究了大仓鼠对 60 %限食异性鼠和对照异性鼠气味选择的偏好。结果表明 ,雌雄大仓鼠均较多地选择对照异性鼠的气味 ,但这种选择上的差异并不显著(P >0 0 5 )。12 5I放射免疫法对实验鼠血清中睾酮 (雄性 )和雌二醇 (雌性 )含量的测定结果表明 ,对照鼠血清中睾酮 (雄性 )和雌二醇 (雌性 )激素与 60 %限食鼠无显著差异。表明 60 %限食对大仓鼠异性间气味选择的影响较小。     

Jolly-Seber法对大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠种群若干参数的估算

本文利用Jolly-Seber法估算了1986和1988年河北省饶阳县大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠的种群大小、存留率等参数。结果表明,大仓鼠的存留率比黑线仓鼠小,而且和密度负相关。大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠对铁丝活捕笼均不存在非等捕性。该方法对大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠种群参数估计是可行的。     

安徽淮北农区大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠种群动态的研究

1982一1988年在安徽淮北农区的调查结果表明:大仓鼠种群数量的季节消长特点是,数量高的年份出现3个波峰(即前峰、中峰和后峰),平常年份有2个波峰(中峰和后峰),数量低的年份仅1个波峰(后峰)。波峰峰度大都是后峰最高。黑线仓鼠的波峰数除个别数量高的年份有2个(前峰和中峰)外,多数年份只有1个前峰。两种仓鼠的年间数量变幅皆较明显,推测两鼠各自从一个高峰期到另一个高峰期之间需经历7—8年左右时间。繁殖期,大仓鼠为7个月(4—10月),黑线仓鼠为10个月(2—11月);两者均有两个繁殖盛期,即春峰和秋峰经相关分析,大仓鼠的年数量与年怀孕率存在密切的正相关关系,而黑线仓鼠则为年怀孕率对次年数量有明显的影响。     

生长抑素基因在不同性别和年龄黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的差异表达

哈氏腺作为“视网膜-松果体轴”的候补结构,介导了体外光信号与体内神经内分泌调控过程,具有多样性和复杂的生理功能,并受神经和体液因素的双重调控。生长抑素（somatostatin, SS）是调控动物生长发育的主要因子之一,检测SS基因在黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的差异表达模式,为光信号调控动物的生长发育机制提供理论依据。以野生黑线仓鼠（Cricetulus barabensis）为研究对象,测量了不同性别和年龄个体哈氏腺的形态学指标,克隆了哈氏腺SS cDNA序列,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测了哈氏腺中SS基因的表达变化。结果显示：（1）黑线仓鼠体重无性别差异,随年龄增长而增加;哈氏腺的长度和重量也随年龄增长而增加;调整体重影响后,哈氏腺的重量和长度没有年龄之间的差异,但哈氏腺重量存在性别间差异（P<0.05）。（2）克隆到黑线仓鼠哈氏腺SS cDNA序列489 bp ,并对序列结构进行分析,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺SS cDNA具有典型分泌蛋白cDNA的特征,并在进化上高度保守;（3）检测到SS mRNA在黑线仓鼠哈氏腺中均有表达,表达量存在年龄和性别差异（P<0.05）;（4）随着个体性成熟和衰老,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺中SS mRNA的相对表达量逐渐降低,其表达量分别与哈氏腺长度和重量的发育变化负相关（r=-0.557,P=0.022;r=-0.806,P＜0.001）。结果表明,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺重量和SS表达量均表现出两性异形,可能是对不同繁殖策略的适应;SS基因作为负调控因子参与野生黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的生长发育过程。     

规定饮食条件下不同性别和年龄恒河猴的肠道菌群差异探讨

探讨规范统一的饮食在不受饮食因素干扰前提下不同性别和年龄恒河猴肠道菌群的差异。

将38只恒河猴按性别和年龄分为6组,规定饮食喂养3个月,收集粪便标本,应用16S rRNA测序和生物信息学分析探讨不同性别和年龄恒河猴肠道菌群的差异。

雄性和雌性恒河猴肠道菌群多样性无显著差异,但雌性群体中Epsilonproteobacteria和Helicobacter macacae的丰度显著增加。成年和老年恒河猴肠道菌群的多样性均显著高于幼年,Rikenellaceae、Christensenellaceae和Prevotella的丰度在老年群体中显著增加。

恒河猴的肠道菌群受性别和年龄的影响,尤其是与代谢和精神疾病相关的Rikenellaceae、Christensenellaceae和Prevotella在老龄恒河猴肠道菌群丰度更高。这些特定肠道菌群在不同性别和不同生命阶段调节机体生理或行为过程中的功能有待进一步研究。

     

大仓鼠胁腺的发育及性别差异

通过对繁殖期雌雄大仓鼠胁腺重的比较研究发展雌雄鼠的胁腺重和体重分别存在正相关关系,非成年雌雄大仓鼠的胁腺重无显著性别差异,成年雄性大仓鼠的胁腺显著重于成年雌鼠,通过石蜡切片发现,雄鼠胁腺的皮脂细胞显著于雌鼠,对胁腺分泌物进行了气相色谱分析发现,雌雄胁腺分泌物的化学成分的种类和数量存在明显差异,本文从胁腺的形态,组织结构和化学成分三个方面初步揭示了胁腺在繁殖期具有性别别功能的机制。     

北京地区黑线仓鼠年龄鉴定及种群年龄组成的研究

鼠类种群年龄组成的研究是种群生态学的基础内容。种群年龄组成的变化,直接关系到鼠类数量的波动。黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)是北京地区农田的主要害鼠之一,为探讨该鼠种在农田生态系统中的作用,并控制其危害,研究其种群年龄组成及变化是非常必要的。     

大仓鼠在繁殖期的行为关系及交配行为

在Ｙ型迷宫中进行气味选择测定时,被试大仓鼠偏好异性的气味,证明身体气味有性吸引和性识别作用。在Ｙ型迷宫进行性别选择测定时,在雌雄靶鼠个体之间,被试大仓鼠不表现出性别偏好,这是攻击行为和交配行为共同影响的结果;与空白相比较,被试鼠都选择靶鼠,说明独居大仓鼠之间存在频繁的探究行为。通过观察箱内对两鼠间的行为关系的观察发现,异性之间主要有攻击行为和交配行为;同性之间主要发生攻击行为,同时胜鼠或优势鼠的胁腺标记行为显著多于从属鼠,说明胁腺标记可以表明优势地位;雄鼠与非性接受状态的雌鼠相遇时,攻击行为很少,但无友好行为,只有简单的雄鼠爬跨雌鼠的行为;任何陌生的雄鼠与性接受状态的雌鼠相遇发生交配行为,交配结束又相互攻击;交配行为表现为多次爬跨多次射精;雄鼠有库利奇（Ｃｏｏｌｉｄｇｅ）效应,雌鼠可以连续接受几只雄鼠的交配,表明大仓鼠为多配制的婚配制度。从行为关系和交配行为看大仓鼠在繁殖期独居,无固定的配偶     

长期社群隔离使大仓鼠近交回避和亲属善待行为消失

为研究大仓鼠利用表型匹配识别亲属和近交发生的可能性 ,我们将大仓鼠单只隔离饲养 ,8个月后 ,经在Y型迷宫中测试 ,发现它们在同胞和非同胞之间不表现出偏好和友好行为 ,攻击行为和交配行为也没有表现出差异。结果表明 ,大仓鼠同胞经长期的分离后 ,其亲属善待行为和近交回避消失 ,初步证明大仓鼠的亲属识别可能不是通过表型匹配机制     

Seasonal changes in and effects of familiarity on agonistic behaviors of rat-like hamsters (Cricetulus triton)

The seasonal changes in agonistic behaviors and effects of familiarity on agonistic behaviors in wild-caught adult rat-like hamsters (Cricetulus triton) were observed in dyadic encounters in a neutral arena. The aggression of opposite- and same-sex encounters became higher or remained the same during the non-breeding season. This indicates that the hamsters were solitary during both seasons. Familiarity increased the aggression in male–male encounters and decreased the aggression in female–female encounters during both seasons. Familiarity also increased the aggression in female–male encounters during the non-breeding season and had no effect on the aggression in female–male encounters during the breeding season. These results may be related to the hamsters social structure. The more agonistic acts both male and female hamsters had, the more frequently they marked using flank glands during both seasons. This implies that flank gland marking can be used to advertise status and can be assessed by opponents to reduce the agonistic costs.     

Effects of social conditions on adult and subadult female rat-like hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cricetulus triton</Emphasis>)

As a solitary species, rat-like hamsters (Cricetulus triton) still live in family groups before they become mature and leave their families for a solitary life. This study aimed to investigate by a laboratory experiment if housing conditions have a different effect on physiological aspects of immature and mature females. We found that paired caged adult females became significantly heavier than their original weights; whereas the singly caged did not show significant change in their body weight. Although the subadults body weights increased significantly compared to their initial weights in both paired or singly caged groups, significant changes in body weight did not occur between the two groups. Although spleen and adrenal gland sizes were not significantly different between the two adult groups, the cortisol levels were significantly elevated by paired caging. In subadults, the adrenal size of the singly caged group was larger than that in the paired caged group despite there being no significant difference in cortisol level. Flank glands became significantly larger in paired caged adults than in singly caged adults, and there were no significant differences in subadults between the two groups. Additionally, ovaries and uteri of the paired caged adult females were comparatively lighter than those of the singly caged group; in contrast, ovaries and uteri of the paired caged group were larger than those of the singly caged group in subadults, although progesterone and estradiol levels did not show significant differences between the two adult groups. These different changes in physiological traits caused by housing conditions indicated that paired caging depressed adults and facilitated subadults; isolation facilitated adults and depressed subadults.     

Chronic exposure of cat odor enhances aggression,urinary attractiveness and sex pheromones of mice

To test whether predator odor exposure negatively affects the behavior of prey, we exposed three groups of male house mice (Mus musculus) to the odors of cat (Felis catus) urine, rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) urine and water (control), respectively, for consecutive 58 days and investigated how the treatments affected the response, aggressiveness, dominance, urinary attractiveness to females and pheromone composition of male mice. Compared to mice exposed to rabbit urine or water, those exposed to cat odor did not show any response habituation to the cat odor and became more aggressive, increased mark urine production and were more attractive to females when the latter were tested with their urine. Furthermore, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis revealed coincident elevations of the well-known male pheromones, E,E-α-farnesene, E-β-farnesene, R,R-dehydro-exo-brevicomin or S-2-sec-butyl-dihydrothiazole. In addition, rabbit urine exposure increased urinary attractiveness to females and pheromonal levels of the males in comparison with the mice exposed to water. This could be related to olfactory enrichment of heterospecific chemosignals, suggesting that predator odors were more beneficial. In light of these anti-intuitional findings in the chemical interaction between cats and mice, we conclude that predator odor affects prey more profoundly than previously believed and that its impact may not always be negative.     

花生对非繁殖期雌性黑线仓鼠细胞免疫和血液指标的影响

食物的数量和质量是影响动物免疫功能的重要因素。野生动物在选择食物时是否会优先选择有利于其健康的食物？为解决该问题,我们以黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)为研究对象,通过饲喂其喜食食物花生(Arachis hypogaea),然后检测反映健康状况的细胞免疫能力和血液指标。将30只非繁殖期成年雌性黑线仓鼠随机分为正常饲料组(normal fodder group,NF,n=10)、花生加饲料组(normal fodder plus peanuts group,NP,n=10)和花生组(Peanut,n=10),饲喂39 d后检测各项指标。结果发现Peanut组的体重增加,NP和Peanut组的摄食量降低。NP组注射植物血球凝集素(Phytohaemagglutinin,PHA)后12 h的PHA反应显著高于NF组。3组间白细胞数和淋巴细胞数在统计学上没有显著差异,但NP和Peanut组白细胞数比NF组分别高22.9%和25.0%,淋巴细胞数分别高15.0%和22.5%。NP和Peanut组红细胞数和红细胞压积显著高于NF组,而Peanut组血小板数显著高于NF和NP组。这些结果表明饲喂花生能增强黑线仓鼠的细胞免疫能力、输氧能力和凝血功能,这可能是其喜食花生的生理原因。     

稻纵卷叶螟对性信息素和花香的嗅觉行为反应及在其种群监测中的应用

[目的]明确稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis生理状态对性信息素和花香气味的嗅觉行为反应的影响,以及在田间性信息素和花香气味诱蛾量的动态.[方法]于2020年在广西、湖南、浙江、四川5个试验点,通过田间网捕、花香气味和性信息素诱捕稻纵卷叶螟成虫,结合解剖卵巢和精巢,比较性信息素和花香诱捕的基本迁...     

The orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 attenuates anxiety in rats exposed to cat odor but not the elevated plus maze: An investigation of Trial 1 and Trial 2 effects

The orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides most well known for their roles in regulating feeding and sleeping behaviors. Recent findings suggest that orexin-A may also modulate anxiety, although how and when the orexin system is involved remains unclear. To address this, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 in two rodent models of anxiety: the cat odor avoidance model and the elevated plus maze. In both models we tested the effects of SB-334867 when anxiety is novel (Trial 1) and familiar (Trial 2). In the first experiment, Wistar rats were treated with vehicle or SB-334867 (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to their first or second exposure to cat odor. During Trial 1, rats treated with 10 mg/kg of SB-334867 approached the cat odor stimulus more than vehicle-treated rats. During Trial 2 the effects were more marked, with 10 mg/kg of SB-334867 increasing approach times, increasing the number of times rats exited the hide box to engage in exploratory behavior, and decreasing overall hide times. In addition, the 20 mg/kg dose decreased general activity during Trial 2. In the second experiment, the effects of SB-334867 (10 and 20 mg/kg) were tested in the elevated plus maze. There were no significant differences produced by drug treatment during either Trial 1 or Trial 2. Results suggest that SB-334867 decreases anxiety induced by some, but not all, stressors.     

黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳磷对长期不同施肥的响应

本研究以进行了22年的黄壤稻田长期定位试验为依托,分析了不同施肥模式下土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征,旨在探讨黄壤地区合理培肥模式以提高土壤磷素有效性.试验包括10个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾配合(PK)、氮钾配合(NK)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、3种有机无机肥配施(1/4M+3/4NP、0.5MNP、MNPK).结果表明:与不施肥相比,N和NK处理土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBP均有不同程度的降低,施磷处理(PK、NP、NPK)则有不同程度的提升;与不施肥和施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥各处理TOC、MBC、MBP及MBP/TP均显著增加,其中M和MNPK处理增幅最大.MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP以施用有机肥处理最低,N处理最高.土壤MBC、MBP及其耦合关系与土壤TOC和有效磷均呈极显著相关,TOC是影响MBC、MBP、MBP/TP的直接因素,而有效磷则是影响MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP的直接因素.土壤MBP及碳、磷耦合关系各指标可以有效区分单施化肥和施用有机肥的不同施肥方式,可作为评价黄壤稻田磷素肥力的生物学指标.配施有机肥是增加黄壤稻田磷有效性、提高土壤供磷潜力和保持土壤生物健康的有效途径.