脊髓损伤患者营养代谢状况的研究进展

脊髓损伤是常见的创伤性疾病,可导致各种营养代谢异常,出现营养不良和营养过剩。本文主要阐述脊髓损伤后患者营养代谢评定方法、营养代谢的变化并分析潜在的原因。脊髓损伤后成人营养不良的评估量表主要有脊髓损伤营养筛查量表、营养不良通用筛查问卷。儿童营养不良的评定使用儿童营养不良筛查量表。营养过剩的评定常用体质量指数、腹围及双能X线。脊髓损伤后,患者总热量摄入增加,糖代谢紊乱,脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱,代谢综合征发生率、冠心病风险增加,骨代谢异常。医务人员应参与患者营养管理,提供个性化膳食方案,使患者营养均衡。常规对脊髓损伤患者进行营养代谢筛查、评定,建立营养支持团队。     

早期康复治疗对脊髓损伤患者的影响

为探讨早期康复治疗对脊髓损伤患者的影响,本组对６６例脊髓损伤患者按接受治疗的时间先后分为实验组及对照组,进行临床评估、治疗及结果分析。治疗后两组Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ指数有显著差异,表明早期康复治疗对脊髓损伤疗效显著,因而,脊髓损伤患者应及早进行康复治疗。随着现代汽车工业及建筑业等的迅猛发展,脊髓损伤的病例也明显增多,由于人们的认识误区及治疗方法的局限性,很多脊髓损伤患者不能得到及时正确的救治,以致人为地延误病情,影响患者预后。我院近年来收治６６例脊髓损伤患者,现将治疗体会介绍如下。１资料与方法１．１一般资料自１…     

影响脊髓损伤患者预后的营养相关独立危险因素分析

目的:本研究探讨入院时临床营养指标对脊髓损伤患者功能预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月~2022年7月于空军军医大学第一附属医院康复医学科住院的195例脊髓损伤患者的病例资料,按照改良Barthel指数的平均相对功能恢复百分比(mRFG)分为mRFG≤0.5组和mRFG>0.5组。分别比较入院时2组患者的一般情况、住院时长、损伤节段、ASIA分级、受伤时间、合并症、营养相关实验室检查等指标。采用多因素logistic回归分析筛选影响整体功能预后的营养因素。结果:195例脊髓损伤患者中有154例mRFG≤0.5。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,脊髓损伤患者mRFG≤0.5和低血红蛋白(OR=2.324,P=0.049)、低血尿素氮(OR=4.569,P=0.047)、教育程度(高中及以下,OR=3.173,P=0.015)有关。结论:低血红蛋白、低血尿素氮是影响脊髓损伤患者整体功能预后相关的独立营养危险因素。脊髓损伤住院患者入院时,应重点关注血红蛋白、血尿素氮等营养指标。对于低血红蛋白及低血尿素氮的患者应及时予以纠正,可能有助于进一步改善脊髓损伤患者的康复效果。     

嗅鞘细胞移植术后脊髓损伤患者功能的评价

目的:目前国际上应用最广泛的神经功能评估标准是2000年美国脊髓损伤学会制定的ASIA标准.通过实践作者发现ASIA标准主要偏重于神经学检查的评估,对于植物神经功能如大小便功能、出汗及皮肤营养等功能性的情况不能很好的评估.作者也曾经制定了ASIA标准的功能观察补充表,虽然此表能够较好的反映出脊髓损伤患者嗅鞘细胞移植术后植物神经功能的变化,但是必须要和ASIA标准同时使用,互为补充,使用较为繁琐.观察北京西山脊髓功能量表的使用效果.方法:选择2007-07/11来源于全国各地的陈旧性脊髓损伤患者21例,男17例,女4例,年龄8～54岁,损伤时间0.5～18年.受伤原因:创伤性脊髓损伤17例,手术创伤1例,生物源性损伤即脊髓炎3例.损伤节段:颈段8例,胸腰段13例.脊髓损伤程度:14例为完全性脊髓损伤,7例为不完全性脊髓损伤.13例曾行脊髓减压手术治疗.21例均接受过不同种类的神经营养因子等治疗.患者自愿接受细胞移植治疗并签自愿接受协议书.4～6个月中期引产胚胎由家属自愿捐献,并经过医院伦理委员会批准.取胚胎嗅球,经细胞分离、培养、纯化7～14 d,最后消化成单细胞混悬液,然后在手术显微镜下移植到患者损伤脊髓区域的上下方.术后1～2个月,采用北京西山医院脊髓损伤功能量表进行术前和术后评定对比,该量表共9大项16小项,采用4分制,正常3分,最差为0分,总分0～48分,0～16分为重度残障,17～32分为中度残障,33～47分为轻度残障,48分正常,能全面地体现患者的功能变化,不仅包括运动感觉的变化,还包括了膀胱、直肠、肌张力、皮肤营养状况、泌汗、性功能、疼痛、生存和生活质量的评价.结果:21例患者均进入结果分析.嗅鞘细胞移植术后1～2个月,21例患者的脊髓功能评分都有明显提高(术前:21.33±10.29,术后:25.19±11.16,P < 0.01)结论:西山医院脊髓功能量表能较全面的反映出术后脊髓患者功能的变化,使用较简便.     

急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症的护理评估和护理干预

目的提高临床护士对急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症的认识及综合护理干预能力。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年1月因外伤致急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症15例患者的临床资料,总结护理评估和护理干预的重点。结果15例患者发生低钠血症的时间为伤后4~13 d,经补钠、综合治疗、饮食干预均全部治愈。颈脊髓损伤的部位和程度、精神和意识变化、营养状况及生化指标是护理评估的重点;护理干预方面应早期进行预防用药、合理补钠、饮食干预,正确掌握低血钠患者的治疗方案及补钠的浓度和速度,监测血和尿生化指标,加强心理护理等。结论提高临床护士对急性颈脊髓损伤并发低钠血症的认识,加强护理评估和护理干预可预防病情的恶化,促进患者早日康复。     

脊髓独立性评估量表III在脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力评估中的应用

目的：探讨脊髓独立性评估量表III（SCIM-III）在脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力评估中的适用性。方法：选取94例脊髓损伤患者。收集其背景资料并分别进行SCIM-III及改良Barthel指数（MBI）评估。年龄、性别、病程、SCIM-III、MBI等定性及定量变量分别采用描述性分析。对SCIM-III及MBI总得分及各亚项目的相关性分析分别采用Pearson相关性分析。结果：SCIM-III与MBI总得分呈高度相关(r=0.97,P<0.01);SCIM-III各亚项目与MBI对应的各亚项目均为高度相关,进食(r=0.93,P<0.01)、洗浴(r=0.90,P<0.01)、梳洗(r=0.95,P<0.01)、穿衣(r=0.92,P<0.01)、入厕(r=0.93,P<0.01)、转移(r=0.95,P<0.01)、步行(r=0.94,P<0.01)、上下楼梯(r=0.94,P<0.01)。结论：SCIM-III适用于脊髓损伤患者的日常生活活动能力评估;SCIM-III与MBI在脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力的评估中临床效度高度相关;SCIM-III在脊髓损伤患者的基本日常生活能力的评估中更有针对性及更全面。     

脊髓独立性评估量表Ⅲ在脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力评估中的应用

目的:探讨脊髓独立性评估量表Ⅲ(SCIM-Ⅲ)在脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力评估中的适用性。方法:选取94例脊髓损伤患者。收集其背景资料并分别进行SCIM-Ⅲ及改良Barthel指数(MBI)评估。年龄、性别、病程、SCIM-Ⅲ、MBI等定性及定量变量分别采用描述性分析。对SCIM-Ⅲ及MBI总得分及各亚项目的相关性分析分别采用Pearson相关性分析。结果:SCIM-Ⅲ与MBI总得分呈高度相关(r=0.97,P0.01);SCIM-Ⅲ各亚项目与MBI对应的各亚项目均为高度相关,进食(r=0.93,P0.01)、洗浴(r=0.90,P0.01)、梳洗(r=0.95,P0.01)、穿衣(r=0.92,P0.01)、入厕(r=0.93,P0.01)、转移(r=0.95,P0.01)、步行(r=0.94,P0.01)、上下楼梯(r=0.94,P0.01)。结论:SCIM-Ⅲ适用于脊髓损伤患者的日常生活活动能力评估;SCIM-Ⅲ与MBI在脊髓损伤患者日常生活活动能力的评估中临床效度高度相关;SCIM-Ⅲ在脊髓损伤患者的基本日常生活能力的评估中更有针对性及更全面。     

脊髓损伤后神经营养因子及干细胞治疗对轴突再生的影响：国外基础和临床研究新进展

背景:近几年国外学者在脊髓损伤的病理机制、损伤后神经元的保护、少突胶质细胞的再生及神经干细胞的移植治疗等研究方面取得了实质性地进展。介绍国外近10年来对脊髓损伤的新认识,最新研究成果及未来的科研和治疗方向。资料来源:应6用计算机检索Medline数据库1987-01/2006-10脊髓损伤的相关文章,限定文章语言种类为English,检索词为“脊髓损伤;神经干细胞;轴突;神经营养因子;动物模型”,进行不同组合,选出相关文章。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选择脊髓研究中的与神经干细胞及神经营养因子有关的研究文献查找全文。纳入标准:①脊髓损伤中以探讨其机制及新治疗方法的文章。②探讨脊髓损伤后轴突再生,生长锥作用,引导再生方向的靶点,突触再形成及功能重建的文章。③神经营养因子和内源性神经干细胞治疗的文章。排除标准:①未被SCI收录的文章,相类似的研究。②无英文摘要的文章。资料提炼:共收集到相关文献1166篇,按上述标准纳入101篇,实际采用61篇,脊髓损伤机制相关文献12篇,轴突再生相关文献14篇,增长锥作用相关文献8篇,少突胶质细胞相关文献8篇,神经干细胞相关文献7篇,神经生长因子相关文献12篇。其余文献均被排除。资料综合:①脊髓损伤功能恢复的基础:损伤的轴突再生及增长;轴突穿透损伤瘢痕区的能力;轴突朝着正确的靶区方向再生;轴突增长到一定程度后停止,终端形成突触,与神经元相接;神经传递功能重建及运动功能重新恢复。②脊髓损伤的神经病理分析:脊髓损伤后的原发性损害、继发性损害。③脊髓损伤的分子生物学机制包括3个方面:对于成年人中枢神经系统损伤后的神经元的发展、再生,神经元通路的建立起着重要的作用轴突增长锥;对轴突的再生起到抑制作用中枢神经系统髓鞘蛋白;细胞膜和细胞内信号传递。④脊髓损伤中起重要作用的细胞和因子:少突胶质细胞,白血病抑制因子和Minocycline,内源性神经干细胞。⑤脊髓损伤动物模型:最常使用的模型是全部离断、部分离断模型和挫伤模型。⑥脊髓损伤研究的前景:已经开始把动物实验中神经营养因子和神经干细胞治疗发现用于临床,如白血病抑制因子在国外已经开始临床Ⅳ期实验,对内源性神经干细胞的诱导调控增殖研究也已经越来越受到重视。结论:神经营养因子干预治疗及神经干细胞治疗使脊髓损伤后的功能恢复成为可能。进一步探讨神经营养因子引起轴突再生的机制,将是脊髓损伤研究领域的未来方向,了解引导调控神经干细胞的增殖和分化方向,将在修复脊髓损伤方面发挥巨大的作用。     

脊髓损伤后疼痛评估系统的使用及选择比较

摘要 目的：检索目前最常用于描述脊髓损伤患者疼痛的评估方式,综合分析其临床应用价值,推荐几种对于临床治疗及决策有重要意义的评估系统。 方法：系统性检索MEDLINE数据库,时间段为1996年1月—2012年10月,入选标准为英文文献,题目或摘要中描述有对脊髓损伤后患者疼痛的评估方法,进一步通过全文及参考文献对相应的评估系统进行统计及描述。 结果：共检索到1228篇文章,214篇在摘要中提到对脊髓损伤患者疼痛的评估,评估的方法总计39种。其中我们描述并比较了最常用的7种评估方式,分别是：视觉模拟评分法(VAS); 麦吉尔疼痛问卷(MPQ); 轮椅使用者的肩部疼痛指数(WUSPI); 疼痛数字评分法(NRS); 简化多维疼痛量表(MPI-SCI); 简明疼痛量表(BPI); 慢性疼痛分级表(CPGQ)。 结论：在检索到的7种最常用的评估系统中,VAS和NRS作为单维度的疼痛评估方法,以其应用的便捷性成为目前临床上最常用于评估脊髓损伤患者疼痛的工具,其中NRS更值得推荐。多维度的评价方式涵盖的内容比较全面,能够更多地反映出脊髓损伤患者的生活状态, MPI及BPI被更多地推荐用于脊髓损伤后疼痛的评估,而MPQ和CPGQ则在应用的覆盖面上存在一定的限制性。     

罕见神经平面的脊髓损伤

正美国脊髓损伤学会(AmeicanSpinal Injury Association,ASIA)制定的国际脊髓损伤神经学分类标准(International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury,ISNCSCI)是目前脊髓损伤神经功能检查的重要评估标准,对脊髓损伤神经功能的敏感度最高,且有助于对治疗方案的制定及愈后情     

Malnutrition in spinal cord injury: more than nutritional deficiency

Denervation of the spinal cord below the level of injury leads to complications producing malnutrition. Nutritional status affects mortality and pathology of injured subjects and it has been reported that two thirds of individuals enrolled in rehabilitation units are malnourished. Therefore, the aim should be either to maintain an optimal nutritional status, or supplement these subjects in order to overcome deficiencies in nutrients or prevent obesity. This paper reviews methods of nutritional assessment and describes the physiopathological mechanisms of malnutrition based on the assumption that spinal cord injured subjects need to receive adequate nutrition to promote optimal recovery, placing nutrition as a first line treatment and not an afterthought in the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury.     

Nutrition in acute spinal cord injury

Nutrition in acute spinal cord injury is complicated. Not every aspect of nutrition as it relates to the acutely injured spinal cord patient is known. The stress response to injury, fever, infection, sepsis, and surgery alter nutritional needs, as does the spinal cord injury itself. The sequelae of spinal cord injury, including denervation atrophy and paralysis, glucose intolerance, skin and wound breakdown, poikilothermy, anemia, respiratory paralysis, pneumonia, paralytic ileus, gastrointestinal ulcers and hemorrhage, neurogenic bowel and bladder, and depression, all affect the nutritional needs of the patient. Orthopedic appliances, pharmacologic agents, and other injuries can also alter nutritional requirements. Nutritional assessment in acute spinal cord injury is also complex. It should include medical and diet history, physical examination, intake and output measurements, prediction of energy expenditure and protein requirements, or--even better--measurements of energy expenditure with indirect methodology, using the metabolic cart or pulmonary artery catheter. Application of computerized tomography and radioisotope studies may prove valuable in the future. Finally, the direct relationship between nutrition and physiologic alterations of acute spinal cord injury necessitates that the critical care nurse incorporate nutrition-focused thinking into many aspects of the acute spinal cord--injured patient's care.     

颈髓损伤压疮发生原因分析及预防

本文分析了10例颈髓损伤病人压疮发生的原因,包括对高危人群评估不当、措施不当、局部因素等,并对压疮发生的原因采取针对性的预防措施,包括有效减压、使用防护措施、加强营养等,有效地降低了颈髓损伤压疮的发生。     

Assessments of chronodispersion and tacheodispersion of F waves in patients with spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the chronodispersion and tacheodispersion of F waves in patients with spinal cord injury and to determine whether these parameters are more sensitive than those of standard F waves. DESIGN: F chronodispersion and F tacheodispersion as well as F wave latencies, amplitude, and persistence were measured in tibial nerves of 23 male patients with different scales of spinal cord injury and 23 normal subjects. Spasticity was measured and correlated with F chronodispersion in spinal cord injury patients. RESULTS: F chronodispersion of 6.4 +/- 1.9 msec (mean +/- SD) obtained in spinal cord injury patients was found to be significantly greater than the results of 3.9 +/- 1.6 msec in normal controls (P < 0.05). F chronodispersion was greater in spinal cord injury patients with complete cord lesion. A positive correlation was found between F chronodispersion and Ashworth Scores in spinal cord injury patients. There were no significant differences in minimal latency, amplitude, persistence of F waves, and F tacheodispersion between spinal cord injury patients and normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of F chronodispersion may provide a useful and sensitive electrophysiologic assessment in evaluation of spinal cord injury and serve as an evident tool for differentiating pathologic from normal state motoneuron excitability in spinal cord lesion.     

Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury.

Treatment with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone is safe and may be associated with significant neurologic improvement in acute spinal cord injury patients. Accurate calculation and administration of the prescribed therapy and identification and assessment of complications should be incorporated into the overall standard of care for the acute spinal cord injury patient.     

Recognizing spinal cord emergencies

Physicians who work in primary care settings and emergency departments frequently evaluate patients with neck and back pain. Spinal cord emergencies are uncommon, but injury must be recognized early so that the diagnosis can be quickly confirmed and treatment can be instituted to possibly prevent permanent loss of function. The differential diagnosis includes spinal cord compression secondary to vertebral fracture or space-occupying lesion, spinal infection or abscess, vascular or hematologic damage, severe disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The most important information in the assessment of a possible spinal cord emergency comes from the history and the clinical evaluation. Physicians must look for "red flags"--key historical and clinical clues that increase the likelihood of a serious underlying disorder. In considering diagnostic tests, physicians should apply the principles outlined in an algorithm for the evaluation of low back pain prepared by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (formerly the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can clearly define anatomy, but these studies are costly and have a high false-positive rate. Referral of high-risk patients to a neurologist or spine specialist may be indicated.     

Nurses' positive attitudes to nutritional management but limited knowledge of nutritional assessment in Korea

Background:  Nurses' involvement in nutritional management has received greater emphasis as an accountable factor for the nutritional status of patients. Studies have shown that there are deficiencies in awareness of the importance of nutritional assessment and limited nutritional knowledge in nurses.
Aim:  The purpose of this study was to investigate nutritional attitudes and knowledge of nurses working in the hospital environment.
Methods:  A questionnaire survey was conducted. It is focused on nutritional management with regard to assessment of nutritional status and implementation of nutritional care. Nurses were recruited from the university hospital in Seoul, Korea.
Findings:  A majority of nurses had positive attitudes towards patients' nutritional status and had a high desire to receive nutritional information. However, they had limited knowledge of nutrition, especially nutritional assessment criteria which are basic to the evaluation of patient's nutritional status. Nurses did not perform the nutritional assessment appropriately in practice.
Conclusions:  These findings suggest that nurses have limited nutritional knowledge and they use nutritional assessment criteria poorly in clinical settings. This study provides a framework for developing nutritional management programmes and a standardized protocol for nutritional assessment.     

Quels objectifs nutritionnels en réanimation ?

Appropriate nutritional goals should be formulated in all critically ill patients requiring artificial nutrition. Three main categories of nutritional goals should be considered. They are focused on 1) the assessment of the nutrition state; 2) the technical aspects of nutritional support and 3) the support of organ and system functions.The detection of malnutrition is important since it is associated with numerous and severe complications. Artificial nutrition in critically ill patients requires the use of all techniques of nutritional support. The enteral route should be preferred, except in patients in whom this does not allow the delivery of a sufficient amount of energy. Total parental nutrition or mixed nutritional support should be used in such situations.Appropriate timing for initiating feeding plays an important role, as well as the choice of appropriate formulas, favouring organ and system functions.     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤18例分析

BACKGROUND: Traditionaly , operation should not be performed on patients suffered from cervical injury without fracture and dislocation during rehabilitation or patients with complete paralysis. Dang Gengting suggested that although external force resulting cervical injury is slight, fracture and dislocation are rare, spinal damage is severe. So, doctors should consider risk factors of vertebral canal affecting spinal cord. Acute nerve and spinal injury, for example, will progress into chronic spinal disease or nerve root disease if not properly managed. So, once diagnosis was confirmed, traction, mobilization should be carried out to prevent other injury. Treatment protocol should be determined according to type of injury. If object increasing pressure, operation should be done to remove pressure. Additionaly, stability of cervical cord must be ensured.     

Cuidados enfermeros en el varón con lesión medular y disfunción sexual

The impact of spinal cord injury and its sequels requires important efforts of adaptation. In several studies, people with spinal cord injury claim to have covered most of their needs at physical, emotional and social level, but they are not yet fully satisfied with their sexual life. Sexual function is usually impaired in men with spinal cord injuries, and is sometimes related to problems of erection, ejaculation and/or orgasm. This issue is not a priority in the first phase, but it appears over the subsequent periods when patients often ask for a solution to this problem.A case-study is presented of a 25 year old male with chronic complete spinal cord injury (ASIA A), L4-L5 level, who reported sexual dysfunction and attended an annual review in the National Hospital for Paraplegics. After performing a nursing assessment using the functional health patterns of Gordon, the team proposed a nursing care plan according to the taxonomy of NANDA (North American Nursing Association), NOC (Nursing Outcome Classification) and NIC (Nursing Intervention Classification).Nurses are the healthcare professionals who have more direct and continuous contact with these patients. Specific programs need to be designed to provide them with the sexual education, which should contain adequate emotional and sexual information.We believe that an appropriate and systematic assessment of patient's sexuality, as well as the application of the (NANDA, NOC, NIC) nurse methodology, may be very helpful in improving the outcomes of these specific interventions.