直裂纹和45°斜裂纹转子系统动力特性对比

对于转子系统,转轴上带有斜裂纹或直裂纹,系统的响应会有一些不同,这些不同是由于直斜裂纹对转轴刚度的不同影响引起的.分析了裂纹深度对直斜裂纹转子的刚度和稳态响应的影响;同时还讨论了速度的变化对直斜裂纹转子的稳态响应的影响.最后实验研究了随速度增长直斜裂纹转子系统的稳态响应.研究结果表明,实验测得的工频分量与二倍频分量的变化趋势与计算结果相符.     

直裂纹和45°斜裂纹转子系统动力特性对比

对于转子系统,转轴上带有斜裂纹或直裂纹,系统的响应会有一些不同,这些不同是由于直斜裂纹对转轴刚度的不同影响引起的。分析了裂纹深度对直斜裂纹转子的刚度和稳态响应的影响;同时还讨论了速度的变化对直斜裂纹转子的稳态响应的影响。最后实验研究了随速度增长直斜裂纹转子系统的稳态响应。研究结果表明,实验测得的工频分量与二倍频分量的变化趋势与计算结果相符。     

直斜裂纹转轴的时变刚度特性研究*

本文采用有限元方法建立了裂纹转子系统的动力学方程,利用应变能释放率方法得到了裂纹单元的刚度矩阵,采用应力强度因子为零法模拟裂纹的呼吸效应,详细研究了不同深度的直裂纹和45°斜裂纹转子,在一个稳态旋转周期内,裂纹开闭规律以及转轴刚度时变特性。研究表明裂纹深度的增大使裂纹转轴的刚度变化增大,直裂纹与斜裂纹转轴的刚度变化特性具有明显差异,斜裂纹引起更多与更强的耦合振动,使转子的动力学性能更复杂。     

汽轮机-行星齿轮减速器耦合动力学特性分析

大功率齿轮箱是船舶轮机系统的重要设备之一,汽轮机通过齿轮箱将动力输出,齿轮系统与转子系统耦合在一起。为研究齿轮的啮合与振动对转子系统动力学特性的影响,针对某船舶动力系统,利用有限元法分别建立转子系统与转子-齿轮耦合系统的动力学方程,考虑齿轮系统的时变啮合刚度,求解并对比两种模型的振动特性。计算结果表明,齿轮的振动会降低转子系统的支撑刚度,使转子系统的临界转速降低,并增大振动响应幅值。另外,齿轮啮合刚度的时变性引起的振动属于参激振动,这种高频激励会传递到转子上。为了更精确计算整个轮机转子轴系动力学特性,需要考虑与转子相耦合的齿轮系统的振动。     

横向裂纹轴耦合刚度分析

基于断裂力学理论和局部柔度理论，推导了横向裂纹轴在轴力、剪力、弯矩及扭矩共同作用时的刚度矩阵，分析了裂纹深度比和转轴细长比等参数对转轴刚度的影响。结果表明：当裂纹深度小于转轴半径的一半时，可以仅考虑垂直裂纹方向的刚度变化；但当裂纹深度大于转轴半径的一半时，裂纹轴的轴向、剪切、弯曲及扭转刚度的影响都要考虑。同时在分析计算含裂纹转子系统动力特性时应对部分耦合刚度有所考虑。三点弯曲试验研究说明，所得的理论结果比以往的理论值更接近实验值，且转轴细长比越大、裂纹深度比越小,结果越精确。     

开闭裂纹转子的建模与弯曲刚度特性研究

利用应变能原理与应力强度理论计算了动坐标系列裂纹转子的局部柔度和弯曲刚度,研究了动坐标系开闭裂纹弯曲刚度变化率随裂纹深度的变化规律,在此基础上,借助坐标转换矩阵推导出惯性坐标系弯曲刚度的表达式,采用Fourier谐波分解法研究了惯性坐标系刚度的变化规律,并利用给出的刚度表达式直接建立了惯性坐标系开闭裂纹转子的动力学模型,得到裂纹转子系统的时变系数非线性振动方程与相应的裂纹参数激励的特性。     

拉杆疲劳裂纹导致的组合转子性能退化研究

 组合转子作为燃气轮机等的核心部件,其性能退化机理并不明确,揭示其性能退化机理并有效地进行性能退化评估对燃气轮机等长期安全运行具有重要意义.为此,从结构损伤导致性能退化的角度出发,分析拉杆裂纹引起的组合转子性能退化特性.分别建立了组合转子有限元模型和弯曲、扭转刚度模型,利用有限元模型对拉杆上含初始裂纹的组合转子进行裂纹扩展分析,得到拉杆裂纹扩展速率;利用弯曲和扭转刚度模型分析了不同深度的裂纹对组合转子振动的影响,得到组合转子固有频率随裂纹尺寸的变化规律;并提出了衡量由微裂纹导致的组合转子性能退化的度量指标,实现了拉杆裂纹引起的组合转子性能退化的定量评估.研究表明：随着拉杆裂纹尺寸的增大,裂纹的扩展速率变快;拉杆裂纹的存在对组合转子的弯振影响较大,对扭振影响相对较小.     

空间任意斜裂纹引起的转子刚度变化机理研究

转子在不同方向上刚度的变化特性及其交叉耦合是导致转子耦合振动的根本原因。基于材料力学和断裂力学理论,采用六自由度Timoshenko梁单元模型推导了空间任意斜裂纹的柔度参数和刚度矩阵,据此对比分析了含有横裂纹、横-斜裂纹以及空间任意斜裂纹转子因为旋转过程中的裂纹非线性呼吸(开/合)行为所导致的变刚度特性。与横裂纹与横-斜裂纹相比,空间任意斜裂纹的刚度矩阵具有更加广泛、更加明显的外加交叉耦合项。此外,针对空间任意斜裂纹情况,系统研究了裂纹方位角以及裂纹深度等参数对转子刚度特性的影响。所得的研究结果可以为进一步研究裂纹转子的耦合振动行为以及诊断应用奠定基础。     

端齿轴段刚度及其对转子动力特性的影响

本文建立了"端齿梁元"的概念,以考虑端齿轴段与整体轴段间的刚度差异.在考虑端齿齿牙间接触传力的情况下进行端齿轴段端面承受单位力(力矩)或单位位移(转角)的三维有限元分析,并由有限元分析结果按梁变形方式整理得出梁元型刚阵中绝对值不同的四组刚度系数的数值,从而得到端齿梁元刚阵.本文还将该端齿梁元应用于有限元子结构模态综合法中,针对一端齿连接转子研究了端齿轴段刚度对该转子动力特性的影响.     

转子-轴承系统裂纹-碰摩耦合故障的非线性特性研究

研究了带有裂纹和碰摩耦合故障的弹性转子系统的复杂运动。在同时考虑轴承油膜力和碰摩发生时转静件间的相对速度对非线性摩擦力的影响基础上,构造了含有裂纹-碰摩耦合故障转子系统的动力学模型。针对短轴承油膜力和裂纹-碰摩转子系统的强非线性特点,本文用Runge-Kutta法对转子-轴承系统由裂纹和碰摩耦合故障导致的非线性动力学行为进行了数值仿真研究,发现该类系统在运行过程中存在周期运动、拟周期运动和混沌运动等丰富的非线性现象,研究结果为转子-轴承系统故障诊断、动态设计和安全运行提供了理论参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.