Protein requirements of grass carp fry (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.)

The study was aimed at determining the optimal level of protein in a casein diet for grass carp. There was a linear relationship between the percentage of protein in the diet and the increase in fish protein and weight up to optimal levels of 41 and 43%, respectively. No further increase in fish protein or weight was noted with diets containing up to 64% of protein. However, if the optimal level was defined by the parabolic curve with the formula y = 36.21 + 6.238x ? 0.0593x², it would equal 52.6 ± 1.93%. Net protein utilization (NPU) values for experimental diets were obtained using a formula which took the maintenance nitrogen metabolism on a non-protein diet into consideration. This NPU formula was related to the length of the experiment, difference in the weight of fish at the beginning of the experiment, and growth of fish fed protein diets. Both protein efficiency ratio (PER) and NPU decreased with the increase in protein content of the diets according to the formulae y = 1.966?0.018x and $\text{y = 40.8?0.327x +}\text{302.6}\text{x}$, respectively.     

Intensive polyculture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and herbivorous fish [silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.)]

Intensive polyculture of common carp and herbivorous fish (silver carp and grass carp) at high stocking densities and with intensive feeding with fodder and mineral and organic fertilization was carried out without mechanized aeration and automated feeding.Two stocking patterns were tested. The first, in Pond 1 (with an area of 2.5 ha), had the following stocking rates: one-year carp (C₁), 8000 fish/ha; one-year silver carp (S₁), 1500 fish/ha; and one-year grass carp (G₁), 200 fish/ha. The yield was 6292 kg/ha of standard consumer fish (C₁₊ 743 g, S₁₊ 944 g, and G₁₊ 1000 g) at a relatively low food conversion ratio (2.24) and high survival of all fish. Within the total yield, the two-year carp contributed 76%, the silver carp 21%, and the grass carp 3%. The second stocking pattern, in Pond 2 (0.25 ha), had the following rates: C₁, 8500 fish/ha; S₁, 2000 fish/ha; and G₁, 200 fish/ha, and produced a still higher total yield (6629 kg/ha) at a relatively low food conversion ratio (2.10). The two-year carp in Pond 2 contributed 88% of the total yield, and the herbivorous fish only 12% even though they accounted for 20% of the stock.Our results (Pond 2) are compared with other record yield experiments under similar conditions but including tilapia. At a total stocking rate of 10 700 fish/ha and without participation of tilapia, over a period of 186 days (as against 126 days in the other experiment), our experiments gave a total yield which was 347 kg/ha higher at a food coefficient 15% lower. The growth period was 60 days longer in our experiments but it included April and October when water temperature is much below the optimum and only 4% of the total amount of fodder was assimilated.     

Growth,food intake and evacuation rates of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella fry

Grass carp fry ranging in weight from 9 mg to 300 mg were used in experiments to determine their response to diets of coconut meal and a 1:3 mixture, by weight, of coconut meal and zooplankton at 28 and 33°C. The food intake was generally higher in those fry maintained on the mixed diet at 33°C. The rate of growth was always found to be higher in those fry maintained on a mixed diet at 28°C. The rate of weight increase of fry expressed as a percentage of the initial body weight tended to decrease in fry maintained on a diet of coconut meal, whilst the reverse was observed for others. A maximum food conversion ratio of 1.29 was recorded for fry maintained on a mixed diet of coconut meal and zooplankton at 28°C. Fry of grass carp changed from an almost exclusively carnivorous to a herbivorous one at a length of 25–30 mm. The evacuation time was both temperature- and weight-dependent, decreasing with increasing weight at a particular temperature.     

On the growth of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val. in composite fish culture at Kalyani,West Bengal (India)

The Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, under its “All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Composite Culture of Indian and Exotic fishes” has been conducting experiments since 1971 in different parts of India to develop formulae of species combination of fishes whereby fishes feeding in different zones of pond water are selected and cultured together to increase production in pond culture operations. These experiments have indicated that grass carp not only controls aquatic weeds but also at the same time grows very fast and thus it is one of the best culturable fish if its feeds are available.     

雌核发育草鱼的遗传结构分析和微卫星鉴别方法的建立

采用微卫星标记检测草鱼群体的遗传多样性,并根据纯合度的变化建立了雌核发育草鱼的鉴别技术。结果显示,8个位点共扩增出33个等位基因;在普通草鱼中,平均纯合度和PIC分别为0.203 1和0.552 8;在雌核发育群体中,则为0.716 1和0.357 2;2个群体间遗传相似度为0.873 3。其中,5个位点在雌核发育草鱼中纯合度明显提高,雌核发育草鱼在这5个位点的扩增总条带数为5~7个,普通草鱼则为8~10个,由此可100%区分2个草鱼群体。通过概率计算,理论鉴别概率达到99.92%。研究表明,雌核发育技术对草鱼的群体遗传结构改变较大,是快速建立纯系、固定优良性状的有效手段;根据群体遗传纯合度的改变、扩增条带数目差异,应用多态性微卫星分子标记可以简单、有效地区分雌核发育群体(或与之相似的高度近交群体)与普通群体。     

The Chinese grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, its biology,introduction, control of aquatic macrophytes and breeding in the Sudan

The paper describes the distribution and biology of the grass carp following its introduction into Sudan. It provides aspects on the culture of the grass carp and its breeding under Sudanese conditions with emphasis on future research.     

氟苯尼考在鲫和草鱼体内的药代/药效动力学联合参数及其临床给药方案的研究

为研究氟苯尼考在鲫和草鱼体内的药代学、药效动力学联合参数,并制定氟苯尼考对鲫、草鱼的精确用药方案,本实验结合氟苯尼考对致病性嗜水气单胞菌CAAh01的体外药效学研究和口灌不同剂量的氟苯尼考在鲫、草鱼体内药代动力学研究,确定了氟苯尼考防治该致病菌引起的鲫和草鱼细菌性败血症的给药方案。研究结果显示,氟苯尼考对CAAh01菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.5μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为1.0μg/mL,防细菌耐药突变浓度(MPC)为6.0μg/mL,防耐药突变选择窗(MSW)为0.5~6.0μg/mL。按10、20、30 mg/kg体质量剂量对鲫、草鱼口灌氟苯尼考后,在鲫体内,血药浓度大于MPC的维持时间分别为5、8、24 h;AUC24/MIC分别为177.06、265.90、426.50;Cmax/MIC分别为15.59、21.32、31.24。在草鱼体内,血药浓度大于MPC的维持时间分别为0、0、3 h;AUC24/MIC分别为38.60、75.08、121.94;Cmax/MIC分别为4.75、10.08、19.99。研究表明,综合血药浓度维持MPC以上的时间、AUC24/MIC或Cmax/MIC指标,氟苯尼考适用于鲫细菌性疾病的防治,其防突变用药方案为剂量30 mg/kg,每日1次给药,休药期不低于20 d。对于草鱼细菌性疾病的防治,氟苯尼考不宜连续使用。     

草鱼快速启动过程的加速—滑行游泳行为

以3种不同体长的草鱼为研究对象,在水温(20.00±1.50)℃条件下通过惊吓的方式进行了快速启动过程的加速—滑行游泳行为观察,测定了草鱼的疾冲速度,即实验鱼突然加速达到的最大速度。结果发现,体长为(8.47±0.73)cm(稚鱼)、(17.93±1.27)cm(幼鱼)、(51.24±3.24)cm(亚成鱼)的绝对最大疾冲速度及达到最大疾冲速度所需时间分别为(1.449±0.424)m/s(0.294 s)、(2.359±0.434)m/s(0.294 s)、(2.899±0.457)m/s(0.378 s);相对最大疾冲速度分别为(17.099±5.009)BL/s、(13.156±2.418)BL/s、(5.659±0.891)BL/s;实验鱼达到最大疾冲速度后,均以身体保持直线的方式滑行减速。草鱼的绝对疾冲最大速度随体长的增加而增加;相对疾冲最大速度随体长的增加而减小,且稚鱼的相对疾冲最大速度显著高于亚成体。3种实验鱼的绝对游泳加速度间不存在显著性差异,亚成鱼绝对减速滑行加速度的值显著高于幼鱼和稚鱼,而亚成鱼的相对疾冲游泳加速度和相对减速滑行加速度的值显著小于稚鱼。     

拟态弧菌的绿色荧光蛋白标记及其在感染草鱼体内的动态分布

为了示踪研究拟态弧菌感染草鱼的动态过程,将增强型绿色荧光蛋白编码基因EGFP克隆至质粒pBAD24,并转化到拟态弧菌04-14菌株构建荧光标记重组菌.重组菌经阿拉伯糖诱导后,能高效表达EGFP蛋白;荧光显微镜观察和流式细胞仪检测均发现重组菌能够发出明显的绿色荧光信号,且传至30代后质粒稳定率仍为100％;生物学特性检测结果显示,与野生株相比,重组菌的形态、生长特性和细胞黏附性均未发生明显改变.用标记重组菌浸泡感染草鱼,定点采集鳃、肠道、肌肉、头肾、脾脏和肝脏,借助荧光信号检测4d内细菌在不同组织脏器中的动态分布.结果发现感染4h后即可在肠道和鳃中检测到绿色荧光信号,标记菌检出量分别为3.60×108和2.36×106 CFU/g,直至10 h,其含量无明显变化,12 h后含菌量逐渐下降,但持续存在直至鱼死亡.标记菌在肌肉、头肾、脾脏和肝脏中呈现相似的动力学,感染24 h后才检测到荧光信号,24～ 85 h时间段含菌量呈现先增加后下降的变化,48 h达到峰值,检出量分别为9.58×104(肌肉)、8.75×104(头肾)、1.50×104(脾脏)和4.50×104 CFU/g(肝脏),但均低于肠道中的检出量,结果表明肠道是拟态弧菌黏附定植与繁殖的主要靶器官.     

生态基对草鱼生长性能、肠道及水体微生物的影响

将无纺布生态基应用于草鱼养殖生产中,研究生态基对草鱼生长、免疫和养殖水质的影响,并利用PCR-DGGE技术分析了草鱼肠道和养殖水体微生物群落结构的动态变化。结果显示,实验组草鱼的末重、增重率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05);草鱼血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活性水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNos)和总一氧化氮合酶(tNos)均显著低于对照组(P0.05);除了在第30天时实验组TSS水平显著低于对照组(P0.05),整个过程挂设无纺布生态基对养殖水质参数影响不明显(P0.05)。PCR-DGGE检测结果显示:Cetobacterium somerae是对照组养殖水体和对照组草鱼肠道特异细菌;维氏气单胞菌是养殖水体和对照组草鱼肠道特异细菌,对照组养殖水体的分布明显比实验组丰富,在生态基中不存在;生态基的细菌群落构成和挂设生态基的实验组养殖水体相似性较高,最高时达到63%;绿弯菌占生态基细菌总量的10%左右,而在养殖水体中仅为5%。研究表明,生态基的应用有效促进了草鱼的生长,降低了饲料系数,提高了草鱼的非特异性免疫功能,降低养殖水体TSS浓度。生态基的应用改变了水体细菌群落组成,减少了养殖水体和草鱼肠道中一些条件致病菌的存在。     

草鱼体组成的数学描述

为了对草鱼体组成进行定量描述,本研究从中外文数据库收集并采纳了51个草鱼营养生理相关研究的数据,数据点约3700个,草鱼体质量为1.52~694.80 g。通过数据整理、相关性分析和线性回归分析,结果显示,草鱼蛋白质含量和内脏重(y,g)与体质量(x,g)间的线性关系分别为y=0.1604x–0.3645,R2=0.994;y=0.1059x–0.3097,R2=0.9875。随着草鱼体质量增加,草鱼脂肪和灰分含量(尤其是脂肪含量)受饲料组成的影响逐渐增加。草鱼全鱼每沉积1 g蛋白质伴随着4.57 g水分保留,而每沉积1 g脂肪会导致水分含量减少0.95 g。草鱼肝脏每沉积1 g脂肪会导致其水分含量减少0.66 g,说明草鱼不同组织沉积脂肪导致的水分损失率不尽相同。本研究亦表明,肠系膜是草鱼脂肪沉积的重要部位,肠系膜、肝脏和肌肉脂肪的积累是全鱼脂肪含量上升的重要原因,全鱼脂肪累积伴随着内脏重的增加。本研究的执行有利于定量描述草鱼体组成规律,为草鱼的生产和销售提供指导作用。     

种青养鱼模式下的草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性

为探究种青养鱼养殖模式对草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性的影响,随机选取以种青喂草为主养殖模式下养殖的草鱼(生态草鱼)和投喂人工配合饲料进行养殖的草鱼(饲料草鱼)各16尾,测定其肌肉系水力和质构特性指标,以及肌肉常规营养成分、矿物元素、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果显示,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肝体比和空壳率无显著性差异;生态草鱼肌肉系水力指标中滴水损失显著低于饲料草鱼,冷冻渗出率不显著地低于饲料草鱼,失水率不显著地高于饲料草鱼,p H值无显著性差异;肌肉的硬度、弹性、凝聚性、胶黏性和回复性均无显著性差异;生态草鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于饲料草鱼,水分、灰分、粗蛋白含量均无显著性差异;生态草鱼P和Fe含量均显著高于饲料草鱼,Mg、Mn和Cr含量均极显著高于饲料草鱼;生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有17种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸总量分别为6.85%和6.27%。生态草鱼必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为76.07,而饲料草鱼为77.29,饲料草鱼略高于生态草鱼。生态草鱼和饲料草鱼肌肉均含19种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、花生四烯酸(ARA)、亚油酸(LA)、油酸、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和硬脂酸含量较高,为主要脂肪酸,而花生五烯酸(EPA)+DHA含量分别为8.95%和10.70%,且差异显著。研究表明,生态草鱼和饲料草鱼在肌肉质构特性方面无显著性差异,与饲料草鱼相比,生态草鱼具有肌肉系水力强、低脂肪和矿物元素含量高的特点。     

草鱼血红蛋白通过诱导头肾巨噬细胞表达的炎症因子激活免疫反应

为了探究鱼类体内过量游离血红蛋白对鱼体的影响,本实验以草鱼为研究对象,通过体内注射血红蛋白模拟体内出血,探究血红蛋白对组织和组织中巨噬细胞的免疫调控作用。体内注射血红蛋白的实验结果显示,血红蛋白的刺激导致头肾和中肾组织中出现明显的血红蛋白沉淀,同时提高了鱼体血清中的抗氧化相关酶活性,促进了头肾组织中炎症因子基因TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10的mRNA表达水平。普鲁士蓝和间接免疫荧光实验结果显示,头肾巨噬细胞对血红蛋白表现出了吞噬活性。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,血红蛋白的刺激显著激活了头肾巨噬细胞中CD68、CD86、CSF和MHC-Ⅱ的mRNA表达水平。进一步的细胞因子检测结果显示,血红蛋白刺激12 h后,头肾巨噬细胞中的炎症因子基因(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-4)、趋化因子基因(CCL20和CCL4)、IFN-α和TLR4的mRNA表达水平被显著上调表达。研究表明,草鱼头肾巨噬细胞对血红蛋白具有吞噬能力,同时血红蛋白也激活了巨噬细胞中多种细胞因子的表达。本研究结果首次阐述了草鱼血红蛋白与巨噬细胞的相互作用关系,丰富了鱼类血液基础免疫学理论,同时也为鱼类健康养殖提供了新的参考...     

冷藏草鱼片新鲜度分级方法的建立

现有淡水鱼片评价方法存在评价体系单一、不稳定的问题,为提供一种冷藏草鱼片新鲜度分级方法,实验以生鲜鱼片的色泽、气味、组织形态、肌肉弹性和熟鱼片的气味、滋味、汤汁形态各细分感官描述为指标,依据主成分分析(PCA)和系统聚类分析(HCA)划分鲜度区间;将K值等理化指标和肌间线蛋白、肌钙蛋白T等生化指标与细分感官描述指标比较...     

Disrupted sexual cycles in female grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) raised in tropical conditions

In the Ivory Coast, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) have been integrated in the tilapia-based polyculture in order to increase pond productivity. In the tropical conditions prevailing there, female cycles seemed disrupted. We describe oogenesis in these conditions using histological observations, monitoring of individual cycles with intraovarian biopsies, endocrinal monitoring (development of a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for vitellogenin (Vg), measurement of plasma oestradiol-17β (E2) and testosterone (T)) and comparison with grass carp raised in Poland. We noted that oogenesis was blocked in all females at the migrating germinal vesicle stage, precluding ovulation or spawning without artificial induction. High rates of atypical post-vitellogenic oocytes (translucent, not filled with yolk granules) were observed in many females. Female individual cycles also displayed atypical features: cycles were sometimes (10% of females) blocked at the beginning of vitellogenesis (BV), for females displaying abnormally low E2 (0.5 ng/ml) and Vg (30 μg/ml) levels compared to “normal” females (1.4 ng/ml and 223 μg/ml, respectively). The duration of the cycles was highly variable among females (a few days to several weeks). Sexual cycles were unsynchronised (all the ovarian stages could be found for all seasons) and the number of females at the end of vitellogenesis (EV) was low (<40% most of the year). These characteristics raise problems for artificial induction of spawning in small-scale hatcheries: a large stock of broodfish is required as is regular checking of female broodstock with intraovarian biopsies to select responsive females.     

草鱼体脂性状的变异特征及相关性

为精确且批量测定草鱼肠系膜脂肪（肠脂）沉积量,避免传统人工刮取称量方法耗时费力、量化粗糙等问题,实验利用脂溶性染料油红O可特异性着色脂肪的特性,探索开发出一种便捷定量草鱼肠脂含量的新方法。结果发现,麻醉解剖200尾平均体重约80 g的草鱼,取出整个内脏团简单处理并塞入PIT个体识别标记后,样品集中进行多聚甲醛固定、无水乙醇脱水、油红O染液定染,可在维持样品组织完整的基础上,实现肠脂组织的特异性、均一化批量染色处理。各染色样品再分别通过无水乙醇溶剂完全萃取,萃取液吸光度测定,并依据绘制的标准曲线（y = 0.0276x + 0.0403, R² = 0.9997）,即可精确获得个体肠脂沉积的相对含量,是以萃取出的油红O质量来表示。对比发现,样品肠脂组织染色-萃取量化结果与传统刮取称量数据保持了较高的相关性（n = 20,r = 0.80）。进一步的统计分析显示,对于同塘养殖体重变异系数8.93%的草鱼群体（n = 200）,萃取测定的肠脂沉积量变异系数达到24.49%,预示该性状具有丰富变异特征及遗传改良潜力。相关与聚类分析显示,肠脂沉积量与内脏质量相关性最高（r = 0.60）,并且聚为一类,符合二者同属脏器关联指标的预期。多元线性回归分析显示,利用简单易测的形态指标只能解释肠脂沉积量的少量变异（R² = 0.20）,表明基于表型性状的拟合回归方程进行间接预测的效果不佳,直接测定是该性状精准量化的有效途径。本研究为草鱼体脂性状改良提供了一种性状精确测定方法。

     

饲料氧化鱼油引起草鱼肠道黏膜结构屏障损伤

为了研究饲料氧化鱼油对草鱼肠道屏障结构和肠道通透性的影响。(实验目的)以豆油、鱼油、氧化鱼油作为饲料脂肪源,分别设计鱼油组(6F)、豆油组(6S)、2%氧化鱼油(2OF)、4%氧化鱼油(4OF)及6%氧化鱼油(6OF)5组等氮、等能半纯化饲料,在池塘网箱养殖草鱼(平均体重74.8士1.2)72d。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法,测定了草鱼肠道紧密连接蛋白中闭锁蛋白Occludin,闭合蛋白Claudin3、Claudin15a和胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3的基因表达活性,并结合肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构透射电镜观察结果、肠道通透性标志性指标测定结果综合分析。(实验方法)结果显示：在添加氧化鱼油后,(1)血清二胺氧化酶活性、内毒素和D-乳酸含量都出现显著增加(P<0.05);(2)组成肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构的闭合蛋白Claudin-3、Claudin-15a和胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3基因表达活性显著下调(P<0.05),而闭锁蛋白Occludin基因表达活性出现不同程度的下调,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)透射电镜观察结果显示肠黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构出现缝隙;⑷饲料中的AV值、POV值、MDA含量与闭合蛋白Claudin-3、Claudin-15a,胞浆蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2、ZO-3和闭锁蛋白Occludin基因表达活性均显示负相关关系的变化趋势,其中饲料POV值、MDA含量与胞浆蛋白ZO-1基因表达活性呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。(实验结果)结果表明,在饲料中添加氧化鱼油后,氧化鱼油中的过氧化物、丙二醛等油脂氧化产物导致组成肠道黏膜细胞间紧密连接结构的蛋白基因表达活性显著下调、紧密连接物理性结构显著损伤,致使肠黏膜屏障结构的完整性被破坏、肠黏膜通透性显著增加。(实验结论)     

草鱼TLR9基因全长cDNA的克隆及特征分析

采用同源克隆及快速扩增cDNA末端技术,从草鱼鳃组织中克隆了Toll样受体9(Toll-like receptor 9,TLR9)基因的cDNA全长。序列分析表明,草鱼TLR9 cDNA全长3 468 bp,编码1 058个氨基酸,其中包括18个氨基酸组成的信号肽、16个富含亮氨酸重复结构域(leucine rich repeat,LRR)、1个跨膜区和1个TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1 receptor)。该蛋白的分子量为121 921 u,等电点为8.80。氨基酸序列的同源性分析显示,草鱼TLR9与鲤TLR9的同源性最高(85%),依次为斑马鱼(82%)、大西洋鲑(55%)、虹鳟(55%)。在系统发生树上,草鱼TLR9首先与鲤科的鲤和斑马鱼聚类。通过半定量RT-PCR检测可知,草鱼TLR9在被检测的15个组织中都有表达,其中在鳃中的表达最高,其次为血、头肾等。这些结果为进一步深入研究TLR-9的功能及开发草鱼免疫增强剂奠定基础。     

草鱼体内溶血对肝脏氧化损伤的机制

以草鱼为研究对象,系统研究了溶血对肝脏的损伤机制,以揭示血红蛋白对机体的损伤作用。首先在体内注射血红蛋白,通过苏木精-伊红染色(H.E)发现注射血红蛋白组的肝脏组织中坏死细胞明显增多,普鲁士蓝染色揭示肝脏中存在大量的铁沉积,进一步的实时定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测结果显示,注射的血红蛋白激活了铁代谢相关基因的表达。为进一步探究体内出血对肝脏的影响,实验通过体内注射苯肼模拟体内出血,H.E和普鲁士蓝染色结果表明,大量的溶血导致肝脏细胞坏死和铁的沉积增加,通过检测肝脏中血红蛋白和铁含量发现,苯肼组中,肝脏组织血红蛋白和铁含量随着时间延长而显著增加,而铁含量的增加同时激活了肝脏组织中铁代谢相关基因的表达。其次,实验检测了注射苯肼后肝脏组织中炎症因子的表达情况,qRT-PCR结果显示,高剂量的血红蛋白激活了多种细胞因子的基因表达,如促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6,抑炎因子IL-10以及趋化因子IL-4和IL-8等。为进一步探究高氧化活性的血红蛋白对肝脏组织的氧化损伤作用,实验检测了肝脏组织中丙二醛(MDA)、脂质过氧化物(LPO)以及β-半乳糖苷酶的含量,检测结果表明,鱼体内的出血显著增加了肝脏氧化损伤作用,同时,qRT-PCR和酶活性检测结果揭示,血红蛋白的氧化损伤作用促进了肝脏组织细胞凋亡的发生。最后,实验检测了肝脏组织中抗氧化酶的表达情况,结果显示,体内的出血显著激活了肝脏组织中的抗氧化系统。研究表明,鱼体内大量出血释放的高氧化活性的血红蛋白显著激活了肝脏组织炎症和氧化损伤的发生,促进了肝脏组织中的细胞凋亡,同时也激活了机体内的抗氧化系统。     

拉曼光谱检测脆肉草鱼肌肉脆度

脆度是脆肉草鱼品质重要检测指标之一,过度脆化的脆肉草鱼会出现溶血、缺氧和一些器官的病变。为研发出一种检测脆肉草鱼脆度的方法,实验提出一种基于拉曼光谱技术检测脆肉草鱼脆度的方法。首先,通过对不同脆化时间的脆肉草鱼拉曼光谱进行PCA分析,结果显示,拉曼光谱能够应用于不同脆化时间脆肉草鱼脆度鉴别。肌肉总蛋白质结构中的α-螺旋随着脆化时间增加而减少,β-折叠随着脆化时间增加而增加,无规则卷曲在脆化初期变化较大,脆化后期变化不明显。其次,采用SG、SNV、MSC和Normalize这4种方法预处理拉曼光谱数据,发现Normalize的预处理效果最好,预测集RMSEP为2.33,R²P为0.73。再次,采用PLSR、SVR和BPNN方法建立脆肉草鱼脆度与拉曼光谱信息关系模型,预测集RMSEP分别为2.33、2.26和1.96,R²P分别为0.73、0.78和0.83,其中BPNN预测模型效果最好。研究表明,采用拉曼光谱技术和Normalize-BPNN建立的预测模型可以检测脆肉草鱼脆度。本研究将为脆肉草鱼脆度检测提供新的思路。