通用聚醚多元醇的生产及其应用

论述了聚氨酯主要原料聚醚的产品性能特点，生产工艺过程，反应机理和影响生产工艺的一些因素，技术条件。     

橡胶/填充剂粉末胶料生产工艺

文中讨论了粉末胶料的生产工艺，产品的特性及其物理化学性能。重点关注了密炼机所使用的原材料、生产工艺的优化（例如，减少混炼时间和混炼能）和提高橡胶性能。     

聚乙烯醇涂布复合工艺研究

论述聚乙烯醇（PVA）改性机理和改性PVA涂布复合的生产工艺。结果表明，改性PVA实现了不用预涂布锚固剂，在PE上直接涂布复合的先进工艺，简化了生产工艺，降低了生产成本，和未改性PVA比较湿态性能明显提高，阻氧性能达到国际先进水平。     

振动注浆法研制刚玉──莫来石匣钵

本文对振动注浆法生产工艺条件进行了初步探讨，摸索到了适用于此生产工艺的刚玉—莫来石匣钵配方，从而研制出高温性能优良的刚玉—莫来石匣钵。     

软锰矿—硫铁矿制取锰盐并产产化学二氧化锰研究

研究了软锰矿和硫铁矿硫酸浸取制备硫酸锰，碳酸锰和化学二氧化锰（CMD）的生产工艺和条件，讨论了原料配比，矿粉粒度，硫酸用量，温度、时间、溶液PH等诸多因素对锰的回收率和产物性能的影响，得到比较成熟的生产工艺条件，产物的纯度大于98％，研究了所得二氧化锰的晶型和放电性能，放电性能已达到了电池材料的使用标准。     

氯化石蜡—70的合成应用进展

介绍了氯化石蜡的性能，应用，市场开发，与水相法的生产工艺。     

异丙基萘系列产品的生产与应用

叙述了异丙基萘系列产品的生产工艺，用途和性能     

石英陶瓷电气绝缘材料

阐述了石英陶瓷电气绝缘制品的生产工艺基础，介绍了其主要理化性能和电气性能，以及制品的主要用途。     

新戊二醇的合成与应用

介绍了新戊二醇的生产工艺、性能，国内外应用，产需概况。     

PEN树脂的合成与应用进展

介绍了PEN树脂的性能，生产工艺，应用及市场开发前景。     

Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells,Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC₄, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.     

Hydrocarbon components of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly sex pheromone

The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed.     

抗菌防腐剂（Ⅰ）—抗菌防腐剂的历史、定义与分类

简要回顾了抗菌防腐剂的发展历程,进一步明确了杀菌剂,抑菌剂,抗菌剂,防腐剂,防霉剂,消毒剂,杀生剂,保鲜剂,抗生素的概念。同时,结合抗菌防腐剂的发展在对抗菌防腐剂按无机物,有机物和天然物分类的基础上,进一步又按化学结构和官能团将抗菌剂分为有机金属,有机卤代物,醇,酚,醚,醛,酮,醌,酸,酯,含氮类,含硫类,有机磷,有机砷类以及杂环类等。     

典型过程强化技术在纳米材料制备中的应用进展

纳米材料被誉为21世纪的新材料,广泛应用于化工、电子、国防、陶瓷等领域.传统的纳米材料制备方法面临粒径控制较困难、批次间重复性差,存在放大效应等不足.过程强化技术是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,旨在通过在生产过程中采用新工艺、新设备等手段,实现缩减操作单元、减小设备体积、提高生产能力及能量利用效率的目的,是实现...     

Low-molecular weight organic compositions of acid waters from vegetable oil soapstocks

Alkaline extracts (soapstocks) from canola, corn, cottonseed, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oil refining were acidified, and identities and concentrations of the low-molecular weight organic components of the resulting acid waters were determined by gas chromatography, followed by mass spectroscopy, and by high-performance liquid chromatography. The main components of each acid water sample, in order of decreasing concentration and after omitting the fermentation product lactic acid, were phosphoric acid, α-glycerophosphate, and glycerol from canola;myo-inositol, phosphoric acid, α-glycerophosphate andmyo-inositol-1-phosphate from corn; glycerol, α-glycerophosphate,myo-inositol-1-phosphate, and β-glycerophosphate from cottonseed; phosphoric acid, glycerol, andmyo-inositol from peanut; α-glycerophospho-1-myo-inositol,myo-inositol-1-phosphate, α-glycerophosphate, and glycerol from soybean; and α-glycerophosphate, glycerol,myo-inositol-1-phosphate, and β-glycerophosphate from sunflower.     

Fruit and Vegetables Disinfection at SAMRO,Ltd. Using Hygienic Packaging by Means of Ozone and UV Radiation

At the SAMRO AG plant in Burgdorf, Switzerland, the Ventafresh technology has been adopted for cleaning, disinfecting, and storage of potatoes. Ventafresh technologies include washing raw potatoes with ozone-containing water, then treatment with UV radiation in a specially designed “disinfection tunnel”. Ozone wash water disinfects the potatoes while field detritus is removed. UV radiation continues the disinfection and simultaneously destroys remaining ozone. After being processed in the Ventafresh tunnel, cleansed and disinfected potatoes are stored in a clean warehouse at high humidity in an atmosphere containing a lower concentration of ozone. When ready for marketing, the stored potatoes are washed with ozone/water, dried and graded, then washed in another bath with ultrasound and UV radiation, washed again in ozone/water, passed through a tunnel while being exposed to UV radiation (185 and 254 nm), passed through a bath of electrolyzed water, through another UV tunnel, packaged in a nitrogen?+?CO₂ atmosphere, and distributed. The process is applicable to all root vegetables, plus root celery and asparagus, and also to certain fruits (apples, pears, kiwis, tomatoes, and Sharon fruits).     

面向健康产业应用需求的膜技术与膜材料

健康产业发展潜力巨大,其中,医药、医疗和保健行业占有重要地位,但其面临医药资源利用率低、生产工艺污染严重、高端产品依赖进口、质量标准体系不完善等制约因素。将膜分离技术应用于医药、医疗和保健行业,解决发展面临的诸多问题,对于推进我国健康产业发展将发挥重要作用。鉴于国内外尚无针对膜技术应用于健康产业进展的相关文献报道,本文针对面向健康产业应用的膜技术及膜材料进展进行了综述,探讨了健康产业应用对膜材料提出的要求及标准,重点研究了微滤、超滤、反渗透、纳滤、膜生物反应器、渗透汽化、气体分离、人工脏器等膜材料现状,分析了制约其发展的关键问题并提出相关建议,以期为相关部门及行业人员提供参考。     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

从废旧高温合金的硫酸浸出渣中浸出分离钨钼铼

对废旧高温合金硫酸浸出残渣选择HCl-FeCl3-H2O2体系氧化浸出、浸出后加入NaOH调节溶液pH值,使钨、钼、铼与铌、钽等分离,研究了反应时间、反应温度、HCl用量、FeCl3用量、H2O2用量对钨、钼、铼浸出率的影响. 结果表明,该体系能充分浸出渣中钨、钼、铼3种金属,添加FeCl3可提高钼在盐酸溶液中的浸出率. 在浸出温度70℃、浸出时间5 h、FeCl3用量100 g/L、H2O2用量10 mL/g及HCl初始用量10 mL/g的条件下,钨、钼、铼浸出率分别大于97%, 86%, 91%.     

Comparative Study of Approaches based on the Taguchi and ANOVA for Optimising the Leaching of Copper–Cobalt Flotation Tailings

Approaches based on Taguchi and analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods have been proposed for studying the leaching of copper–cobalt flotation tailings. Taguchi method was used to determine the optimum leaching conditions as well the most influential operating parameters. ANOVA was used to determine the relationship between the experimental conditions and yield levels, as well as to define the significances of parameters on the leaching yields. An L₂₅(5⁵) orthogonal array experimental plan was used to assess the effects of initial acidity (25, 50 , 75, 100, and 125?g/L), leaching time (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150?min), temperature (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65°C), pulp density (S/L?=?10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 solid percent), and ferrous iron concentration (0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5?g/L) on individual dissolution of Cu and Co. Under the optimum conditions (50?g/L, 60?min, 45°C, 15%, 2.5?g/L for Cu; and 100?g/L, 60?min, 65°C, 15% and 2.5?g/L for Co), leaching yields were 95.98% Cu and 97.74% Co. pH and Fe²⁺ were found to be key influential parameters of Cu and Co, respectively.