两个新型的八结点块体单元—三维离散算子差分法

给出了弹性力学三维问题的离散算子差分法 ,讨论离散算子差分法在三维问题中的特点 ,意在为该方法的进一步发展提供依据 ,为应用弱形式进行数值求解的研究提供参考。本文从弹性力学平衡方程更为一般的弱形式出发 ,给出了含边界参数的弱形式方程。由该方程不仅可以得到有限元法 ,还可得到离散算子差分法。给出了两个八结点块体单元 ,虽然单元中位移函数是非协调的 ,不需特殊处理便可保证离散格式收敛 ,并对单元位移有十分好的反映能力。     

CONVECTION TREATMENT USING SPECTRAL ELEMENTS OF DIFFERENT ORDER

We present here our experiences with using the spectral element methodology to solve convection-dominated problems. Different polynomial approximations are used inside the spectral elements and both conforming and non-conforming interface conditions are investigated. The three spectral element methods that we explore can all be considered to be special cases of the more general mortar element method. We compare the methods for solving incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems. Particular attention is given to the convection treatment. The numerical results can be strongly dependent upon whether a conforming or a non-conforming method is used as well as the particular form of the discrete convection operator (convective form versus skew-symmetric form).     

DISCRETE GRADIENT METHOD FOR IMAGE-BASED BIOMECHANICAL STRESS ANALYSIS 1)

介绍一种可用于计算生物力学的离散梯度方法,此方法可利用离散的点云模型直接进行数值模拟分析而不需要传统的几何模型。将离散梯度法应用于点云模型需要首先确定模型中点之间的相邻关系和每个点所分配的材料体积,然后通过用广义的有限差分的形式定义了梯度插值向量,并以此向量来近似函数在每个离散点上的梯度。从弱形式出发,推导建立了适用于弹性固体大变形问题的求解器,并具有和有限元法中双线性四边形单元一致的准确性和收敛性。着重描述了一种可以从医学图像中快速提取材料点并建立点云模型的方法,以及利用三角划分和重心划分确定材料点之间的相邻关系和每个材料点体积的具体过程。通过腹主动脉瘤膨胀的静力学模拟分析,展示了离散梯度法的实用性和准确性。该算法实现了基于医学图像进行生物力学分析的过程自动化,为病体特异性的研究和治疗提供便利和实用的工具。     

Structural stability and failure analysis using peridynamic theory

The peridynamic theory has been successfully utilized for damage prediction in many problems. However, the elastic stability of structures has not been studied using the peridynamic theory. Therefore, this paper investigates the elastic stability of simple structures to determine buckling characteristics of the peridynamic theory by considering two sets of problems. The first set of problems involves rectangular columns under compression to find the effects of the cross-sectional area and boundary conditions on buckling load. The second set involves rectangular plates under a uniform temperature load to establish the effects of plate dimensions and material properties on the critical buckling temperature. The predictions of the peridynamic theory agree with those published in the literature. The solution method is based on reducing the peridynamic equations of motion to discrete forms by using collocation points. These discrete equations are then solved using adaptive dynamic relaxation. Furthermore, perturbation method using geometrical imperfections is utilized to trigger lateral displacements in the numerical solutions.     

Solution of Dynamic Problems for Thin-Walled Structural Elements with Nonuniform Dynamic Boundary Conditions

The characteristics of the stress–strain state of thin-walled structural elements are determined in the case where dynamic boundary loads or displacements described by pulse functions are specified. A general scheme for realization of the method of natural-mode expansion is stated as applied to differential equations with unknown functions of one spatial coordinate and time. Theoretical relations for rods, plates, and shells are given. The potential of the approach developed is illustrated by solving specific problems     

Solution of problems on the stress state of rotating anisotropic hollow cylinders that are nonuniform in the circumferential direction

A new approach is proposed to determining the stress-strain state of a rotating cylinder with elastic characteristics that vary in the radial and circumferential directions. Problems of this type are solved by expanding the stresses and the displacements into Fourier series, leading to a resolvent system of ordinary differential equations of a high order. The loads in these equations are given with allowance for the radial displacements. The problems are solved numerically by the method of discrete orthogonalization. As an illustration, specific problems are solved for several variants of nonuniformity of the elastic properties in the circumferential direction. S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 56–62, December, 1999.     

P-FEMOL ANALYSIS OF PLATE BENDING PROBLEMS

In this paper,the p-version of the finite element method of lines(FEMOL) for the analysis of the Mindlin-Reissner plate bending problems is presentedand a class of p-FEMOL elements with polynomial degrees as high as nine isdeveloped.Numerical examples given in this paper show tremendous performance ofthe present method;namely,rapid convergence rate,high accuracy for bothdisplacements and stress resultants,removal of shear-locking trouble,capability ofdealing with difficult problems such as the boundary layer behavior near a free edgeand stress concentration around a hole.     

Multi-periodic boundary conditions and the Contact Dynamics method

For investigating the mechanical behavior of granular materials by means of the discrete element approach, it is desirable to be able to simulate representative volume elements with macroscopically homogeneous deformations. This can be achieved by means of fully periodic boundary conditions such that stresses or displacements can be applied in all space directions. We present a general framework for periodic boundary conditions in granular materials and its implementation more specifically in the Contact Dynamics method.     

On the fundamental equations of electromagnetoelastic media in variational form with an application to shell/laminae equations

The fundamental equations of elasticity with extensions to electromagnetic effects are expressed in differential form for a regular region of materials, and the uniqueness of solutions is examined. Alternatively, the fundamental equations are stated as the Euler–Lagrange equations of a unified variational principle, which operates on all the field variables. The variational principle is deduced from a general principle of physics by modifying it through an involutory transformation. Then, a system of two-dimensional shear deformation equations is derived in differential and fully variational forms for the high frequency waves and vibrations of a functionally graded shell. Also, a theorem is given, which states the conditions sufficient for the uniqueness in solutions of the shell equations. On the basis of a discrete layer modeling, the governing equations are obtained for the motions of a curved laminae made of any numbers of functionally graded distinct layers, whenever the displacements and the electric and magnetic potentials of a layer are taken to vary linearly across its thickness. The resulting equations in differential and fully variational, invariant forms account for various types of waves and coupled vibrations of one and two dimensional structural elements as well. The invariant form makes it possible to express the equations in a particular coordinate system most suitable to the geometry of shell (plate) or laminae. The results are shown to be compatible with and to recover some of earlier equations of plane and curved elements for special material, geometry and/or effects.     

二维弹性接触问题的接触面单元法

本文基于虚功原理，推导了二维接触面单元的刚度矩阵，并引进预留单元的概念，避免了接触过程中由于接触面变化，节点和单元需要重新编号的麻烦。采用位移和应力联合控制的增量法控制加载过程，文中给出考题验证计算方法的有效性，并给出本文方法在汽检轮机中根与轮缘接触问题中的应用实例。     

一维连续体释放和回收过程的构形计算

一维连续体的释放和回收过程由时变的动力学方程描述。将一维连续体离散为有限单元,建立其时变自由度的高维离散动力学模型。通过重新划分单元,重置系统质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵,以及位移和荷载向量,并基于改进的有限差分法,提出了一维连续体释放和回收过程的一种构形计算方法。以柔性索的面内运动为例,计算了其释放和回收过程的动力学构形,实...     

Computation of super-convergent nodal stresses of timoshenko beam elements by EEP method

The newly proposed element energy projection (EEP) method has been applied to the computation of super-convergent nodal stresses of Timoshenko beam elements. Generalformul as based on element projection theorem were derived and illustrative numerical examples using two typical elements were given. Both the analysis and examples show that EEP method also works very well for the problems with vector function solutions. The EEP method gives super-convergent nodal stresses, which are well comparable to the nodal displacements in terms of both convergence rate and error magnitude. And in addition, it can overcome the “ shear locking“ difficulty for stresses even when the displacements are badly affected. This research paves the way for application of the EEP method to general onedimensional systems of ordinary differential equations.     

薄板弯曲问题的一种弱形式离散算子解法

本文得出了薄板弯曲问题控制微分方程弱形式,弱形式中已含界参数,由这个方程可以方便地得出薄板弯曲问题的数值求解格式和边界条件的处理方法,有限元法只是它的一个特殊情况。本文导出一种离散格式,它对不再要求Ｃ＾１连续的位移函数能给出较高的计算精度。     

Mixed-mode thermal stress intensity factors from the finite element discretized symplectic method

A finite element discretized symplectic method is introduced to find the thermal stress intensity factors (TSIFs) under steady-state thermal loading by symplectic expansion. The cracked body is modeled by the conventional finite elements and divided into two regions: near and far fields. In the near field, Hamiltonian systems are established for the heat conduction and thermoelasticity problems respectively. Closed form temperature and displacement functions are expressed by symplectic eigen-solutions in polar coordinates. Combined with the analytic symplectic series and the classical finite elements for arbitrary boundary conditions, the main unknowns are no longer the nodal temperature and displacements but are the coefficients of the symplectic series after matrix transformation. The TSIFs, temperatures, displacements and stresses at the singular region are obtained simultaneously without any post-processing. A number of numerical examples as well as convergence studies are given and are found to be in good agreement with the existing solutions.     

弹塑性力学问题的虚单元法

具有有限差分法特征的虚单元法，可视为是有限元法向任意多边形单元的扩展。在材料细观力学性能表征、非均质材料力学分析等非线性问题方面，传统的弹塑性有限元法具有网格数目多、效率低下等不足之处，而虚单元法使网格划分更加灵活，为材料的弹塑性力学分析等非线性问题提供了新的思路。基于增量法弹塑性力学原理和双线性投影算子，建立了弹塑性力学问题的虚单元法求解技术，提出了弹塑性力学问题虚单元法的应力更新方案，研究了弹性力学问题虚单元法的精度和收敛性，讨论了虚单元法求解弹塑性力学问题的网格依赖性。同时，开展了任意多边形和凹多边形单元的数值试验研究，结果表明，虚单元法无须分割多边形，仅需节点自由度便可求得单元刚度矩阵和应力等效荷载，程序实现简单，计算精度高，改善了传统有限元的网格依赖性和塑性区的网格奇异性。     

平面梁单元的单元复合技术及应用

深入分析了平面梁单元内任一点的位移,根据位移协调条件,利用虚功原理建立了在母梁单元上增加并复合子梁单元的方法,能够比较方便、准确地模拟工程结构中构件含加劲材料、构件截面在不同阶段变化等问题。算例验证了该方法的可行性,演示了在使用上的便利。     

The fundamental equations in finite element method of coupled thermo-elastic plane problem

The fundamental equations in finite element method for unsteady temperature field elastic plane problem are derived on the bases of variational principle of coupled thermoelastic problems. In these derivations, elastic plane is divided into three nodes triangular elements, and time interval is divided into linear time elements, in which all the variables, including displacements and temperatures at various nodal points, are varied linearly with time. Two coupled sets of linear algebraic equations of all the unknown displacements and temperatures at every nodal point in every instant (i.e. the terminal values of time elements) are obtained. They are the fundamental equations of the said problem.The total energy in elastic body not only contains the potential energy and heat energy but also contains the kinetic energy, if the rate of change of temperature field with respect to the time in thermoelastic problem is large enough. And the change of displacement is included in the equations of heat conduction. For this reason the variational principle of coupled thermoelastic problems is employed. [1] In this paper, expressions of this principle for plane problems are given. The discretization is carried on then, and Hamilton's action and the potential action of heat flow of elements are derived. Finally they are assembled, so as to get the polar value of the action. And thus the groups of linear algebraic equations in matrix form are obtained.     

Continuum-Based Shape Sensitivity Analysis for 2D Coupled Atomistic/Continuum Simulations Using Bridging Scale Decomposition

In this paper, we propose the first attempt to perform shape sensitivity analysis for two-dimensional coupled atomistic and continuum problems using bridging scale decomposition. Based on a continuum variational formulation of the bridging scale, the sensitivity expressions are derived in a continuum setting using both direct differentiation method and adjoint variable method. To overcome the issue of discontinuity in shape design due to the discrete nature of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we define design velocity fields in a way that the shape of the MD region does not change. Another major challenge is that the discrete finite element (FE) mass matrix in bridging scale is not continuous with respect to shape design variables. To address this issue, we assume an evenly distributed mass density when evaluating the material derivative of the FE mass matrix. In order to support accuracy verification of sensitivity results using overall finite difference method, we use regular-shaped finite elements and only allow shape change in one direction in our example problems, so that design perturbations can be made to the discrete FE mass matrix. However, the sensitivity formulation is sufficiently general to support irregular-shaped finite elements and arbitrary design velocity fields. The sensitivity analysis results, verified using overall finite difference method, reveal the impact of macroscopic shape design changes on microscopic atomistic responses.     

The two‐dimensional streamline upwind scheme for the convection–reaction equation

This paper is concerned with the development of the finite element method in simulating scalar transport, governed by the convection–reaction (CR) equation. A feature of the proposed finite element model is its ability to provide nodally exact solutions in the one‐dimensional case. Details of the derivation of the upwind scheme on quadratic elements are given. Extension of the one‐dimensional nodally exact scheme to the two‐dimensional model equation involves the use of a streamline upwind operator. As the modified equations show in the four types of element, physically relevant discretization error terms are added to the flow direction and help stabilize the discrete system. The proposed method is referred to as the streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin finite element model. This model has been validated against test problems that are amenable to analytical solutions. In addition to a fundamental study of the scheme, numerical results that demonstrate the validity of the method are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

离散变量结构优化设计的相对差商-遗传算法

将相对差商法(RDQA)和遗传算法(GA)结合起来,提出一个离散变量结构优化设计的有效解法———相对差商-遗传算法。3个算例结果显示出其优于相对差商法与遗传算法:(1)大大提高了遗传算法搜索全局最优解的能力及计算效率;(2)间接证明了相对差商法具有足够的逼近全局最优解的能力。