四川阿坝州藏羌汉族儿童青少年体成分分析

目的 了解四川藏、羌、汉族儿童青少年体成分状况，分析其在生长发育过程中的变化特点。方法 利用生物电流阻抗法（BIA）测定四川省阿坝藏羌自治州7～18岁藏、汉、羌族1822名男女儿童青少年的体成分。结果 男、女生瘦体重均随着年龄的增长而增加，且有显著的相关性（r=0.75）。男生的瘦体重年增加值随年龄增长呈增加趋势，女生则随年龄的增长而减少。男生体脂百分比在13．1％～22．3％之间，随着年龄的增长而减少；女生的体脂百分比在23.8％～29．8％之间，随年龄的增加而增加。羌族儿童少年的体脂百分比有高于汉族、藏族的趋势，但男生只在12，15岁时显著高于汉族，女生在12岁时显著高于藏族。结论 藏、羌、汉族儿童青少年体成分随着青春发育表现出性别和民族差异，提示性别、民族可能也是造成儿童青少年体成分差异的影响因素。     

北京市郊区青春早期学生体成分分析

目的测定北京市郊区青春早期男女生体成分,分析其年龄及性发育的变化特点。方法用双能X线吸收仪测定北京市郊区172名男生(平均年龄为13.7岁)和165名女生(平均年龄为13.5岁)的体成分,采用Tanner分期法分别评价男、女生性发育程度,询问初潮或首次遗精时问。结果男生出现首次遗精者去骨量瘦体重为4l4kg,显著高于未出现首次遗精者的35.2kg(P<0.05);体脂百分比前者为17.0%,显著低于后者的20.6%(P<0.05);骨矿物含量随着男生性发育而显著增加(P(0.05)。女生有月经初潮者去骨量瘦体重为32.4kg,显著高于未出现初潮的女生的28.3kg;前者骨矿物含量为2.01kg,显著高于后者的1.65kg;随着月经初潮的出现,体脂百分比有递增趋势,但差异无有显著性(P>0.05)。结论青春早期学生体成分随着青春发育而发生显著变化。     

天津市部分大学生体力活动水平与身体成分的相关性

探讨天津市大学生体力活动水平与身体成分的相关性,为提高大学生健康水平提供理论参考.方法 招募天津大学、天津商业大学、天津理工大学363名在校大学生为测试对象.采用InBody 520人体成分分析仪测量身体成分,采用ActiGraph-GT3X加速度计记录7d体力活动数据.运用SPSS 23.0软件分析数据.结果 男生肌肉量、去脂体重、骨骼肌、躯干肌肉量均高于女生,体脂百分比低于女生(t值分别为6.20,6.16,6.18,6.47,-3.09,P值均<0.05).男、女生每天静坐时间均为10 h,女生每天中高等体力活动时间低于男生.男、女生每天静坐时间与体脂百分比、体脂肪均呈正相关,与肌肉量、去脂体重、骨骼肌、躯干肌肉量均呈负相关(P值均<0.01);每天轻体力活动时间、每天中高等体力活动时间、日均能量消耗、每周运动次数、每周运动时间与体脂百分比、体脂肪均呈负相关,与肌肉量、去脂体重、骨骼肌、躯干肌肉量均呈正相关(P值均<0.05).结论 静坐时间过长是天津市大学生超重肥胖的危险因素,增加中等以上体力活动时间可以降低肥胖风险.     

北京市海淀区儿童青少年体成分研究

目的 了解北京市海淀区儿童青少年体成分相关指标与肥胖的关系,为中小学生肥胖早期预防与干预提供依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样法,对北京市海淀区3所中学2所小学1268名儿童青少年进行体成分测量,按照WGOC推荐的中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖分类标准将人群分为正常组、超重组及肥胖组,采用均数比较、Pearson相关分析、t检验、X<'2>检验等统计学方法.结果 在控制了年龄、性别影响后,儿童青少年的脂肪百分比,身体脂肪量、去脂肪体重、基础代谢率、身体总水分与BMI呈高度正相关性,偏相关系数r分别为0.798,0.919,0.740,0.665,0.740(P值均<0.01),电阻抗与BMI呈高度负相关(r=0.708,P<0.01);体成分相关指标值均为肥胖组>超重组>正常体重组,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).女生身体脂肪量及腹部脂肪均值大于男生,男生蛋白质和肌肉量均值大于女生,男、女生肥胖组与正常组的体成分值差异均有统计学意义.结论 不同性别儿童青少年的体成分存在差异.用体成分测量判定儿童肥胖的体脂百分含量可能更具准确性.     

青少年体成分与血压的关联性及最佳关系研究

了解青少年主要身体成分与血压之间的关联性,为降低患高血压的风险提供参考依据.方法 随机分层抽取天津市年龄在12~15岁、智力正常且无重大疾病、自愿加入研究的初中生366名,采用InBody 520人体成分分析仪测试受试者身体成分.以主要身体成分为自变量,收缩压、舒张压为因变量进行曲线拟合并筛选最优模型.结果 女生体脂百分比高于男生,去脂体重、收缩压、脉压差均低于男生(t值分别为-4.73,8.68,2.38,2.37,P值均<0.05).混合型肥胖组的收缩压、舒张压高于正常体型组(F值分别为6.59,4.78,P值均<0.01).6种拟合模型中,男生除体脂百分比与舒张压之间的二次模型的AIC值和R2值无统计学意义外,其余模型均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).女生除去脂体重与收缩压之间的三次模型,体脂百分比与舒张压的线性、对数模型,去脂体重与舒张压的线性、对数、二次、三次、复合模型的AIC值和R2值无统计学意义外,其余模型均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).除女生去脂体重与收缩压、舒张压之间的二次、幂方程满足AIC值最小和校正拟合优度R2值最大外,男、女生体脂百分比、去脂体重与收缩压、舒张压均是三次方程同时满足AIC值最小和校正拟合优度R2值最大.结论 青春期女生相较于男生更容易出现肥胖等疾病,且肥胖与血压的关系较为密切.提示有效控制体脂百分比的增长率,有利于改善体质,预防并降低患高血压的风险,促进青少年的健康成长.     

不同方法评价乌鲁木齐市新市区儿童青少年超重和肥胖及其体成分差异

目的 分析乌鲁木齐市新市区6~15岁儿童青少年体成分的发育规律及其在超重肥胖儿童青少年间的差异;探讨体重指数(BMI)及体脂两种方法评定超重肥胖的不同,对早期发现儿童青少年超重肥胖及制定改善措施提供参考。方法 2019年1月纳入乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年907人;采用儿童青少年体成分分析仪测量体成分、计算BMI-Z分值;超重肥胖评定参考WS/T586-2018。结果 6~15岁儿童青少年除男生体脂率外,男女生各体成分指标随年龄变化均存在线性趋势(P<0.05),BMI-Z评分男生高于女生(P<0.05);男生体脂百分比随年龄增长呈先上升后下降变化,女生在11岁时体脂百分比(BFP)超过男生(P<0.05)。BMI及BFP评价超重率及肥胖率分别为11.5%和9.0%、14.1%和20.5%;其中BMI正常组有7.6%和3.1%的少儿BFP评定为超重和肥胖;在BMI超重组有49.5%的少儿BFP评定为肥胖。各体成分在超重与肥胖组均高于正常组(P<0.05)。结论 儿童青少年体成分随年龄增长而增加且有性别及年龄差异;不同方法评定超重肥胖率略有不同,提示BMI评定肥胖标准易低估体脂胖肥儿童青少年;其超重和肥胖组各体成分均高于正常组。     

宝鸡市区7～18岁儿童青少年生长发育及营养状况调查分析

目的 研究宝鸡市区7～18岁儿童青少年生长发育及营养现况,为改善中小学生生长发育和营养状况提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取宝鸡市区7～18岁27 114名儿童青少年,测量身高和体重,计算体重指数(BMI)。依据2009年九省/市数据制定的标准评估营养情况。结果 除10~至12~岁,男生身高显著高于女生(P<0.05);各年龄段男生体重均显著高于女生(P<0.05);除15~、16~岁,各年龄段男生BMI值显著高于女生(P<0.05)。男生14岁、女生12岁后身高显著高于全国水平,而10岁前全国水平高于本地男、女生身高(P<0.05);男生10岁后、女生各年龄段体重均显著高于全国水平(P<0.05);各年龄段男、女生BMI均值显著高于全国水平(P<0.05)。生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦、超重和肥胖的检出率分别为2.6%、1.5%、9.1%、13.7%和8.5%,男生检出率均显著高于女生(P<0.05)。各学龄组间生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦和肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 宝鸡市区儿童青少年存在营养双重负担,超重/肥胖率高于营养不良1.6倍,应有针对性的防控。     

2000～2005年武汉市中小学生体质量超标及肥胖情况分析

目的了解武汉市中小学学生体质量超标及肥胖情况的发展趋势,预防中小学学生肥胖。方法以武汉市参加2000年及2005年全国学生体质健康状况调研的10501名7-18岁中小学生为研究对象,依据中国肥胖问题工作组于2004年公布的中国学龄儿童青少年体质量超标、肥胖筛查体重指数值分类标准对上述所有7～18岁学生逐一进行筛查,将2000年及2005年体质量超标及肥胖学生的百分比进行差异显著性u检验。结果城区学生体质量超标、肥胖的检出率均高于乡村学生;男生体质量超标及肥胖检出率均高于女生;2005年城、乡、男、女学生体质量超标及肥胖的检出率均高于2000年水平,且有低龄化趋势,城区女生在青春发育期容易出现体质量超标。结论我市应尽早从小学低年级开始就把肥胖防治列为学校卫生工作的重点。     

不同运动素质青少年体格发育水平比较

目的了解高运动素质和低运动素质青少年的身体发育特点,为制定相应的干预措施提供依据。方法凡速度、爆发力、肌耐力、耐力跑和身体柔韧性均高于同性别、同年龄组均值为高运动素质,均低于同性别、同年龄组均值为低运动素质。对7~18岁高运动素质和低运动素质青少年进行筛检,比较高运动素质和低运动素质组青少年的身体发育水平。结果高运动素质青少年检出率男生为10.76%,女生为12.59%;低运动素质检出率男生为10.48%,女生为6.40%。高运动素质青少年体重、胸围、BMI显著低于低运动素质组,肺活量/体重指数显著高于低运动素质组;低运动素质组肥胖和超重检出率显著高于高运动素质组。结论高运动素质和低运动素质青少年的身体发育水平存在明显差别,肥胖和超重是造成运动素质下降的重要原因。     

青春期学生体重指数与体脂百分比比较

目的分析青春期学生体重指数与体脂百分比的关系及对两种方法判定肥胖比较。方法用双能X线吸收仪(DEXA)测定北京市郊区171名男生(平均年龄为13.7岁)和162名女生(平均年龄为13.5岁)的体成分,计算体脂百分比(PBF),测定身高体重并计算BMI。结果女生BMI与PBF的相关系数为0.737,男生为0.671。与PBF判定肥胖的标准(女生PBF≥35%,男生PBF≥25%)相比,目前我国常用BMI判定青少年肥胖标准(BMI≥26kg/m2)特异度高达99%以上,敏感度低于30%。结论青少年BMI与PBF具有显著相关性,但我国目前常用BMI切点对于判定青少年肥胖具有较高特异性,敏感度低,用于筛查儿童青少年肥胖时,应结合皮褶厚度等指标综合评价。     

湘西州7～15岁苗族学生皮褶厚度及体成分分析

目的 了解湘西州7～15岁苗族学生皮褶厚度及体成分发育特点,为增强少数民族学生体质提供参考。方法 2019年10—11月分层整群随机抽取湘西州7～15岁苗族学生1 064名,测量身高、体重和肱三头肌皮褶(TS)、肩胛下皮褶(SS)、腹部皮褶(AS)厚度。根据长岭和Brozek公式估算体成分。结果 随着年龄的增长,苗族学生皮褶均逐渐增厚,男生13岁、女生12岁后增幅明显;各年龄组女生TS、SS与AS均厚于男生,8岁(t=2.659、2.392、2.264)、11岁(t=3.317、3.251、3.179)、13岁(t=5.196、3.943、4.651)、14岁(t=5.941、4.630、3.228)和15岁(t=4.822、4.292、3.210)年龄组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);体脂率、脂肪质量及其指数均值女生高于男生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);男女生瘦体质量及其指数年龄变化曲线逐渐上升并出现2次交叉;除男生体脂率外,体成分各指标与皮褶厚度均与年龄呈显著正相关(P<0.01);与8个族群比较,苗族男生肱三头肌皮褶厚度(9.22 mm)与内蒙达斡尔族、肩胛下皮褶厚度(7.33 mm)与怒江怒族较为接近,女生肱三头肌皮褶厚度(11.98 mm)与内蒙达斡尔族、肩胛下皮褶厚度(9.35 mm)与广东瑶族较为接近。结论 湘西州苗族农村学生皮褶厚度及体成分发育符合生长发育一般规律,皮下脂肪含量相对较少,并存在性别和年龄差异。     

Body composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults.

Studies in young adults have demonstrated that beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) can increase gains in strength and fat-free mass during a progressive resistance-training program. The purpose of this study was to determine whether HMB would similarly benefit 70-y-old adults undergoing a 5 d/wk exercise program. Thirty-one men (n = 15) and women (n = 16) (70 +/- 1 y) were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to receive either capsules containing a placebo or Ca-HMB (3 g/d) for the 8-wk study. Skin fold estimations of body composition as well as computerized tomography (CT) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were measured before the study and immediately after the 8-wk training program. HMB supplementation tended to increase fat-free mass gain (HMB, 0.8 +/- 0.4 kg; placebo, -0.2 +/- 0.3 kg; treatment x time, P = 0.08). Furthermore, HMB supplementation increased the percentage of body fat loss (skin fold: HMB, -0.66 +/- 0.23%; placebo, -0.03 +/- 0.21%; P = 0.05) compared with the placebo group. CT scans also indicated a greater decrease in the percentage of body fat with HMB supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in body composition can be accomplished in 70-y-old adults participating in a strength training program, as previously demonstrated in young adults, when HMB is supplemented daily.     

Changes in Body Weight and Subcutaneous Fatness Related to Smoking Habits

Body weights, skin fold thicknesses over the subscapular and triceps areas, and smoking histories were obtained on 501 male telephone workers aged 40 to 59 years and repeated five to six years later. There was a general tendency for weight and subcutaneous fat to increase over this period. Increases in weight and in subscapular fatness were most marked among persons who had stopped smoking cigarettes, but changes in fatness over the triceps area were unrelated to smoking patterns. Changes In body weight correlated belter with changes in subscapuîar skin fold thickness than with changes in skin fold thickness over the triceps area.     

Tissue-specific lipoprotein lipase: relationships to body composition and body fat distribution in normal weight humans

Twenty-six normal weight subjects (22 female, 4 male) were studied to determine the relationships of fasting levels of lipoprotein lipase in gluteal adipose tissue (ATLPL) and skeletal muscle (SMLPL) to body composition and body fat distribution. No relationship was found between fasting gluteal ATLPL and percent (%) body fat. There was, however, an inverse relationship between fasting SMLPL (from the vastus lateralis) and %body fat (p=0.005). A strong inverse correlation was also seen between fasting ATLPL and waist/hip ratio (p=0.0006), a measurement of body fat distribution. These relationships existed with or without the male subjects included. The tissue-specific relationships of lipoprotein lipase to body composition and body fat distribution could relate to the development of obesity or the maintenance of normal body weight by the effects of the lipase on the partitioning of lipoprotein triglyceride fatty acids.     

Resting energy expenditure and plasma leptin levels in anorexia nervosa during acute refeeding

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in plasma leptin levels and resting energy expenditure (REE) during short-term refeeding of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: This was a longitudinal study of 21 women meeting the DSM-IV criteria for AN who were admitted to the hospital for renutrition. Height, weight, percent body fat (assessed by skin fold thickness), REE (measured by indirect calorimetry), and circulating plasma leptin concentration were assessed at the time of admission and 7 days later. RESULTS: Over the course of 1 week of refeeding, body mass index (BMI) increased 0.75 +/- 0.15 kg/m(2) (p <.0001), body fat increased 0.9 +/- 0.2% (p <.0001), and REE increased 107 +/- 33 kcal/24 hr (p =.0037). The change in mean leptin levels was not statistically significant (0.45 +/- 0.44 ng/ml; p =.32). DISCUSSION: Leptin is unlikely responsible for the increase in REE observed with short-term refeeding.     

Relationship of serum leptin levels and selected nutritional parameters in patients with protein-caloric malnutrition

Leptin is a protein hormone produced by adipocytes that reflects the body fat content, i.e., its serum concentration in healthy individuals positively correlates with the body mass index and body fat content. Serum leptin levels are lower in both patients with anorexia nervosa and protein-caloric malnutrition caused by chronic non-malignant illnesses. The aim of the present study was to compare serum leptin levels and selected, routinely used nutritional parameters in women with anorexia nervosa (n = 17), severely malnourished patients with short bowel syndrome (n = 13), and control non-obese healthy women (n = 17) to clarify the relation between selected nutritional parameters and serum leptin levels. We found that serum leptin levels in the anorexia nervosa and short bowel syndrome groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (in ng/mL: 3.63 +/- 1.64 and 2.59 +/- 1.17 versus 12.06 +/- 7.59, respectively). Protein malnutrition expressed by decrease in serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, and prealbumin was more pronounced in the short bowel syndrome group. Triceps skin fold, arm muscle circumference, and body mass index were significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group and did not significantly differ between the short bowel syndrome and anorexia nervosa groups. No significant difference in serum leptin concentration between the short bowel syndrome and anorexia nervosa groups was found. Serum leptin levels correlated positively with body mass index and triceps skin fold in the control and anorexia nervosa groups but not in the short bowel syndrome group. We conclude that serum leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa and short bowel syndrome are significantly lower than in healthy individuals and have no statistically significant relation to serum total protein, abumin, and prealbumin.     

Body composition in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND: Malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa have altered body composition characterized by depletion of fat and fat-free mass. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the body composition of adolescents with anorexia nervosa compared with that of control subjects and to investigate the relation between simple anthropometric measures and reference techniques for measuring body composition. DESIGN: Twenty-three adolescent females with anorexia nervosa aged 15.46 +/- 1.34 y (x +/- SD) were studied. Body composition was measured by anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (for body fat), and prompt gamma in vivo neutron activation analysis [for total body nitrogen (TBN)]. Twenty-five female subjects provided the control DXA data. TBN measurements were compared with prediction equations based on sex, height, age, and weight. RESULTS: Anorexia nervosa patients had significantly lower weight (40.2 +/- 4.6 kg), body mass index (in kg/m(2): 15.3 +/- 1.2), percentage of body fat (DXA) (13.8 +/- 5.8%), percentage of TBN predicted for age (73 +/- 10%), trunk fat (2.1 +/- 1.0 kg), leg fat (2.6 +/- 1.1 kg), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio than did control subjects (P < 0.05). In anorexia nervosa patients, significant correlations were found between triceps skinfold thickness and percentage of body fat (r = 0.83), body mass index and percentage of body fat (r = 0.46), and body weight and TBN (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized adolescent females with anorexia nervosa are depleted of total body fat and protein. We identified 3 simple anthropometric measures (triceps skinfold thickness, BMI, and body weight) that can be used to assess body composition and nutritional status in malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa.     

2010年宁波市中小学生肥胖流行现状分析

目的通过皮褶厚度计算体脂含量的方法,了解宁波市中小学生超重和肥胖的流行现状,为改善学生营养状况和肥胖防制提供科学依据。方法采用简单随机抽样的原则,抽取在宁波市就读的7～18岁学生2 841名,其中男生1 406名,女生1 435名。采用国际通用的人体测量学方法测量学生的上臂和肩胛下皮褶厚度,并通过皮褶厚度推算体密度,计算全身体脂含量,再利用体脂含量计算肥胖率。结果 2010年宁波市中小学生体脂含量女生随着年龄增加呈现上升趋势,男生在11岁呈现高峰后随年龄下降。相同年龄段的体脂含量均是女生高于男生。除11岁年龄组外,其他年龄组差异均有统计学意义(u>1.96,P<0.05)。中小学生非肥胖、超重、轻度肥胖和中重度肥胖比例男生分别为73.8%、12.9%、6.3%和7.0%,女生分别为79.9%、13.5%、4.5%和2.1%。男女生比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=45.84,P<0.05)。结论超重和肥胖已成为中小学生的一个重要公共卫生问题,相关部门应予以重视。     

北京海淀区6~15岁儿童体成分对足底压力的影响

探讨北京市海淀区6~15岁儿童青少年足底压力与体成分的关系,为儿童少年足底压力诊断及健康管理提供依据.方法 采用随机抽样方法选取北京市海淀区北京大学附属小学和上地实验学校6~15岁健康儿童少年l000人,按实际年龄组分为10组,每组100人,其中男女各50人,进行体成分和足底压力测试.采用Pearson相关分析得出各年龄组男女少儿足底压力与体成分的相关系数.结果 男生足底所有区域峰值压强与体重、相对去脂体重呈负相关,与相对体脂肪、BMI呈正相关(P值均<0.05).男生相对峰值压力、相对接触面积在部分区域与体重、相对去脂体重和BMI呈负相关,与相对体脂肪呈正相关(P值均<0.05),在其他一些区域则相反.女生所有区域峰值压强与体重、相对体脂肪、BMI呈正相关,与相对去脂体重呈负相关(P值均<0.05).女生相对峰值压力在部分区域与体重、相对体脂肪、BMI呈负相关,与相对去脂体重呈正相关(P值均<0.05).女生相对接触面积在部分区域与体重、相对去脂体重呈负相关,与相对体脂肪、BMI呈正相关(P值均<0.05),在其他一些区域则相反.结论 健康少儿足底压力各指标的变化与体成分各指标的变化有关,且不同性别影响有差异.     

北京市西城区青春前期汉族女生体成分分析

目的 :　探讨北京市西城区汉族女生的体成分 ,以及与青春发育的关系。方法 :　用双能 X线吸收仪 (DEXA)测定 3 6 0名平均年龄为 1 0 .1岁的汉族女生的体成分 ,用 Tanner五分期法判定乳房和阴毛发育程度 ,询问月经初潮情况。结果 :　研究对象的全身骨矿物含量、瘦体重和体脂平均分别为 1 .3 4± 0 .2 0 kg、2 1 .2± 3 .5 kg和 1 0 .9± 4.5 kg(x± s) ,体脂百分比平均为 (3 1 .9± 8.0 ) %;随着乳房发育分期增加 ,其全身骨矿物含量、瘦体重、体脂以及体脂百分比均显著增加(P<0 .0 5 ) ,随月经初潮出现也呈类似趋势 ,但随着阴毛发育上述趋势并不显著。结论 :　青春前期女生体成分随青春发育发生显著变化。