甲状舌管囊肿的CT诊断

目的:探讨甲状舌管囊肿的CT表现及病理基础。方法:分析14例甲状舌管囊肿的临床、CT表现及病理资料。结果:甲状舌管囊肿CT表现为圆形、扁圆形的囊性占位,大多数居于中线,可偏于一侧,本组14例中10例居于中线,3例偏于右侧,1例偏于左侧;10例囊壁均匀、光整,增强后无强化,纤维性囊壁镜下可见淋巴样组织;4例壁增厚,增强后有强化,其中3例镜下可见炎性细胞浸润,1例发现乳头状腺癌细胞。结论:CT对甲状舌管囊肿可做出定性诊断。     

儿童不典型甲状舌管囊肿的CT和MRI诊断

[目的]探讨不典型甲状舌管囊肿的CT和MRI表现,以提高对本病的认识.[方法]回顾性分析11例经手术和病理证实的不典型甲状舌管囊肿的临床表现和CT、MRI征象,并与手术和病理对照研究.7例行MRI检查,4例行CT扫描.[结果]11例均表现为颈前区偏于一侧的巨大类圆形囊性肿块,囊壁增厚、毛糙,其中5例囊内可见气液平面,1例囊内可见分隔影,1例表现为多发性囊肿.4例CT平扫呈稍低密度,MRI平扫6例T1WI呈稍低信号,1例呈等信号,7例T2WI及抑脂像均呈高信号.增强扫描增厚囊壁可见强化,囊内无强化.[结论]发现偏于颈前区一侧巨大囊性肿块伴囊内气液平面、囊内分隔影、多发性囊肿等CT和MRI表现时,应考虑甲状舌管囊肿的诊断.     

甲状腺舌管囊肿的超声诊断

目的　探讨甲状腺舌管囊肿的超声及病理基础。方法　分析2 0例甲状舌管囊肿的临床、超声表现及病理资料。结果　甲状腺舌管囊肿超声表现为圆形、椭圆形的囊性肿块,大多数位于中线,也可偏于一侧;15例囊肿内为无回声区,囊壁均匀、光滑,后方回声增强,5例内部为弱回声,囊壁均匀光滑。结论　超声对甲状腺舌管囊肿的定性具有较好的诊断价值。     

常见体表肿物的诊治——第10讲 颈部肿块（上）

1颈部先天性肿块 颈部先天性肿块并不少见,常见的有甲状腺舌管囊肿、腮裂囊肿、囊状水瘤等。 1．1甲状腺舌管囊肿亦称甲状舌骨囊肿,为先天性疾病。位于颈前正中线,是颈前中线常见的囊肿,与舌骨关系密切,常可继发感染形成瘘管。     

小儿甲状舌管囊肿的超声诊断价值

目的 探讨甲状舌管囊肿的声像图特征及超声诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析64例超声诊断为甲状舌管囊肿的声像图特征，并与手术结果对照。结果 64例中，经手术病理证实为甲状舌管囊肿62例。超声明确显示甲状舌管31例，显示肿块与舌骨直接关系45例。超声诊断符合率96.9%(62/64)。结论 超声诊断甲状舌管囊肿具有很高的临床价值，尤其是当发现残留甲状舌管时，即可确诊。     

甲状舌管囊肿及其癌变的超声图像与病理对照的研究

目的回顾分析甲状舌管囊肿及其癌变的超声图像,结合病理组织学特点,总结甲状舌管囊肿及其癌变的超声图像特点,提高诊断准确率。方法回顾我院术后病理证实的216例甲状舌管囊肿患者,术后病理证实的6例甲状舌管癌患者,结合病理分析其超声声像图特点。结果甲状舌管囊肿超声表现大致可分为三类:(1)囊肿型(占94.4%);(2)囊实型(占3.7%);(3)实性不均质型(占1.39%)。甲状舌管癌的超声表现是以囊性为主的囊实性结节。本研究甲状舌管癌的发病率约5.3‰。结论甲状舌管囊肿绝大多数呈囊性表现。囊实性、囊壁内乳头状结节、微钙化,是甲状舌管囊肿癌变的超声特点。     

小儿甲状舌骨囊肿、甲状舌骨瘘超声表现

目的总结小儿甲状舌骨囊肿、甲状舌骨瘘超声表现,探讨超声检查对小儿甲状舌骨囊肿、甲状舌骨瘘的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析北京儿童医院2005-2012年收治的142例经手术及病理证实的甲状舌骨囊肿及甲状舌骨瘘患儿,总结其超声声像图特点。结果本组142例患儿,超声诊断为甲状舌骨囊肿128例。超声表现为颈前无回声或回声不均匀的细密中等回声囊性包块,后壁回声增强,囊壁大多数较薄,与舌骨关系密切,伴或不伴有深方的窦道,如囊肿伴有感染,囊壁增厚,周围软组织回声增强;囊肿范围从舌根至胸骨上窝,大部分位于颈中线水平。95例超声表现为单一囊肿,呈类圆形;33例囊肿形态不规则并伴有向深方延伸的窦道,其中13例向舌骨后缘延伸,20例向口底方向延伸;超声检查发现瘘道10例,表现为颈部软组织内细条状低回声,其中6例向舌骨方向延伸,2例向口底延伸,2例延伸至甲状腺前方。另外4例表现为颈前低回声区,无囊腔或瘘道结构,分别为小囊肿及瘘道感染后改变。结论超声检查可清晰显示囊肿及窦道大小、位置、内部回声及与舌骨关系,是诊断小儿甲状舌骨囊肿、甲状舌骨瘘首选方法。     

甲状舌管囊肿超声影像特征与病理对照研究

目的 分析甲状舌管囊肿的超声影像特征,与病理组织学比较,探讨其超声成像的病理基础,提高诊断甲状舌管囊肿的准确率.方法 应用高频探头彩超对颈部包块进行检查,分析105例经手术后病理证实的甲状舌管囊肿位置、形态、大小、边界、囊壁厚薄、内部回声特点、后方回声有无增强,与甲状舌骨的关系、彩色多普勒血流信号及病理资料.结果 肿块位于甲状舌骨水平及其上下,随吞咽运动而移动,囊壁厚薄不一,部分可有分隔,囊内回声呈现多样性,大致可分为4种:(1)单纯液性无回声区33例(31.4％),后方回声增强;(2)囊内为细密点状回声49例(占46.7％),囊内见稠密不一的细密点状回声,轻压探头可滚动,后方回声增强;(3)囊内除细密点状回声外尚有强回声斑后方伴彗星尾征12例(占11.4％);(4)囊内为类实性11例(占10.5％),探头加压后囊内点状回声可见轻微移动,后方回声增强不明显;所有包块彩色多普勒显示均无血流信号.结论 依据包块的部位、与甲状舌骨的关系、超声影像特征、内无血流信号,超声诊断甲状舌管囊肿具有较高的准确性,可为手术治疗提供重要信息.     

颌面部肿块的超声诊断与鉴别诊断

颌面部软组织囊肿1.甲状舌管囊肿病理：为胎儿发育期甲状舌管退化不全，残存上皮的分泌物聚积而成。囊肿壁薄，内面光滑，囊腔内有清亮液体或粘液，如伴感染则为脓性渗出物。临床表现：囊肿多见于1～10岁儿童，发生于颈中线，可位于舌百孔至胸骨切这间的任何部位，但以舌骨上、下部最为常见。囊肿多呈圆形，边界清楚，与周围组织无粘连，触之柔软，随伸舌或吞咽动作而上下移动。六家用：囊肿外形规则，体积小（l～Zcm），包膜回声较弱，内为液性暗区，后回声可增强，有蒂者可见囊肿与舌骨深面有管道样液性暗区相通（图1，见80页）。合并感…     

甲状舌管囊肿及瘘管的手术治疗及疗效分析

目的：探讨甲状舌管囊肿及甲状舌管瘘的手术治疗，分析术后复发的原因及预防措施。方法：回顾性分析1981年1月-2002年12月我院收治的甲状舌管囊肿患者73例，甲状舌管瘘患者10例。共有78例病变位于舌骨下方，5例位于舌骨上方至颏下之间。10例作了单纯囊肿切除，6例作了包括舌骨骨膜的切除，67例作了Sistrumk手术。结果：65例得到随访，复发8例，复发率12．3％。结论：Sistrumk手术是治疗甲状舌管囊肿(瘘)的有效术式，切除舌骨中段1．0-1．5cm，追踪处理到盲端，才能防止复发。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。