美罗培南治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的比较美罗培南与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的有效性和安全性. 方法采用随机对照设计,观察美罗培南与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗60例呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床疗效和不良反应. 结果美罗培南组30例,治疗有效率为90.0%,细菌清除率为83.3%;亚胺培南/西司他丁组30例,治疗有效率为86.7%,细菌清除率为82.1%;两组间差异无显著性;两组不良反应发生率均为6.7%.结论美罗培南治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎与亚胺培南/西司他丁相当,安全高效.     

亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗重症医院获得性肺炎感染的临床效果分析

目的探讨将亚胺培南/西司他丁用于重症医院获得性肺炎感染的治疗中的效果,旨在为临床治疗该疾病提供参考。方法选择本院2016年5月至2019年5月收治的80例重症医院获得性肺炎感染的患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(n=40例)与观察组(n=40例),对照组给予哌拉西林/他唑巴坦治疗,观察组给予亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗。对比两组患者治疗总有效率、细菌清除效果及细菌再感染情况。结果治疗结束后,观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组(97.50%vs.80.00%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.507,P=0.013);治疗结束后,观察组细菌清除效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论将亚胺培南/西司他丁用于重症医院获得性肺炎感染的治疗中,能够显著提高细菌清除效果,治疗效果显著,值得推广应用。     

亚胺培南/西司他丁预防造血干细胞移植早期感染的疗效分析

目的 探讨亚胺培南/西司他丁（泰能）预防造血干细胞移植早期感染的疗效。方法16例患者在全环境保护下,当外周血白细胞<0.5×109/L时,用亚胺培南/西司他丁0.5静滴,每日3次,3～7 d,监测患者体表及层流室内细菌分布情况,观察病情。结果 16例患者中1例在+4d（用亚胺培南/西司他丁的第1天）发生感染,感染率为 6.25％,且继续用药后感染被控制。结论 短期使用亚胺培南/西司他丁预防造血干细胞移植早期感染可获得好的效果。     

亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗重症医院获得性肺炎临床观察

目的探讨亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗重症医院获得性肺炎的临床效果,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法选择2011年1月-2015年1月80例重症医院获得性肺炎患者,按照数字表法随机分为观察组与对照组,各40例;观察组使用亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗,对照组使用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦治疗,对比两组患者治疗有效率及细菌清除率,数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析。结果观察组患者治疗有效率为85.00%,明显高于对照组的65.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组细菌清除率为68.18%,对照组为60.00%,两组比较差异无统计学意义。结论亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗重症医院获得性肺炎临床效果好,优于哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。     

美罗培南治疗医院感染的临床研究

目的评价美罗培南治疗医院感染的临床疗效和安全性. 方法选择中、重度医院感染患者,治疗组给予美罗培南0.5 g,q8h,静脉滴注;对照组给予亚胺培南/西司他丁1.0 g,q8h,静脉滴注;两药疗程均为7～10 d. 结果美罗培南组和亚胺培南/西司他丁组的临床痊愈率分别为48.5%和54.8%;临床有效率分别为81.8%和87.1%;细菌清除率分别为90.0%和86.4%;不良反应发生率分别为9.1%和6.5%;以上指标差异均无显著性(P>0.05). 结论美罗培南治疗医院感染是有效和安全的,与亚胺培南/西司他丁相比差异无显著性.     

亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素对下呼吸道感染患者治疗效果研究

目的探讨亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素对ICU重症获得性下呼吸道感染患者治疗效果。方法回顾性分析ICU重症获得性下呼吸道感染70例患者临床资料,其中36例采用亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素治疗为观察组,其余34例采用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦联合左氧氟沙星沙星治疗为对照组,比较两组患者7d后治疗效果,并比较两组症状缓解时间、治愈时间、住院费用及不良反应。结果观察组有效率为91.67%,明显高于对照组的70.59%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组症状缓解时间及治愈时间较对照组短,但住院费用明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为22.22%,明显高于对照组的11.76%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论亚胺培南/西司他丁联合去甲万古霉素对ICU重症获得性下呼吸道感染患者治疗显效较快、治愈时间短,但是住院费用相应增高、不良反应较多,需要临床工作中加以重视。     

亚胺培南/西司他丁对重症肺炎的降阶梯治疗疗效分析

目的观察亚胺培南/西司他丁(TPM)对重症肺炎降阶梯治疗的疗效.方法将急诊入住ICU的32例重症肺炎分为两组:一组入院前静脉未给予抗菌药物(未治疗组,15例);另一组入院前曾静脉应用抗菌药物但无效者(已治疗组,17例),入院后均接受静脉用亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗,观察疗效及转归.结果两组在年龄、治疗前合并心、肾等脏器功能不全和呼吸机依赖等病理特征差异无明显性(P＞0.05),但未治疗组发病时间较短、呼吸衰竭程度更严重(P＜0.05);接受亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗后,未治疗组所需机械通气时间和住ICU时间比已治疗组明显缩短(P＜0.05);未治疗组的总有效率为80%,已治疗组为47%(P＜0.05).结论经验性治疗将亚胺培南/西司他丁作为重症肺炎起始用药,可防止病情迅速恶化,随后根据病原学及临床效果换用针对性抗菌药物的降阶梯疗法有其合理性.     

亚胺培南/西司他丁和美罗培南治疗机械通气患者痰分离铜绿假单胞菌的耐药风险差异

目的了解亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南治疗机械通气患者多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的耐药情况及药物疗效。 方法选取某院2010年1月-2015年12月痰培养为耐药铜绿假单胞菌的78例机械通气患者,分为亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗组（44例）和美罗培南治疗组（34例）,比较两组患者的基础状况,细菌对所用抗菌药物产生耐药的时间,以及药物疗效差异。 结果两组患者的基础资料具有可比性,应用亚胺培南/西司他丁和美罗培南治疗前,两组患者分离的铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类、头孢他啶、哌拉西林、阿米卡星的耐药情况比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。应用抗菌药物治疗至第6天,亚胺培南治疗组和美罗培南治疗组患者对所使用的抗菌药物耐药率（22.73% vs 8.82%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗至第8、10、12天,亚胺培南治疗组耐药率分别为40.91%、77.27%、97.73%,均高于美罗培南治疗组（分别为17.65%、32.35%、44.12%;均P<0.05）。不同抗菌药物治疗后铜绿假单胞菌产生耐药的平均时间：亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗组为9.0 d,美罗培南治疗组为13.5 d。两组患者疗效（64.71% vs 74.19%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.41）。结论应用亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗机械通气患者多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染发生耐药的风险高于美罗培南,治疗第7天两组患者药物疗效无明显差异。     

单一与联合用药对机械通气感染铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性差异及疗效比较

目的 分析单一用药与联合用药对机械通气患者下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌产生耐药的风险差异,为临床治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染提供参考依据.方法 2007年1月-2011年6月92例痰培养为非多药耐药的铜绿假单胞菌的机械通气患者,单独使用头孢他啶治疗或头孢他啶联合阿米卡星治疗,观察两组患者耐药性产生的差异,同时以肺部感染评分监测两组患者感染控制状况.结果 92例患者中43例单独使用头孢他啶治疗,49例使用头孢他啶联合阿米卡星抗感染治疗;单因素分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分≥16分,分离出铜绿假单胞菌前1周内使用过亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗,是产生耐药性改变的高危因素(P＜0.05);logistic多元回归分析显示,分离出铜绿假单胞菌前1周接受亚胺培南治疗是产生耐药性变化的独立危险因素;以肺部感染评分监测两组患者感染控制状况显示,联合用药组感染控制明显好于单独用药组.结论 与单一用药相比,联合用药并不减少铜绿假单胞耐药风险,治疗前应用亚胺培南/西司他丁可以增加耐药风险,联合用药的感染控制明显优于单一用药.     

亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗重症医院获得性肺炎的临床效果分析

目的 探讨将亚胺培南/西司他丁用于重症医院获得性肺炎感染的治疗中的效果,旨在为临床治疗该疾病提供参考。方法 选择我院2016年5月—2019年5月收治的80例重症医院获得性肺炎感染者为本次研究对象,按随机对照原则分成对照组(n=40例)与观察组(n=40例),对照组给予哌拉西林/他唑巴坦治疗,观察组给予亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗。对比两组患者治疗总有效率、细菌清除效果。结果 治疗后,与对照组相比,观察组治疗总有效率较高(97.50% VS 80.00%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.507,P=0.013);与对照组相比,观察组细菌清除效果较高(97.50% VS 75.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 将亚胺培南/西司他丁用于重症医院获得性肺炎感染的治疗中,能够明显提高细菌清除效果,治疗效果显著,值得推广应用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.