微波法合成Pt/碳气凝胶催化剂的电催化性能研究

以甲醛和间苯二酚为原料,经聚合凝胶,溶剂置换,常压干燥和高温煅烧制备了碳气凝胶(CA),以其为催化剂的载体,利用间歇式微波法制备了Pt/碳气凝胶催化剂。利用电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP)测定了催化剂中Pt的含量,通过透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂的形貌和颗粒粒度进行了表征,结果表明采用碳气凝胶为载体以微波法制备的催化剂粒子分布均匀,电化学测试表明采用碳气凝胶为载体制备的催化剂比以活性炭为载体的催化剂有更大的催化活性。     

Co修饰的碳载Pt纳米粒子催化剂的制备与表征

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极需要使用高活性的电催化剂来加速氧还原反应(ORR)速率,而提高活性成分贵金属铂(Pt)的功能反应利用率可解决其关键问题.本工作利用过渡金属钴Co(Ⅱ)?有机框架(Co?MOF)为前驱体合成ORR催化剂载体Co/C,并采取浸渍?液相还原法负载Pt纳米粒子制备了合金Pt?Co/C催化剂.通过对样品的孔隙结构、物相结构、微观形貌等表征,证实了载体Co/C具有较大的比表面积和相互连通的分级介孔结构,其独特的形貌、丰富的孔隙结构使负载的Pt纳米颗粒均匀分布、粒径范围窄,平均粒径约为6.8 nm.进一步对催化剂进行电化学性能评价,其电化学活性表面积(ECSA)接近于商用Pt/C催化剂的值,结果表明合金催化剂中活性成分Pt具有较高的利用率,同时还表现出载体独特的孔隙结构优势.     

介孔碳化钨负载铂催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用硬模板法制备了介孔碳化钨(m-WC), 进一步还原铂的前驱体(H2PtCl6)得到Pt/m-WC催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对样品的物相、结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明, 所制得的m-WC载体为单一的碳化钨相, 孔径为10~20 nm, Pt/m-WC催化剂中Pt的粒径约为3.4 nm, 主要以金属态形式存在, 相对比较均一的Pt纳米粒子均匀地分散在载体的表面和孔道中。电化学测试结果表明, 与普通WC载Pt催化剂(Pt/c-WC)相比, Pt/m-WC催化剂具有较大的电化学活性表面积, 对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性。     

用于质子交换膜燃料电池的高活性、高稳定性PtIrFe/C三元合金催化剂

采用催化裂解法制备了多孔碳,将其作为催化剂载体,利用液相还原和真空热处理工艺制备出PtIrFe/C三元合金催化剂。采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜等手段对样品的结构形貌进行表征。使用电化学测试手段研究了不同热处理温度对其催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,热处理带来的合金化作用使催化剂的催化活性和耐久性得到了极大的提高。经过700℃热处理的样品,其面积比活性和质量比活性分别是传统商业Pt/C催化剂的3~4倍。     

用于质子交换膜燃料电池的高活性、高稳定性PdCo/C合金催化剂

利用乙酸钴和双氰胺在不同温度下制备了碳包覆钴样品,并将其作为载体,利用液相还原法和真空热处理制备了PdCo/C合金催化剂。采用多种测试技术对样品进行了结构、形貌及组分的表征,研究了不同载体和不同热处理温度的样品的催化性能。实验结果表明,平均粒径为1.9nm的钯纳米颗粒能够均匀负载到含氮的石墨化程度较低的碳包覆钴载体上。热处理带来的合金化作用能够极大地提高催化剂的氧还原活性和稳定性,经过900℃热处理的样品其氧还原活性和稳定性都优于传统商业Pt/C催化剂。     

铁氮掺杂活性炭载体增强碳载铂基催化剂氧还原反应稳定性EI北大核心CSCD

修饰和改良载体是改善质子交换膜燃料电池阴极铂基催化剂性能的主要途径。以铁氮(FeN)掺杂活性炭(Black Pearl 2000,BP)为载体,获得负载型铂基催化剂。使用电化学方法对催化剂的氧还原反应活性以及稳定性进行测试,采用X射线衍射仪、比表面积和孔径分布测试、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱等分析手段对载体及催化剂结构进行表征。结果表明:Pt/FeN-BP催化剂与商业Pt/C催化剂的起始电位均为0.94 V,具有相当的氧还原反应初始活性;老化测试后,Pt/FeN-BP催化剂与商业Pt/C催化剂的起始电位损失分别约为10,30 mV,半波电位损失分别约为5,60 mV,Pt/FeN-BP催化剂的稳定性明显优于商业Pt/C催化剂。这是因为,铁氮掺杂碳载体具有适中的比表面积和孔径大小,Pt颗粒在载体上以小粒径的状态存在且老化测试后Pt颗粒无团聚现象,以及载体与Pt颗粒之间可能存在一定的相互作用。     

等离子体技术应用于碳载体改性及铂基催化剂制备的研究进展

铂（Pt）因具有高催化活性仍是燃料电池不可替代的主催化剂,但铂成本高、储量少,阻碍了燃料电池的商业化进程,为降低Pt金属用量,提高其催化活性,常与碳载体负载以增强Pt分散度,降低Pt粒径。研究证实,碳载体改性会进一步提升催化剂活性。等离子体具有绿色、快速等优势,在碳载体改性及催化剂制备方面得到了广泛的应用,成为目前研究的热点。然而,在等离子体改性碳载体及制备Pt基催化剂过程中,等离子体处理条件会对碳载体表面改性结构、Pt粒径分布、形貌及性能产生影响。因此,需要从等离子体改性碳载体作用机理入手,找到不同碳载体的最佳改性条件,实现对碳载体改性结构的精准控制。研究等离子体法制备Pt基催化剂同样需要对Pt纳米粒子的形核生长机理深入分析,并探究可控合成的工艺条件,实现Pt基催化剂的规模化、可控化制备,最终为Pt纳米颗粒的负载提供有效的锚点位点,提高Pt的催化活性。与此同时,等离子体实现碳载体改性及Pt基催化剂制备往往是两个独立的过程,这限制了该组合工艺规模化、产业化发展,因此考虑两个过程的协同实现也是未来的研究方向之一。近年来,等离子体在碳材料改性及Pt基催化剂制备方面取得了显著成果。在碳材料改...     

碳气凝胶载铂催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能

以用溶胶凝胶法制备的碳气凝胶(CA)作为催化剂载体,用间歇微波法制备了碳气凝胶载铂催化剂。用电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP)测定了催化剂中Pt的含量,用透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂的形貌、粒径分布以及颗粒粒度进行了表征。结果表明,碳气凝胶载铂催化剂粒子分布均匀、粒径集中,平均粒经为4 nm.用能量散射X射线能谱(EDX)分析了催化剂的化学成分,用循环伏安法、线形扫描伏安法和计时电流法对催化剂的电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,以碳气凝胶为载体的催化剂比以活性炭为载体的催化剂具有更高的催化活性。     

恒电位电沉积工艺参数对Pt-Ni合金催化剂性能的影响

与脉冲电沉积及恒流电沉积法相比,恒电位电沉积制备的电催化剂具有更优异的性能,目前很少用此法制备质子交换膜燃料电池用Pt-Ni合金催化剂。采用电化学还原法在多孔碳布及玻碳电极表面恒电位电沉积Pt-Ni合金催化剂。用X射线衍射(XRD)、能量色散谱(EDS)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对Pt-Ni合金催化剂的微观结构、组分和形貌进行了表征,并用循环伏安(CV)曲线评价了其电催化活性。研究了电沉积参数(沉积电位、电解液温度和沉积时间)对Pt-Ni合金催化剂的微观结构和电催化活性的影响。结果表明:沉积电位影响合金催化剂形核速度,引起微观结构不同,电解液温度影响着催化剂的成核和生长,沉积时间影响着Pt-Ni合金的沉积量;沉积电位为-0.35 V,电解液温度为50℃,沉积时间为15 min时,Pt-Ni合金催化剂均匀地分散于碳载体表面,粒径大约为11.9 nm,具有最大的电化学活性表面积(EASA),达44.19 m2/g,电催化活性最好。     

AuPdPt-WC/C复合材料作为直接甲醇燃料电池阴极催化剂的性能研究

本实验以碳化钨(WC)增强的Au Pd Pt-WC/C复合催化剂作为直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)的阴极催化剂,选取了各组元比例,温度为变量,测试了其作为DMFC催化剂的性能。首先,采用了间歇微波加热法(IHM)制备了纳米级的碳化钨(WC)颗粒,并采用还原法和真空干燥法制备了Au Pd Pt-WC/C复合催化剂,控制Au、Pd、Pt的比例,制备了两组催化剂。通过循环伏安扫描,线性伏安扫描等手段进行电化学测试,表征其氧还原的性能。结果显示,复合催化剂具有高于传统Pt/C催化剂的性能,并且与实验条件息息相关。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．