Bioinspired architectural design based on structural topology optimization

This paper aims to present a new approach for using structural topology optimization to evaluate and generate bioinspired architectural design. To investigate these possibilities, we present several experiments in two and three-dimensional domains under a variety of load and support conditions that are inspired by nature. These experiments are based on structural topology optimization techniques, which have shown to be viable for fostering innovative ideas to solve complex building stability problems. Moreover, these techniques enable fruitful collaborations between architects and engineers in the early stages of the design process. We compare the optimal solutions with different species of plants and animals and evaluate their potential use as a structural system through visual and quantitative analyses. Results reinforce the efficacy of using topology optimization in the development of bioinspired structures and, as such, its future use in creative design contexts.     

Centrifuge model tests on the behavior of strip footing on geotextile-reinforced slopes

This paper examines the stability of geotextile-reinforced slopes when subjected to a vertical load applied to a strip footing positioned close to the slope crest. Vertical spacing between geotextile reinforcement was varied while maintaining a constant slope angle, load position, soil density and geotextile type. Small-scale physical tests were conducted using a large beam centrifuge to simulate field prototype conditions. After the model was accelerated to 40g, a load was applied to the strip footing until slope failure occurred. Digital image analysis was performed, using photographs taken in-flight, to obtain slope displacements and strain distribution along the reinforcement layers at different loading pressures during the test and at failure. Stability analysis was also conducted and compared with centrifuge model test results. The vertical spacing between reinforcement layers has a significant impact on the stability of a reinforced slope when subjected to a vertical load. Less vertical distance between reinforcement layers allows the slope to tolerate much greater loads than layers spaced further apart. Distributions of peak strains in reinforcement layers due to the strip footing placed on the surface of the reinforced slope were found to extend up to mid-height of the slope and thereafter they were found to be negligible. Stability analysis of the centrifuge models was found to be consistent with the observed performance of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to loading applied to a strip footing near the crest.     

混凝土条形基础设计研究

混凝土条形基础受力类似于悬臂梁,墙或基础梁是其嵌固端,而向上的土压力则是作用在梁上的荷载。结合现行《建筑地基基础设计规范》和《混凝土结构设计规范》的规定,对条形基础的剪切承载力、内力臂系数、钢筋充分利用点等关键问题进行研究。研究表明,无筋条形基础在满足抗弯承载力的前提下可不必验算抗剪承载力,而钢筋混凝土条形基础的内力臂系数可取0.95,二分之一钢筋的理论切断点可偏于安全取为距端部的0.58倍悬挑长度处,研究成果为此类基础设计和规范修订提供参考。     

Physical and numerical modelling of strip footing on geogrid reinforced transparent sand

This paper presents the results of laboratory scale plate load tests on transparent soils reinforced with biaxial polypropylene geogrids. The influence of reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers on the load-settlement response of the reinforced soil foundation was assessed by varying the reinforcement length and the number of geogrid layers, each spaced at 25% of footing width. The deformations of the reinforcement layers and soil under strip loading were examined with the aid of laser transmitters (to illuminate the geogrid reinforcement) and digital camera. A two-dimensional finite difference program was used to study the fracture of geogrid under strip loading considering the geometry of the model tests. The bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced soil foundation has increased with the increase in the reinforcement length and number of reinforcement layers, but the increase is more prominent by increasing number of reinforcement layers. The results from the physical and numerical modelling on reinforced soil foundation reveal that fracture of geogrid could initiate in the bottom layer of reinforcement and progress to subsequent upper layers. The displacement and stress contours along with the mobilized tensile force distribution obtained from the numerical simulations have complimented the observations made from the experiments.     

Structural reliability assessment based on particles swarm optimization

The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problems with continuous variables. Its use in the structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. Several examples of the literature studied in this paper show that the results yielded by PSO are quasi-exact with respect to those yielded by MC and response surface methods. The low computing time of this zero order algorithm is also a great advantage to solve optimization problem. Therefore, this algorithm can be considered as an additional efficient algorithm to those existing in the literature based on gradient method.     

超大轴力及弯矩钢管砼柱柱脚设计方法

本文主要介绍双向倾斜的巨型框架柱在超大轴力、超大弯矩荷载作用下的柱脚结构形式的优化选用及钢管柱柱脚计算方法,归纳重型钢管混凝土柱柱脚设计要点及合理选型原则,为类似工程提供参考。     

饱和地基上刚性基础的竖向振动分析

基于第一作者提出的饱和土弹性波动方程,研究了圆柱形刚性基础在饱和地基上的垂直振动,即首先应用Hankel 变换求解动力基本方程,然后按混合边值条件建立饱和地基上刚性基础垂直振动的对偶积分方程,将其化为易于数值计算的第二类Fred holm 积分方程,最后给出了地基表面动力柔度系数Cv 和基础振幅随无量纲频率a0 的变化曲线     

埋入式钢柱脚研究现状与设计方法探讨

结合已有研究成果,对现行设计方法进行比较,通过对埋入式钢柱脚算例结果对比分析,总结出埋入式柱脚设计存在的问题,并得出了一些有益的结论,从而为高层建筑钢柱脚设计研究积累了经验。     

Seismic bearing capacity of a strip footing on rock media

The bearing capacity factors for a rough strip footing placed on rock media, which is subjected to pseudo-static horizontal earthquake body forces, have been determined using the lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with the power cone programming (PCP). The rock mass is assumed to follow the generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) yield criterion. No assumption needs to be made to smoothen the GHB yield criterion and the convergence is found to achieve quite rapidly while performing the optimization with the usage of the PCP. While incorporating the variation in horizontal earthquake acceleration coefficient (k_h), the effect of changes in unit weight of rock mass (γ), ground surcharge pressure ($q_0$) and the associated GHB material shear strength parameters (geological strength index (GSI), yield parameter (m_i), uniaxial compressive strength (σ_ci)) on the bearing capacity factors has been thoroughly assessed. Non-dimensional charts have been developed for design purpose. The accuracy of the present analysis has been duly checked by comparing the obtained results with the different solutions reported in the literature. The failure patterns have also been examined in detail.     

基于ANSYS分析的平面桁架结构优化设计

以六杆平面桁架结构为例,利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS5.7对其按照重量最轻的原则进行了优化分析,实现了利用ANSYS5.7进行结构优化设计的全过程,得到了重量最轻的优化分析结果,在满足工程要求的前提下,节约了大量的工程材料。     

基础形状和尺寸对增强土地基承载能力的影响

通过试验,初步探讨了基础形状和尺寸对于增强地基承载力的影响,试验结果表明,与非增强土系不同,基础形状不影响增强土地基的承载能力,关于增强土地基承载能力提高的有利影响,如同在小尺寸模型试验上观察到的一样,在一定尺寸范围内呈现出重复性和稳定性,在实际尺寸条件下承载能力的提高水平很可能与此类似。     

Behavior of ring footing resting on reinforced sand subjected to eccentric-inclined loading

Ring footings are suitable for the structures like tall transmission towers, chimneys, silos and oil storages.These types of structures are susceptible to horizontal loads(wind load) in addition to their dead weight.In the literature, very little or no effort has been made to study the effect of ring footing resting on reinforced sand when subjected to eccentric, inclined and/or eccentric-inclined loadings. This paper aims to study the behavior of ring footing resting on loose sand and/or compacted randomly distributed fiberreinforced sand(RDFS) when subjected to eccentric(0 B, 0.05 B and 0.1 B, where B is the outer diameter of ring footing), inclined(0°,5°,10°, 15°,-5°,-10° and-15°)and eccentric-inclined loadings by using a finite element(FE) software PLAXIS 3 D. The behavior of ring footing is studied by using a dimensionless factor called reduction factor(RF). The numerical model used in the PLAXIS 3 D has been validated by conducting model plate load tests. Moreover, an empirical expression using regression analysis has been presented which will be helpful in plotting a load-settlement curve for the ring footing.     

基于ANSYS的结构优化设计有限元分析

为验证ANSYS对结构优化设计的有效性，从理论上说明了结构优化设计的数学过程，介绍了ANSYS优化的相关概念、过程，结合某设计优化实例，为使用者提供了一套系统的思维模式，创造了良好的条件和方法。     

非均质地基上条形基础沉降的随机有限元分析

针对非均质地基土上条形基础弹性沉降计算的复杂性,建立了无量纲化有限元模型,处理了边界距离和弹性模量变异性问题。在确定性分析基础上,分别运用一阶Taylor展开式随机有限元(简称SFEM)和Monte-Carlo数值模拟随机有限元(简称RFEM)分析了土体弹性模量变异性对基础沉降的影响。结果表明,SFEM低估了基础沉降特征值受弹性模量变异性的影响程度。弹性模量变异系数越大,SFEM对基础沉降均值和标准差低估程度越显著,基础沉降均值随弹性模量空间相关距离逐渐减小。RFEM分析结果则呈现波动性但整体有不断增大趋势,因而基础沉降计算结果更为合理。     

基于摇摆柱的古建筑木结构柱脚节点力学模型研究

在古建筑木结构中,木柱通常直接平摆浮搁于础石之上,形成只有受压而无受拉能力的柱脚节点。在地震作用下,木柱会发生摇摆,柱脚为半刚性节点。为研究地震作用下古建筑木结构柱脚节点的摇摆机理,对柱脚节点的受压状态进行分析,并对木柱的摇摆过程进行分类,给出了不同摇摆过程的判定条件,建立了柱脚节点的弯矩-转角（M-θ）力学模型;通过与柱脚节点的弯矩-转角曲线试验结果进行对比,验证了该力学模型的正确性;将该M-θ力学模型应用于古建筑木结构的地震分析中,分别建立了柱脚半刚性连接和铰接的数值模型,并与振动台试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明：木柱的摇摆过程可分为全截面弹性摇摆、小截面弹塑性摇摆、大截面弹塑性摇摆以及全截面弹塑性摇摆等4类;采用M-θ力学模型得到的柱脚节点弯矩-转角曲线计算结果与拟静力试验结果的差异在10%以内;与铰接的柱脚节点相比,采用柱脚半刚性连接计算的古建筑木结构在地震作用下的动力响应更接近振动台试验结果,结构的加速度峰值、位移峰值与振动台试验结果的差异均在20%以内。     

Behaviour of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded circular footing

In the past, the beneficial effects of prestressing the geosynthetic in reinforced soil foundations have been studied mathematically. It is timely to experimentally investigate the degree of improvement generated by prestressing the geosynthetic layer for several embedment depths of a footing resting on a reinforced sand bed. Therefore, laboratory physical model tests and finite element analyses were conducted to study the behaviour of prestressed geotextile-reinforced sand bed supporting a loaded circular footing. The addition of prestress to the geotextile reinforcement results in significant improvement to the settlement response and the load-bearing capacity of the foundation. For a surface footing, the load-carrying capacity at 5 mm settlement for the prestressed case (with prestress equal to 2% of the allowable tensile strength of the geotextile) is approximately double that of the geotextile-reinforced sand without prestress. The beneficial effects of the prestressed geotextile configuration were evident for greater footing depths, in comparison with unreinforced and reinforced (without prestress) counterparts. Experimental and numerical results were also used to validate a few empirical relationships, which are commonly used for solving soil-structure interaction problems. The results obtained from finite element analysis using the program, PLAXIS are generally found to be in reasonabaly good agreement with experimental results.     

条形基础荷载对边坡稳定性影响与加固研究

西部山区土地资源贫乏,为了合理地利用土地资源经常在边坡上修筑各类建筑物与构筑物,由于基础荷载会影响边坡的稳定性,荷载过大甚至会引起滑坡,造成生命与财产的重大危害。对此,以坡顶条形基础荷载作用于边坡稳定性为研究模型,应用 M-C 线性破坏准则结合极限分析上限定理,分析附加应力对边坡稳定性的影响。对于稳定性较差的土质边坡,采用抗滑桩进行超前支护,研究地震荷载作用下超前支护桩加固边坡的抗力荷载、临界屈服加速度的影响因素。为坡顶条形基础荷载下边坡稳定性分析与超前支护设计提供一种合理的计算方法。     

Comparison of bearing capacity of a strip footing on sand with geocell and with planar forms of geotextile reinforcement

Comprehensive results from laboratory model tests on strip footings supported on the geocell and planar reinforced sand beds with the same characteristics of geotextile are presented. The various parameters studied in this testing program include the reinforcement width, the number of planar layers of geotextile and height of the geocell below the footing base. Contrary to other researches, the performance of the geocell and planar reinforcement is investigated at the range of low to medium settlement level, similar to those of interest in practice. The results show that the efficiency of reinforcement was decreased by increasing the number of the planar reinforcement layers, the height of the geocell reinforcement and the reinforcement width. For the same mass of geotextile material used in the tests at the settlement level of 4%, the maximum improvement in bearing capacity (IF) and percentage reduction in footing settlement (PRS) were obtained as 2.73 and 63% with the provision of geocell, respectively, while these values compare with 1.88 and 47% for the equivalent planar reinforcement. On the whole, the results indicate that, for the same quantity of geotextile material, the geocell reinforcement system behaves much stiffer and carries greater loading and settles less than does the equivalent planar reinforcement system. Therefore, a specified improvement in bearing pressure and footing settlement can be achieved using a lesser quantity of geocell material compared to planar geotextile.     

Laboratory investigation of bearing capacity behaviour of strip footing on reinforced flyash slope

The paper presents the results of laboratory model tests on bearing capacity behaviour of a strip footing resting on the top of a geogrid reinforced flyash slope. A series of model footing tests covering a wide range of boundary conditions, including unreinforced cases were conducted by varying parameters such as location and depth of embedment of single geogrid layer, number of geogrid layers, location of footing relative to the slope crest, slope angles and width of footing. The results of the investigation indicate that both the pressure–settlement behaviour and the ultimate bearing capacity of footing resting on the top of a flyash slope can be enhanced by the presence of reinforcing layers. However the efficiency of flyash geogrid system increases with the increasing number of geogrid layers and edge distance of footing from the slope. Based on experimental results critical values of geogrid parameters for maximum reinforcing effects are established. Experimental results obtained from a series of model tests have been presented and discussed in the paper.