安全诚信管理对安全行为的影响研究—以煤矿企业为例

为了分析煤矿安全诚信管理与安全行为的关系,建立煤矿安全诚信管理与安全行为的结构方程模型,利用问卷调查的方法在2个煤矿开展研究。研究结论表明:安全诚信文化对员工行为态度和安全意识具有正向影响;管理制度建设对员工行为态度和员工安全意识具有正向影响;教育与培训对员工行为态度和员工安全意识具有正向影响;员工安全意识对安全行为具有正向影响;煤矿安全诚信管理通过影响行为态度、安全意识和主观规范作用于安全行为。     

The impact of risk tolerance,risk perception and hazardous attitude on safety operation among airline pilots in China

The present study integrates personality approach and social cognition approach to investigate the relationships between risk tolerance, risk perception, hazardous attitude and safety operation behavior in order to understand the mechanisms underlying pilots’ safety operation behavior in aviation. The study sample consisted of 118 commercial airline pilots from China Southern Airlines Ltd. The results show risk tolerance displays an indirect effect on safety operation behavior through influencing hazardous attitude; risk perception has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between risk tolerance and safety operation behavior. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the low risk tolerance primarily influences safety operation behavior indirectly through affecting hazardous attitude. With risk perception increasing, the negative effects of risk tolerance on safety operation behavior are gradually reduced. Practical implications for aviation safety campaigns are also discussed.     

安全氛围对人群应急疏散行为的影响机制研究

为探究安全氛围对人群应急疏散行为的影响机制,基于一致性理论和“刺激—态度—行为”理论,构建包含安全氛围、应急疏散认知、应急疏散态度以及人群应急疏散行为的中介模型,并依据232份有效样本进行实证检验。结果表明:安全氛围对人群应急疏散行为具有显著的正向影响;应急疏散认知和应急疏散态度在安全氛围影响人群应急疏散行为的过程中均发挥正向的中介作用。     

基于地铁乘客个体特征的非适应性行为研究

为减少应急疏散时地铁乘客的非适应性行为,提高应急疏散效率,以知信行(KAP)理论为基础,构建地铁疏散乘客非适应性行为模型,在此基础上编制乘客非适应性行为调查问卷,运用SPSS软件中的T检验和方差分析方法分析乘客个体基础特征对非适应性行为的影响,并运用结构方程模型研究疏散乘客安全知识及安全态度与非适应性行为的关系。结果表明:疏散乘客的性别、年龄及火灾经历对非适应性行为具有显著影响,文化程度及乘车频次对非适应性行为无显著影响;疏散乘客的安全知识和安全态度对非适应性行为均具有显著的负向影响。     

组织因素对民航维修人员安全行为的影响

为了减少民航维修人员不安全行为,探讨组织因素对民航维修人员安全行为的影响机理。基于组织行为学理论并结合民航维修人员的访谈分析,确定了影响民航维修人员安全行为的4个组织因素——安全氛围、工作压力、风险感知和安全管理,在此基础上,构建了组织因素与民航维修人员安全行为关系的假设模型。选取国内航空公司维修基地的一线机务维修人员进行问卷调查,采用结构方程模型对假设模型进行验证。结果表明,安全氛围、工作压力、风险感知和安全管理4个维度与安全参与行为、安全服从行为显著相关,其中,安全氛围对安全参与行为的影响最大。风险感知对安全服从行为的影响最小。     

美国通勤航空安全影响因素分析及对我国的启示

随着我国民航业的快速发展,通勤航空迎来前所未有的发展机遇,阿拉善盟通勤航空试点的建立更加说明在我国发展通勤航空是一种必然趋势。通勤航空起源于美国,发展速度极快,目前占据了美国整个航空业一半航班数、四分之一乘客数,已经发展成为美国支线航空运输的重要组成部分,但是其安全形势不容乐观。对美国通勤航空的安全现状从人-机-环-管4个方面进行分析,并对比分析我国和美国通勤航空发展环境的差距,借鉴美国采取的措施,为我国通勤航空运输企业的安全运行提出一些可以借鉴的经验:如规章制度要科学,规章体系要完善;严格控制通勤航空各类技术人员合格证书的颁发;加强安全监管;将干线、支线航空的安全数据分享给通勤航空。     

The INDICATE safety program: evaluation of a method to proactively improve airline safety performance

A number of recent and highly publicised fatal aircraft accidents, within the Australian regional airline industry, has highlighted the need for operators of regular public transport aircraft to be more proactive in identifying and addressing aviation safety hazards. Despite this need, there are currently few proactive safety management programs that are practical, simple, cost effective and which reliably demonstrate improvements in airline safety performance. This paper outlines a new proactive airline safety program called INDICATE (Identifying Needed Defences In the Civil Aviation Transport Environment) that has been applied within the Australian regional airline industry. To evaluate the INDICATE program, a major Australian regional airline agreed to implement the program in one of its operational bases while another base was used as a control group. Five evaluation criteria were applied to determine whether the program would have a positive influence on the airline's safety performance. These criteria included airline safety culture, staff risk perception of aviation safety hazards, willingness of staff to report safety hazards, action taken on identified safety hazards and staff comments about safety management within the airline. Results from the trial suggest that the program can have a positive influence on airline safety performance, specifically: improving staff confidence in how safety is managed, increasing staff willingness to report safety hazards and incidents, improving organisational safety culture and reducing staff perceptions of the severity and likelihood of safety hazards occurring within the airline. The success of the trial has resulted in a number of Australian and International airlines adopting the program.     

航空安全风险管理模式探讨

航空安全需要动态管理,因此构建并实施基于问题管理的航空安全风险管理模式就非常有意义。本文探讨了航空公司、机场和空管的安全管理工作如何围绕航空安全问题为中心进行制度、组织、日常管理构建,注重问题的识别、分析和解决,切实有效的地解决安全问题。实施安全问题管理变专职安全管理为全员安全管理;变间接安全管理为直接安全管理;变滞后安全管理为超前安全管理;变僵化安全管理为创新安全管理;变被动安全管理为主动安全管理;变模糊安全管理为务实安全管理。无疑这种管理模式均适合民航三大主体的安全管理需求。     

基于结构方程模型的地铁乘客安全行为影响因素分析

为了研究地铁乘客安全行为的影响因素,通过对北京、上海、广州、深圳等城市的地铁乘客的多项安全指标的抽样调查,建立了关于乘客安全行为的结构方程模型,研究了影响地铁乘客安全行为的主要因素。结果表明:良好的地铁安全氛围能有效提高乘客的安全知识水平、安全动机、安全心理水平、安全参与行为水平;安全参与行为水平同时受到乘客安全知识水平和乘客接受安全培训状况的影响,其中,乘客安全知识水平的高低取决于乘客接受安全培训状况;安全服从行为则与安全动机存在较强的正相关关系;乘客的安全心理水平只跟地铁安全氛围有关,安全氛围越好,乘客安全心理水平越高,安全知识作为中介变量同时影响着安全氛围与安全参与行为、安全培训与安全参与行为、安全氛围与安全动机以及安全培训与安全动机之间的关系,提高乘客安全知识水平是提高乘客安全行为水平的重要途径。     

国内外企业安全培训调查及模式的探讨

分析了国际劳工组织、日本和德国企业"双元制"培训模式的基本要点和我国"系统型"、"过渡型"、"组合型"、"发展型"、"顾问型"、"索罗门型"和"螺旋型"企业培训模式的基本要点;以国内大型、中型和小型企业为对象,对2007年和2008年的调查数据进行统计分析,根据"企业"与"个人"对安全培训的响应,揭示了不同企业当前的安全培训现状。结果表明:企业安全培训在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,逐步趋于规模化、规范化,形成了安全知识结构、安全综合能力、安全管理技能、事故应急救援等方面的复合培训模式;实现了高层次管理人员对安全培训的认同达95%以上,员工对安全培训的认同达89%以上;使员工的安全意识、安全价值观、工作态度和工作技能得以提升,其在工作岗位上的表现达到安全要求,并为企业创造更多的效益。同时笔者还对当前我国企业安全培训工作存在的问题提出了改进意见,对今后各类企业安全培训具有参考价值和借鉴作用。     

A comparison of general aviation accidents involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots

Introduction: The extremely low accident rate for U.S air carriers relative to that of general aviation (∼1 and ∼60/million flight hours respectively) partly reflects advanced airman certification, more demanding recurrency training and stringent operational regulations. However, whether such skillset/training/regulations translate into improved safety for airline pilots operating in the general aviation environment is unknown and the aim of this study. Methods: Accidents (1998–2017) involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots (PPL-IFR) operating non-revenue light aircraft were identified from the NTSB accident database. An online survey informed general aviation flight exposure for both pilot cohorts. Statistics used proportion testing and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: In degraded visibility, 0 and 40% (χ² p = 0.043) of fatal accidents involving airline and PPL-IFR airmen were due to in-flight loss-of-control, respectively. For landing accidents, airline pilots were under-represented for mishaps related to airspeed mismanagement (p = 0.036) relative to PPL-IFR but showed a dis-proportionate count (2X) of ground loss-of-directional control accidents (p = 0.009) the latter likely reflecting a preference for tail-wheel aircraft. The proportion of FAA rule violation-related mishaps by airline pilots was >2X (7 vs. 3%) that for PPL-IFR airmen. Moreover, airline pilots showed a disproportionate (χ² p = 0.021) count of flights below legal minimum altitudes. Not performing an official preflight weather briefing or intentionally operating in instrument conditions without an IFR flight plan represented 43% of airline pilot accidents involving FAA rule infractions. Conclusions: These findings inform safety deficiencies for: (a) airline pilots, landing/ground operations in tail-wheel aircraft and lack of 14CFR 91 familiarization regulations regarding minimum operating altitudes and (b) PPL-IFR airmen in-flight loss-of-control and poor landing speed management. Practical Applications: For PPL-IFR airmen, training/recurrency should focus on unusual attitude recovery and managing approach speeds. Airline pilots should seek additional instructional time regarding landing tail-wheel aircraft and become familiar with 14CFR 91 rules covering minimum altitudes.     

Linking emotional intelligence to safety performance: The roles of situational awareness and safety training

Introduction: Safety outcomes in the workplace require individual employees to perform (behave) safely in everyday duties. While the literature suggests that emotional management capabilities or traits can be positively related to individual performance in certain conditions, it is not clear how they can influence safety-related performance in high-risk work contexts. Drawing upon trait activation theory, this paper aims to examine when emotional intelligence (EI) benefits employees’ safety performance. We propose that when employees receive inadequate safety training, EI is more likely to trigger their situational awareness and consequently promote their safety performance. Method: We collected time-lagged data from 133 full-time airplane pilots working in commercial aviation industry. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was conducted to test the moderating effect of safety training inadequacy on the EI–situational awareness relationship. The moderated mediation model, which involves conditional indirect effects of EI on safety performance via situational awareness across different levels of safety training inadequacy, was tested using the PROCESS-based bootstrap confidence interval. Results: Safety training inadequacy negatively moderated the relationship between EI and situational awareness, such that EI was significantly related to situational awareness only when safety training inadequacy was more salient. The more inadequate safety training was, the greater the indirect effect of EI on safety performance via situational awareness was. Conclusions: Inadequate safety training, as a negative situational cue, can activate individuals’ EI to drive their safety-related cognitions (e.g., situational awareness) and behaviors. Effective safety training may be able to complement employees’ low EI in shaping their situational awareness and safety behaviors. Practical Applications: Aviation managers should monitor the adequacy and effectiveness of safety training; this could make pilots’ situational awareness and safety performance depend less on personal attributes (e.g., EI), which organizations are less able to control. When training capacity is temporarily limited, priority might be given to those with low EI.     

大学生安全素养现状调查及提升策略研究

为提高高校学生的安全素养,改善校园安全现状,本文采用问卷调查方法,从安全态度和意识、安全行为2个维度对大学生安全素养进行研究。结果表明:大学生在灭火器使用、逃生方面存在不足;学校安全氛围较弱;不同性别、学年、生源地和学院的学生安全素养存在显著差异。基于调查结果,提出加强安全文化建设和安全管理的提升策略和建议。     

A learning-by-doing strategy to improve top management involvement in safety

The growth of legal regulations in occupational safety during the 70's alienated to some extent top management from health and safety issues; safety was regarded as an activity of safety professionals and labour inspection. This lack of commitment to safety management led to reduced activity and awareness. However, both research and practice indicate that the role of top management is of crucial importance for achieving results in safety.Having realized the problem and the lack of appropriate training to meet the demands of top management, a program called “One hour for safety management” has been developed. The training is arranged in an “action” setting, during the formal meeting of the executive board of the company. The program consists of four main parts: (1) Principles of modern safety management, (2) The company's accident insurance system, the interdependency between compensation costs and premiums, (3) The safety situation of the company; accidents, premiums and losses, hazards, safety program, and (4) Setting the safety targets and action plans required. More recently, a short audit process has been developed to reveal the important sources of loss and the state of affairs in the company's loss control systems. A special software package includes essential handouts of the safety management meetings complemented by self-auditing tools.The approach initiated or revived top management interest in and awareness of safety in several companies. The success of the meeting seems to depend on several factors, e.g. consultation skills, safety expertise, style of presentation, corporate culture and co-operation in the preparation of the session. The factors that contribute to an effective training for top management should further be analyzed, and the impact of the management training on accident rates is a task for evaluation studies in future.     

The effects of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training on flight attendants' safety attitudes

IntroductionA number of well-known incidents and accidents had led the aviation industry to introduce Crew Resource Management (CRM) training designed specifically for flight attendants, and joint (pilot and flight attendant) CRM training as a way to improve teamwork and communication. The development of these new CRM training programs during the 1990s highlighted the growing need for programs to be evaluated using research tools that had been validated for the flight attendant population.MethodThe FSAQ (Flight Safety Attitudes Questionnaire—Flight Attendants) was designed specifically to obtain safety attitude data from flight attendants working for an Asia–Pacific airline. Flight attendants volunteered to participate in a study before receiving CRM training (N = 563) and again (N = 526) after CRM training.ResultsAlmost half (13) of the items from the 36-item FSAQ showed highly significant changes following CRM training. Years of experience, crew position, seniority, leadership roles, flight attendant crew size, and length of route flown were all predictive of safety attitudes.Practical applicationsCRM training for flight attendants is a valuable tool for increasing positive teamwork behaviors between the flight attendant and pilot sub-groups. Joint training sessions, where flight attendants and pilots work together to find solutions to in-flight emergency scenarios, provide a particularly useful strategy in breaking down communication barriers between the two sub-groups.     

从尊重生命谈企业安全教育培训

某种程度上,工作场所承担一定的风险是不可避免的,如果危害不能被替代或消除,就要采取措施使员工的接触风险降到最小,如制定安全操作规程、训练员工安全作业、提供健康安全教育。国际劳工组织的体面劳动议程中阐述,体面的工作必须是安全的工作。让企业员工安全地工作,必须做到意识在先、教育在先。由此,笔者提出搞好安全培训,提升企业员工的安全理念,应顺应时代的发展,弘扬尊重生命的理念、引入新的培训模式。首先要从尊重生命的角度,将人文关怀引入到培训中,引导员工理解生命的意义,从而提高安全教育的效果。另外探索适合成年人的培训模式,实现以行动为中心的学习方式。当员工愿意思考培训中的一些问题并做出积极的反应时,我们则有理由相信,培训已经对他们产生了影响。     

我国道路交通安全教育培训思考

统计数据显示,我国2007-2009年道路运输事故呈下降趋势。但道路运输事故造成的死亡人数远远高于煤炭事故造成的死亡人数,道路交通安全形势依然很严峻。交通安全形势严峻的主要原因之一就是人为因素,加强对交通参与者的相关教育培训,提高安全意识,规范安全行为,是改善交通安全形势的根本途径。本文系统分析了我国的安全教育环境、交通文化、交通安全法律法规及交通安全教育培训存在问题,提出了改善我国交通安全教育的措施及建议。     

基于行为主义的建筑施工企业安全教育实验研究

结合行为主义反应性制约取向理论对建筑施工企业安全教育进行探讨, 建立企业安全教育刺激-反应S-O-R单元链,以安全帽使用教育为例进行实验设计,通过实验分析得到视觉听觉双重刺激形式的安全教育更容易引起人的安全行为反应,且行为保持性最佳;单纯视觉、听觉刺激形式的安全教育对人的安全行为反应作用基本一致,但采用听觉刺激安全教育产生的安全行为保持性较差,在第7个工作日后逐渐恢复到空白实验阶段。同时通过心理问卷调查,分析实验过程中人员心理变化与工作年限等因素对人员安全意识的影响,得到工作年限为1~2年的人员安全意识较低,过强的刺激将导致人员的过度恐惧反而使安全意识降低。最后,对企业现行安全教育方式提出几点改进措施,包括:正视安全教育刺激的重要性、保持性以及针对性;充分认识企业安全文化环境对安全教育的影响。     

Design considerations to enhance the safety of patient compartments in ambulance transporters

The safety of the interior of ambulances is dubious and, in the event of sudden impact during emergency transport, potentially perilous to patients they carry. The workplace ergonomics of the interior of the passenger cabin is lacking. This article discusses an improved ergonomic interior design based on study findings, observations and subjective perception. It suggests design aspects and safety concepts aimed at increasing the safety of patients and paramedic staff inside the ambulance as a mobile workstation.     

行为安全管理在施工中的应用分析

不良的行为习惯是导致事故的主要原因。为加强员工行为管理,提高安全行为意识,减少危险行为,本文简要介绍了建筑施工安全的管理现状,说明了行为安全管理的应用程序和方法,并将以人为中心的行为安全管理模式引入建筑施工企业,对行为安全管理提高安全的有效性进行了研究。通过在工程现场就危险因素进行为期4周的行为观察,分析发现,行为安全管理方法的实施对纠正不安全行为、提高安全管理水平效果明显,它有助于预防事故。同时,要保持较高的安全水平,应延长行为观察周期。行为安全管理是传统安全管理的补充,它的有效实施还需要员工直接参与行为观察、管理者支持以及相互的信任。