牟定郝家河铜矿床的沉积-改造成因

关于牟定郝家河矿床的成因,前人主要有沉积同生说、沉积成岩说和后生成矿说等论点。笔者根据近年来研究获得的新资料,认为矿床为沉积-改造(?)成因。早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世早期,来自东部古陆的富铜岩石和铜矿床长期风化形成的富铜风化产物,在高能氧化辫状河环境形成紫色矿源层。喜马拉雅早期褶皱运动,形成了矿区构造,矿源层中Cu活化迁移到背斜鞍部附近等低压空间浅色层中沉淀,从而形成了工业矿体。     

滇中郝家河砂岩铜矿的地球化学及其成因意义

本文论术字滇中生代地层与矿区及春外围马头山组中铜的时空分布与迁移富集规律，揭示了矿床的沉积－后期叠加改造成因。成矿作用经历了同生沉积形成矿源层，后期叠加改造形成矿体的过程。后期改造中铜元素发生了大量迁移，矿质主要来自矿体之下伏紫色矿源层。     

青藏高原风火山盆地地层含矿性及矿床成因研究

通过对盆地形成过程的研究,认为风火山盆地经历了基底、古地貌盆地、沉积盆地及构造盆地4个阶段,在晚白垩世沉积形成.地层含矿性特征表明,晚白垩世风火山群砂岩夹灰岩组和砂岩组地层是含矿地层,其中砂岩夹灰岩组是主要含矿地层,与铜矿成矿关系密切.矿床成因分析认为,盆地附近的隆起区作为蚀源区,其晚三叠世地层及其他浅成侵入岩等,为沉积盆地提供了沉积物,也为盆地地层沉积提供了铜质来源.在砂岩夹灰岩组和砂岩组地层中,还原、碱性环境下沉积形成的灰绿色碎屑岩形成了矿源层,经过后期的活化、迁移、富集,形成了沉积一改造型层控铜矿床.     

外生矿床——外生分异与外生成矿

外生成矿作刚主要在大气圈、水阁与地壳农而的交界处,基本是在常温常压条件下发生的。在风化分界作用、沉积分界作用和成岩分界作条件下,有用物质得到集中形成为工业开采利用的地质体—矿体。风化分界产生风化矿床,并为沉积矿床的形成提供物园基础;沉积分异产生沉积矿床或矿源层,成岩分异使矿源层巾成矿物质活化、迁移、集中,形成层控矿床。     

一个富铜（银）矿床的成因及其形成机制的研究

铜鼓塘铜（银）矿床是一个隐伏富矿。主要形成于地洼期。具有控矿因素复杂、物质来源多，成因类型多，多期多阶段成矿等特征，应属地洼型多因复成矿床；且地洼区的地壳演化，地幔活动、矿源层（岩）的广布、叠加、改造矿化则是形成富铜（银）矿床的主要机制。     

河南银洞坡金矿床特征及成因探讨

银洞坡金矿矿源层岩石建造为火山 -沉积建造 ,矿源层对矿床的形成及矿体的产状、形态、规模起到双重控制作用 ,金矿床具有层控矿床的特征。成矿热液来源是变质热液 ,矿质来源于矿源层 ,矿源层的成矿元素来源于地幔。矿床成因类型为层控火山 -沉积 -变质热液矿床。     

寻找富猛矿 华南前景好

文章论述了热水沉积作用可以形成锰矿床，或是风化锰矿床的矿源层，并以此观点提出华南，准地台区矿源层多，分布广，风化条件好，可以找到更多的富锰床，以满足国家的需要，通过各方面条件分析，又进一步提出了在华南准地台中又以右江再生地槽是富锰矿找矿最佳选区。     

刚果(金)加丹加省堪苏祁铜-钴矿床地质特征及成因探讨

堪苏祁铜钴矿区位于刚果（金）加丹加省南部的沙巴型铜钴矿亚带北西延部分的转折端。该矿床地质工作及研究程度极低，铜钴矿体受罗安群地层、韧脆性剪切及断裂构造控制，特别是钴明显受韧脆性剪切强变形带控制。罗安群上岩性段以富钴为主，同时也富铜，钴、铜兼有，下岩性段则富铜贫钴，矿体呈似层状或透镜状产出。根据矿床地质特征，初步认为该矿床经历了早期沉积成岩成矿阶段-后期多期热液构造叠加富集-晚期次生氧化改造多个阶段，为复合成因的层控改造矿床，矿区内铜矿早期是受沉积型砂页岩地层的控制，然而，钴矿的形成主要是受后期构造的控制。     

关于层控矿床

层控矿床是一种产于一定地层层位中的非岩浆热液矿床。矿源层的存在是层控矿床形成的内因,后期的构造活动、地热增温是层控矿床形成的外因。构造活动、地热增温使矿源层中的地下水更加活跃起来,并萃取其中之矿质而富集成矿。文中还讨论了层控矿床与沉积矿床和其它成因的热液矿床的主要区别。     

广西某铜铅锌重晶石矿地球化学特征及其地质意义

以岩石、同位素地球化学等测试结果为基础,对广西象州县境内某铜铅锌重晶石矿的矿床地质特征、成因及其成矿时代进行了研究。结果表明:矿区的矿化受构造破碎带控制;重晶石硫来源于泥盆系中封存的、与沉积物同时沉积的海水或膏盐;铜铅锌钡矿源层以泥盆系为主,部分来自深源的岩浆;含矿溶液为雨水经地下深循环形成的含矿热卤水;成矿温度约为170℃,属中—低温热液型矿床;矿床形成时代为印支—燕山早期。研究结果为该铜铅锌重晶石矿的下一步地质勘查工作奠定了基础。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.