Preparation of a novel p-n BiOI/ Bi2WO6 photocatalyst and its application in the treatment of tetracycline

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - The development of advanced photocatalysts is crucial for efficient photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic tetracycline (TC). In this...     

Microstructure evolution during linear friction welding of dissimilar titanium alloys TC4 and TC17

Journal of Materials Science - This study investigated the microstructure evolution during dissimilar linear friction welding (LFW) of bimodal TC4 and basket-weave TC17. Experimental results show...     

Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded vermiculite nanocomposite material: the role of curing on glass transition and thermal stability

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Herein, vermiculite clay is used as a reinforcement for epoxy resin, which is pretreated with HCl and functionalized with an organosilane....     

Recommendations of RILEM TC 127-MS: Tests for masonry materials and structures

RILEM Technical CommitteesRILEM TC 127-MS: Non Destructive Tests for Masonry Materials and Structures

Recommendations of RILEM TC 127-MS: Tests for masonry materials and structures     

Bioinspired robust top-perforated micro-conical array of TC4 surface fabricated by pulsed laser ablation for enhanced anti-icing property

Journal of Materials Science - The poor wear performance of passive anti-icing micro/nano-structured TC4 surface restricts its wide applications in engineering field. Interestingly, it was observed...     

Metrological Traceability of Coomet Reference Materials. Part. 2. Characterization of Reference Materials

Measurement Techniques - The article describes an approach to establishing the metrological traceability of reference materials adopted by TC 1.12 Reference Materials of the Euro-Asian Cooperation...     

Study on Foreign Object Damage Law of Titanium Alloy Blade of an Aero-Engine Impacted by Sandstone

Strength of Materials - Using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software and plastic follow-up hardening constitutive model, a simulation model of foreign object impact damage of the first stage TC4 titanium alloy...     

Condition Assessment Task Group

RILEM Technical CommitteesJoint Committee CIB W 83/RILEM TC 166-RMS: ‘Roofing Materials and Systems’

Condition Assessment Task Group Final Report condition assessment of roofs     

An Oxygen-Permeation Treatment for Hardening Titanium Alloys

In this paper, the characterization of oxygen permeation (OP) in titanium alloy TC11 at high temperature and the influence of oxygen solution layer on performances of substrate were characterized with the help of apparatus, such as TGA,SEM/EDAX, XRD, EPMA, Micro-hardness Tester, Two-body Abrasion Tester, Amsler Wear Test Machine, Potentiostat/Galvanostat Model 273 system. The results showed that there was a little shift in X-ray diffraction peaks of α and β phase during the OPT process as a result of oxygen solution. The OP treatment can significantly increase the surface hardness of titanium alloys and, accordingly, the abrasive wear resistance was improved. Titanium alloys with oxygen solution layer exhibited improved corrosion resistance both in 3.5 % NaCl and in 5 % HCl solution. Oxidation resistance of TC11 with oxygen solution layer at high temperature was also enhanced. The solution and hardening mechanisms were discussed based on the experimental results.     

Methods for computing weighting tables based on local power expansion for tristimulus values computations

In this paper, two types of weighting tables are derived by applying the local power expansion method proposed by Oleari [Color Res. Appl. 25, 176 (2000)]. Both tables at two different levels consider the deconvolution of the spectrophotometric data for monochromator triangular transmittance. The first one, named zero-order weighting table, is similar to weighting table 5 of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) used with the measured spectral reflectance factors (SRFs) corrected by the Stearns and Stearns formula. The second one, named second-order weighting table, is similar to weighting table 6 of ASTM and must be used with the undeconvoluted SRFs. It is hoped that the results of this paper will aid the International Commission on Illumination TC 1-71 on tristimulus integration in focusing on ongoing methods, testing, and recommendations.     

Selection of the most suitable dissolution method for an extended release formulation based on IVIVC level A obtained on cynomolgus monkey

Objective: The purpose of this study is primarily to identify the most suitable in vitro dissolution method(s) for their ability to predict the in vivo performance of extended release prototype tablet formulations designed for a new chemical entity, Biopharmaceutic Classification System class II drug, weak base, based on the data collected in cynomolgus monkey. Materials and methods: Different types of buffer at different pH were selected as dissolution medium resulting in a broad variety of release patterns (slow to fast). The in vivo and in vitro data were put in relation. Results: As a consequence of the discrimination between both tested formulations, the in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) qualities and shapes changed significantly. The obtained level A showed that the simple HCl medium was superior to biorelevant media and media containing surfactant when investigating IVIVCs in cynomolgus monkey. In addition, the results of dissolution in HCl suggested rather a diffusion mechanism of the extended release matrix formulation as the main factor of the release. Conclusion: Adjusting dissolution testing conditions to match the behavior of the formulations in vitro with that in vivo by taking into account the properties of the drug and the formulation is a straightforward and useful approach in identifying a predictive method in the development of the IVIVC. These investigations will definitely help by derisking of new formulations as well as by rating changes in existing formulations with regard to their impact on bioavailability before entry into human.     

Lymph node swelling combined with temporary effector T cell retention aids T cell response in a model of adaptive immunity

Swelling of lymph nodes (LNs) is commonly observed during the adaptive immune response, yet the impact on T cell (TC) trafficking and subsequent immune response is not well known. To better understand the effect of macro-scale alterations, we developed an agent-based model of the LN paracortex, describing the TC proliferative response to antigen-presenting dendritic cells alongside inflammation-driven and swelling-induced changes in TC recruitment and egress, while also incorporating regulation of the expression of egress-modulating TC receptor sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1. Analysis of the effector TC response under varying swelling conditions showed that swelling consistently aided TC activation. However, subsequent effector CD8⁺ TC production was reduced in scenarios where swelling occurred too early in the TC proliferative phase or when TC cognate frequency was low due to increased opportunity for TC exit. Temporarily extending retention of newly differentiated effector TCs, mediated by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 expression, mitigated any negative effects of swelling by allowing facilitation of activation to outweigh increased access to exit areas. These results suggest that targeting temporary effector TC retention and egress associated with swelling offers new ways to modulate effector TC responses in, for example, immuno-suppressed patients and to optimize of vaccine design.     

Reaction characteristics of Ca(OH)2, HCl and SO2 at low temperature in a spray dryer integrated with a fabric filter

The objective of this research was to evaluate the reaction characteristics of CaOH2, HCl and SO2 in the flue gas emitted by a laboratory incinerator. The amount of sulfur retained in the residues (including the spray dryer ash and baghouse ash) was also evaluated in this study. The experimental parameters included HCl concentration (500-2000 ppm), SO2 concentration (500-2000 ppm), relative humidity (40-80% RH), and the addition of CaCl2 (30 wt.%).The results indicated that an HCl concentration of 500-2000 ppm did not affect HCl removal efficiency in the spray dryer at 150 degrees C and 45+/-5% RH. On the other hand, increase in SO2 concentration from 500 to 2000 ppm enhanced SO2 removal at 150 degrees C and 75+/-5% RH. Moreover, increase in removal efficiency of SO2 was more obvious when the relative humidity was greater than 80%. When the flue gas contained both HCl and SO2 simultaneously, the removal efficiency of SO2 could increase from 56.7 to 90.33% at HCl concentration of 236 ppm. However, when the concentration of HCl exceeded 535 ppm, the removal efficiency of SO2 decreased with increasing concentration of HCl. The removal efficiency of SO2 could be increase to 97.7% with the addition of CaCl2.     

Adsorption of tetracycline on soil and sediment: effects of pH and the presence of Cu(II)

Tetracycline (TC) is frequently detected in the environment, however, knowledge on the environmental fate and transport of TC is still limited. Batch adsorption experiments of TC by soil and sediment samples were conducted. The distribution of charge and electrostatic potential of individual atoms of various TC species in the aqueous solution were determined using MOPAC version 0.034 W program in ChemBio3D Ultra software. Most of the adsorption isotherms on the soil, river and marine sediments were well fitted with the Freundlich and Polanyi-Manes (PMM) models. The single point organic carbon (OC)-normalized adsorption distribution coefficients (K(OC)) and PMM saturated adsorption capacity (Q(OC)(0)) values of TC were associated with the mesopore volume and clay content to a greater extent, indicating the mesopore volume of the soil and sediments and their clay content possibly influenced the fate and transport of TC in the natural environment. The adsorption of TC on soil and sediments strongly depended on the pH and presence of Cu(II). The presence of Cu(II) facilitated TC adsorption on soil and sediments at low pH (pH<5), possibly due to the metallic complexation and surface-bridging mechanism by Cu(II) adsorption on soil and sediments. The cation exchange interaction, metallic complexation and Coulombic interaction of mechanisms for adsorption of TC to soils and sediments were further supported by quantum chemical calculation of various TC species in different pH.     

Formulation,characterization and clinical evaluation of propranolol hydrochloride gel for transdermal treatment of superficial infantile hemangioma

The objective of the present study is to formulate and characterize propranolol hydrochloride (PPL?·?HCl) gel, and to evaluate the efficacy of this formulation in transdermal treatment for superficial infantile hemangioma (IH). The transdermal PPL?·?HCl gel was prepared by a direct swelling method, which chose hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the matrix and used terpenes plus alcohols as permeation enhancer. Permeation studies of PPL?·?HCl were carried out with modified Franz diffusion cells through piglet skin. Our results pointed to that among all studied permeation enhancers, farnesol plus isopropanol was the most effective combination (Q_24, 6027.4?±?563.1?μg/cm², ER, 6.8), which was significantly higher than that of control gel (p?相似文献   

Evaluation of in vitro percutaneous absorption of olanzapine and fluoxetine HCl: enhancement properties of olanzapine

The diffusion characteristics of fluoxetine HCl (FLX HCl) and olanzapine (OLZ) alone and in combination with each other were studied to determine their in vitro permeation behavior across a series of gelling agents through a cellulose membrane and human cadaver skin. Klucel 0.5% was selected as the optimal formulation to study their diffusion through human cadaver skin. The release profiles of drugs acting alone and in combinations were identical in the case of the cellulose membrane. However, with human cadaver skin, the permeation of FLX HCl in combination with OLZ drastically increased (732 μg) compared with the release of FLX HCl alone (43.7 μg), while the release of OLZ remained the same whether alone or in combination with FLX HCl (183.7 μg). The results indicate that OLZ enhances the diffusion of FLX HCl through the cadaver skin. Follow-up studies with OLZ were conducted to further investigate this phenomenon and have shown that OLZ enhancement properties are skin reversible as well as concentration dependent. Also, a variety of experiments with different hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules were conducted, and it was found that OLZ enhances the permeation of hydrophilic compounds, while it has no influence on lipophilic compounds. Finally, a number of compounds structurally related to OLZ were investigated as enhancers, and it was determined that piperazine ring attached to the tricyclic system of OLZ is essential for enhancement of FLX HCl (1,837 μg).     

Production of an extremly low dose procaterol HCl preparation by fluidized-bed coating method: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

A convenient and reliable method to prepare procaterol HCl oral dosage form at an extremely low dosage (25 microg/cap) is presented in this paper. Procaterol HCl was mixed with the film-forming agent hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in an aqueous solution, which was then spray-coated on sugar spheres (Nu-pareil PG 20/25) to produce procaterol HCl pellets. The IR spectra of coated and noncoated pellets indicated that procaterol HCl was coated on the sugar spheres successfully with a weight increment less than 1%. Most of the coated pellets were able to pass through an 18-mesh screen with no agglomeration. The average weights of coated pellets filled inside of capsules were monitored during the filling process. A simple liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the assay and uniformity test of procaterol HCl in different dosage forms. The results of assay and content uniformity test for both in-house product and a commercial product, i.e., Meptin-mini tablet, were satisfied. The data of f(2) function and ANOVA analysis for the dissolution profiles of both procaterol HCl products suggested that they are pharmaceutical equivalent.In an in vivo study (n = 24), a single dose of 75 microg procaterol HCl was administrated to each volunteer and the plasma concentration of procaterol was determined by a LC/MS/MS method, developed by the same authors. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the data of AUC(0-->16 h), AUC(0-->infinity), C(max), and MRT for both preparations. It is confirmed that the pellets capsule produced in this study is bioequivalent with Meptin-mini tablet.     

Improved thermal conductivity of polydimethylsiloxane/short carbon fiber composites prepared by spatial confining forced network assembly

Traditional compounding method is a common way to construct network to improve thermal conductivity (TC) of polymeric composites. However, the TC of the composites increases slowly when the network has been constructed. There is no percolation threshold in TC, unlike in electrical conductivity. Thus, a method of spatial confining forced network assembly (SCFNA) was used to prepare polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/short carbon fiber (SCF) composites to improve the TC. The content of SCF ranging from 2 to 18 wt% was used to illustrate availability of SCFNA method. When the content of SCF was 18 wt%, the TC of PDMS/SCF composites prepared by SCFNA method increased by 7.79 times over the TC of PDMS/SCF composites prepared by traditional compounding method and 10.93 times over the TC of pure PDMS. Comparing the SEM of PDMS/SCF composites prepared by SCFNA method with that prepared by traditional compounding method, the gap between fillers of former was much smaller than that of latter. Moreover, the gap decreased when compression ratio increased. Therefore, the TC of composites prepared by SCFNA method could be improved significantly compared with traditional methods, which provides the possibility to replace thermally conductive materials such as metal with polymeric composites.     

Sorption and biodegradation of tetracycline by nitrifying granules and the toxicity of tetracycline on granules

This paper examines the simultaneous sorption and biodegradation performance of tetracycline (TC) by the nitrifying granular sludge as well as the short-term exposure toxicity of TC. The removal of TC was characterized by a quick sorption and a slow process of biodegradation. The adsorption process fits pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with a complex mechanism of surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion. Both temperature and mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) influenced TC sorption to the granules. TC biodegradation was enhanced with the increase of COD and NH(4)(+)-N concentrations, with except of the NH(4)(+)-N concentrations higher than 150 mg/L. With the ATU addition, TC degradation was weakened remarkably, indicating a synergistic effect of multiple microbes. Results of the short-term exposure (12h) effects showed that the respirometric activities of the microbes decreased greatly. The addition of TC also decreased the rate of NH(4)(+)-N utilization considerably, with the half saturation constant (K(s)) increasing from 297.7 to 347.2 mg/L.     

Effect of polymer,plasticizer and filler on orally disintegrating film

Context: Difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules has been identified as one of the contributing factors to non-compliance of geriatric patients. Although orally disintegrating tablet was designed for fast disintegration in mouth, the fear of taking solid tablets and the risk of choking for certain patient populations still exist.

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and characterize orally disintegrating film (ODF), which was prepared using different combinations of polymers, plasticizers and fillers.

Materials and methods: Effects of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), glycerin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on physical property of ODF formed were studied. The ODF was prepared using the solvent casting method.

Results: Increase in HPMC concentration formed ODF with greater tensile strength. Incorporation of plasticizer (PEG 400 and glycerin) reduced tensile strength but increased elasticity of the ODF formed. PVP increased both tensile strength and elasticity of the ODF. Increase in MCC:mannitol ratio reduced the tensile strength and elasticity of the ODF. Disintegration time of film decreased corresponding to decrease in tensile strength of the film. Formulation R with the optimum tensile strength (13.10?N/mm²), bending flexibility (40 times) and disintegration time (41.50?s) was chosen as final formulation. A total of 80% of the drug was released within five minutes and the ODF was stable at least for one year actual condition.

Conclusion: An ODF containing donepezil HCl was developed and characterized. The donepezil HCl ODF has the potential to improve the compliance of Alzheimer disease patients.