In vitro antioxidant study of vegetable oils containing conjugated linolenic acid isomers

The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity (in vitro) of vegetable oils containing conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) isomers such as α-eleostearic and punicic acid and also to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of these vegetable oils due to presence of cis–trans isomers in variable amount. Different in vitro methods were used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity and reducing activity of oils at different concentrations of CLnA isomers such as 125, 250 and 375 μg/mL. Inhibition on lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid responsive substance (TBARS) and conjugated diene formation at 125 and 250 μg/mL concentrations of CLnA. Both the oils showed potent free radical scavenging activity at 375 μg/mL concentration. In contrary, these oils showed higher hydroxyl radical scavenging, metal chelation and reducing activity at lower concentration i.e. 125 μg/mL. TBARS formation and conjugated diene formation was lower i.e. inhibition of lipid peroxidation was maximum at 125 μg/mL of both CLnA isomers. Overall, both the oils showed better antioxidant activity at lower concentration due to better oxidative stability and bitter gourd oil showed more prominent antioxidant activity than snake gourd oil due to presence of higher trans content.     

基于酶促酯交换的含亚麻酸巧克力的制备及其性质研究

利用固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TLIM催化质量比为38∶3的天然可可脂与亚麻籽油进行酯交换反应,得到熔点为(36.52±0.34)℃的油脂(称为酯交换可可脂)。酯交换可可脂中亚麻酸的含量由反应前0.64%±0.01%升高至3.10%±0.28%,主要甘三酯POP、POS和SOS的含量由84.52%降至62.72%,低熔点甘三酯UUU和SUU含量分别由0.92%和6.85%增加至10.94%和16.60%。酯交换可可脂的固体脂肪含量(SFC)在5~30℃时低于天然可可脂的SFC,但其随温度变化的趋势与天然可可脂的相一致,当温度高于34℃时,酯交换可可脂的SFC略高于天然可可脂的SFC,37℃时酯交换可可脂的SFC为1.64%。以酯交换可可脂为原料制备的含亚麻酸巧克力表面光滑,口感细腻,具有可可和亚麻籽油独特的香味。加速氧化实验结果表明该巧克力20℃时的货架期为428 d,约61周,具有良好的贮藏稳定性。      

8种不同植物油的脂肪酸组成及抗氧化性比较

以紫苏籽油、芝麻油、胡麻油、青花菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油、葵花籽油8种植物油为研究对象,比较不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成、多酚含量和抗氧化性。结果表明：8种植物油脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,其中花生油中油酸含量最高,为43.98%,葵花籽油中亚油酸含量最高,为6500%,紫苏籽油中亚麻酸含量最高,为63.89%;8种植物油的DPPH自由基清除能力强弱顺序为芝麻油>大豆油>玉米油>青花菜籽油>胡麻油>花生油>紫苏籽油>葵花籽油,与其多酚含量一致;8种植物油的铁离子还原能力从大到小依次为芝麻油＞大豆油＞青花菜籽油＞花生油＞胡麻油＞玉米油＞紫苏籽油＞葵花籽油。     

Storage stability of cooked sausages containing vegetable oils

Comminuted cooked sausages were produced using standard industrial practices, by substituting corn oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, soybean oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat for animal fat. When processed, products were assessed for their stability with respect to autoxidation and change in organoleptic properties during vacuum-packed storage in a domestic refrigerator at 4 °C. Data obtained indicated that changes in thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and organoleptic properties of products produced using corn oil, sunflower oil and hydrogenated vegetable fat were similar to those observed for reference material produced using lard. In the case of samples produced using soybean and cotton seed oil, TBA value changes were more pronounced, but did not exceed acceptable limits. A more rapid deterioration of organoleptic characteristics was also observed for the same samples, which showed flavour problems after 3 months of storage at 4 °C. Substitution of plant oils for lard considerably reduced the cholesterol content and increased the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of cooked sausages.

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Lagerungsstabilität von Brühwürsten, die mit verschiedenen pflanzlichen Ölen hergestellt wurden

Zusammenfassung Es wurden feinzerkleinerte Brühwürste unter Praxisbedingungen gefertigt, die anstelle des tierischen Fettes (Schweinespeck), pflanzliche Öle, wie Sonnenblumenöl, Maiskornöl, Sojabohnenöl, Baumwollsamenöl und Kokosnußsfett enthielten. Die Untersuchungen der fertigen Produkte erstreckten sich vor allem auf sensorische Eigenschaften und autoxidative Stabilität während der Kühllagerung bei 4 °C unter Vakuum. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, daß die Änderungen der TBA-Werte und der organoleptischen Eigenschaften der Chargen mit Maiskornöl, Sonnenblumenöl und Kokosnußfett fast ähnlich wie die der Kontrollcharge (Schweinespeck) waren. Bei der Verwendung von Sojabohnenöl und Baumwoll-samenöl waren die Änderungen der TBA-Werte dagegen intensiver, ohne jedoch die obersterlaubte Grenze zu überschreiten. Hier wurde ebenfalls, nach einer dreimonatigen Lagerung bei 4 °C, eine unerwünschte Änderung ihrer organoleptischen Eigenschaften, vor allem des Aromas, beobachtet.

     

Antioxidant properties of lipoic and dihydrolipoic acid in vegetable oils and lard

 The properties of lipoic and dihydrolipoic acid in lard and various vegetable oils were investigated as regards their use as antioxidants in food. The measurements were taken by automated Swift-test (Rancimat). Lipoic acid as well as dihydrolipoic acid proved to be antioxidants, although prooxidant effects occurred in low concentrations. The antioxidant effect increased with rising concentration. Fats containing lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were better stabilized than those containing high levels. Mixtures of ascorbyl palmitate with lipoic acid or dihydrolipoic acid were more effective than the separate acids. There were additive as well as synergistic effects. The antioxidant effect of ascorbyl palmitate limited by solubility could be increased considerably by combining it with lipoic or dihydrolipoic acid. Received: 26 May 1998 / Revised version: 3 August 1998     

Esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: Significance in the formation of 3-MCPD

3-Mono-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a contaminant that occurs in food in its free (diol) form as well as in an esterified (with fatty acids) form. Using a simple intestinal model, it was demonstrated that 3-MCPD monoesters and 3-MCPD diesters are accepted by intestinal lipase as substrates in vitro. Under the chosen conditions, the yield of 3-MCPD from a 3-MCPD monoester was greater than 95% in approximately 1 min. Release from the diesters was slower, reaching about 45, 65 and 95% of 3-MCPD after 1, 5 and 90 min of incubation, respectively. However, in human, the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD esters is unlikely to release 100% as 3-MCPD, as triglycerides and phospholipids are hydrolysed in the intestine liberating 2-monoglycerides. Assuming a similar metabolism for 3-MCPD esters as that known for acylglycerols in humans in vivo, the de-esterification in positions 1 and 3 would thus be favoured by pancreatic lipases. Therefore, 3-MCPD, and 3-MCPD-2 monoesters would be released, respectively, from the 1-/3-monoesters, and the diesters potentially present in food. Hence, information on the exact amounts of the partial fatty acid chloroesters, i.e. 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, is important to assess the contribution of foods to the bioavailability of 3-MCPD. Therefore, a rapid method for the determination of the ratio of 3-MCPD monoesters to diesters in fats and oils was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotopically labelled 3-MCPD esters as internal standards. The analysis of 11 different samples of fat mixes typically employed in food manufacturing demonstrated that a maximum of about 15% of the total amount of 3-MCPD bound in esters is present in the monoesterified form. The potentially slower release of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD diesters, and the mono- to diesters ratio suggest that 3-MCPD esters may in fact contribute only marginally to the overall dietary exposure to 3-MCPD. Further work on the bioavailability, metabolism and possible toxicity of chloroesters per se is warranted.     

Esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: Significance in the formation of 3-MCPD

3-Mono-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a contaminant that occurs in food in its free (diol) form as well as in an esterified (with fatty acids) form. Using a simple intestinal model, it was demonstrated that 3-MCPD monoesters and 3-MCPD diesters are accepted by intestinal lipase as substrates in vitro. Under the chosen conditions, the yield of 3-MCPD from a 3-MCPD monoester was greater than 95% in approximately 1 min. Release from the diesters was slower, reaching about 45, 65 and 95% of 3-MCPD after 1, 5 and 90 min of incubation, respectively. However, in human, the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD esters is unlikely to release 100% as 3-MCPD, as triglycerides and phospholipids are hydrolysed in the intestine liberating 2-monoglycerides. Assuming a similar metabolism for 3-MCPD esters as that known for acylglycerols in humans in vivo, the de-esterification in positions 1 and 3 would thus be favoured by pancreatic lipases. Therefore, 3-MCPD, and 3-MCPD-2 monoesters would be released, respectively, from the 1-/3-monoesters, and the diesters potentially present in food. Hence, information on the exact amounts of the partial fatty acid chloroesters, i.e. 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, is important to assess the contribution of foods to the bioavailability of 3-MCPD. Therefore, a rapid method for the determination of the ratio of 3-MCPD monoesters to diesters in fats and oils was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotopically labelled 3-MCPD esters as internal standards. The analysis of 11 different samples of fat mixes typically employed in food manufacturing demonstrated that a maximum of about 15% of the total amount of 3-MCPD bound in esters is present in the monoesterified form. The potentially slower release of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD diesters, and the mono- to diesters ratio suggest that 3-MCPD esters may in fact contribute only marginally to the overall dietary exposure to 3-MCPD. Further work on the bioavailability, metabolism and possible toxicity of chloroesters per se is warranted.     

Production of structured lipids containing conjugated linolenic acid: optimisation by response surface methodology

Structured lipids containing conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) were produced separately by enzymatic acidolysis reaction of corn and canola oils (CAO) with bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L) seed oil fatty acids [bitter gourd seed oil fatty acids (BGFA)]. Reactions were conducted using a commercial immobilised sn‐1,3‐specific lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM) in hexane. The effects of reaction time, substrate molar ratio, temperature and enzyme amount on incorporation yield of CLNA were investigated and optimised by response surface methodology with three‐level, two‐factor face‐centred cube design. When reactions were conducted using 10% enzyme for 3 h, the optimum reaction conditions were found for corn oil (CO) as 53.5 °C and 5.9:1 BGFA/CO molar ratio. At these conditions, the incorporation of CLNA into CO was determined as 41.4%. However, CLNA incorporation into CAO was resulted as 37% at optimum conditions which were 54.2 °C and 6.8:1 BGFA/CAO molar ratio.     

特征脂肪酸鉴别餐厨废弃油脂方法有效性评估

目的建立食用油脂中特征脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱联用检测方法并评估特征脂肪酸鉴别餐厨废弃油脂的有效性。方法采集植物油混合地沟油22份、煎炸老油20份、纯精炼地沟油7份、植物原油9份、精炼植物油48份、棕榈油6份、正常食用油加香精5份,油样经甲酯化处理后,采用UF-m FFAP毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25mm,0.25μm),经气相色谱-质谱法检测样品中十一烷酸甲酯和13-甲基十四烷酸甲酯的含量,对检测结果以样品类别进行统计学检验,评估特征脂肪酸鉴别废弃油脂的有效性。结果通过特征脂肪酸指标鉴别地沟油的方法是有效的。13-甲基十四烷酸可选为是否含有动物源性油脂的指标物,十一烷酸可选为反复煎炸油脂的指标物。两者结合可为鉴别正常植物油和餐厨废弃油提供有利依据。结论特征脂肪酸检测灵敏度高,特异性较强,但由于地沟油基本都是勾兑正常植物油出售,判定结果会出现假阴性,需结合其他指标进行研判,以提高鉴别的有效性。     

Predicting melting characteristics of vegetable oils from fatty acid composition

The enthalpy and melting characteristics (onset melting temperature, endset melting temperature, peak melting temperature and enthalpy of melting) of 12 vegetable oils were experimentally determined within a temperature range of −60 and 25 °C by means of a differential scanning calorimeter. Data obtained showed that vegetable oils melt over a wide temperature range (19-44 °C). The enthalpy required to increase the temperature of the vegetable oil samples from −60 to 25 °C was between 241.1 and 325.7 kJ/kg. Results from fatty acid composition indicate that the amount of the monounsaturated or polyunsaturated is highly correlated (R²>0.91) with the onset melting temperature, peak melting temperature and enthalpy of melting for the 12 vegetable oil samples. Poor correlation (R²<0.27) was obtained between the melting characteristics and the amount of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. A linear equation was therefore used to relate each of the melting characteristics of a vegetable oil sample to the amount of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid. The models developed are valuable for predicting material behavior and for modeling processing operations for vegetable oils.     

Effects of vegetable oils on gel properties of surimi gels

The objective of this study was to determine effects of vegetable oils (soybean, peanut, corn, and rap oils) on the textural, color, microstructural, sensory and rheological properties of surimi gels. As the vegetable oil concentration increased in surimi gels, breaking force of gels was decreased (P < 0.05), while expressible water and whiteness values were increased (P < 0.05). Surimi gels with peanut oil had higher breaking force values, comparing to those with other vegetable oils. Transmission electron microscope shows the similar-size droplets of peanut oil and corn oil in surimi gels. Sensory evaluation indicated that fish balls with 10 g/kg vegetable oils were accepted in term of taste, color and overall likeness by the panelists. Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) decreased along with increasing vegetable oil concentration. Results demonstrated that vegetable oils could be used potentially to modify the qualities of surimi-based products, such as color and taste.     

Production of omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids from hydrolysis of vegetable oils and animal fat with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides lipase

Food Science and Biotechnology - Hydrolysis of vegetable oils (Olive, corn, peanut, sesame, flaxseed, soy, canola, garlic, sunflower, almond, castor bean oils) and beef marrow bone oil by...     

三种食用植物油中不饱和脂肪酸含量调查

对市售大豆油、花生油、菜籽油等常见食用植物油中不饱和脂肪酸含量进行调查,调查结果表明:80个大豆油、花生油和菜籽油三种食用植物油样品中,不饱和脂肪酸的含量不符合相应国家标准规定的样品分别占相应品种调查数量的6.38%、7.14%和47.37%,部分食用植物油中存在掺杂现象。在符合国家标准规定的67个食用植物油样品中,含量较高的不饱和脂肪酸组成为大豆油中的亚油酸,花生油中的油酸和菜籽油中的油酸,平均含量分别为51.54%、42.20%、38.87%。     

九种植物油中脂肪酸成分的比较研究

索氏提取法提取了大豆、不同产地葵花籽、白花生、黑花生、白芝麻、黑芝麻、油菜籽和棉花籽的油脂,用气相色谱-质谱法测定了这9种植物油中脂肪酸组成和相对含量。结果表明,不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成和相对含量各不相同,同种类植物油脂肪酸组成一致,相对含量基本吻合,尽管植物油的产地和品种不同。除油菜籽油外,植物油中相对含量最高的两种脂肪酸为9,12-亚油酸和9-油酸,仅从这两种脂肪酸的相对含量之和也可区分不同种类的食用植物油。按我国推荐的食用植物油饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的推荐摄入量比,花生油最吻合。      

九种植物油中脂肪酸成分的比较研究

索氏提取法提取了大豆、不同产地葵花籽、白花生、黑花生、白芝麻、黑芝麻、油菜籽和棉花籽的油脂,用气相色谱-质谱法测定了这9种植物油中脂肪酸组成和相对含量。结果表明,不同种类植物油的脂肪酸组成和相对含量各不相同,同种类植物油脂肪酸组成一致,相对含量基本吻合,尽管植物油的产地和品种不同。除油菜籽油外,植物油中相对含量最高的两种脂肪酸为9,12-亚油酸和9-油酸,仅从这两种脂肪酸的相对含量之和也可区分不同种类的食用植物油。按我国推荐的食用植物油饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的推荐摄入量比,花生油最吻合。     

Application of pectic acid for removing heavy metals from vegetable oils

Summary Comparative studies on removing the metal complex from hydrogenated vegetable oils with the help of synthetic ion exchangers (Dowex 50 WX4, Wofatit KPS-200, KY-2, Amberlyst-15) and polyuronides, have shown pectic acid to be the most efficient in this respect. The removal of copper, iron, zinc and nickel from the oils ranged over 87 to 94%. The treatment has been carried out under static conditions. Pectic acid is known to be completely insoluble in vegetable oils and also completely harmless, which favours its application for this particular purpose. A practical method for removing metals on vegetable oils, applicable under production conditions, has been developed.

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Einsatz von Pectinsäure zur Entfernung von Schwermetallen aus pflanzlichen Ölen

Zusammenfassung Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Entfernung des Metallkomplexes aus hydrogenierten pflanzlichen Ölen mit synthetischen Ionenaustauschern Dowex 50 WX4, Wolfatit KPS-200, KY-2, Amberlyst-15) und Polyuroniden wird festgestellt, daß die Pectinsäure die höchste Wirksamkeit aufweist. Es werden 87 bis 94% der Ionen von Kupfer, Eisen, Zink und Nickel entfernt. Die Behandlung erfolgt unter statischen Bedingungen. Wie bekannt, ist die Pectinsäure in pflanzlichen Ölen völlig unlösbar, so daß ihre Anwendung zum obengenannten Zweck stark begünstigt wird. Es wird ein leicht einsetzbares Entmetallisierungsverfahren entwikkelt, das unter Produktionsbedingungen durchführbar ist.

     

植物油中生物活性物质及其营养特性概述

为了解植物油凝胶国内外研究现状及发展趋势,分析植物油凝胶研究热点及未来发展方向,以2003-2021年CNKI（China National Knowledge Infrastructure）和2003-2021年WOS（Web of Science）核心合集数据库收录的植物油凝胶相关文献为数据,采用科学知识图谱工具CiteSpace进行大数据归纳统计分析。对中外文数据库文献数量、关键词（时区、共现、聚类）、作者共现、发文机构、发文国家进行可视化图谱分析。结果表明,在所统计的年限范围内,中外文植物油凝胶研究的文章数量总体呈上升趋势,统计数据库文献数量共计1387篇,其中中文396篇,外文991篇;中外文核心作者共计135人,中外文分别以马传国和Marangoni A为主要核心作者。结合文献时间轴知识图谱,得出国内外研究主要以新型油脂凝胶因子（凝胶剂）、油凝胶结构分析、多相油凝胶混合系统、油凝胶消化率为研究热点,推测植物油凝胶未来发展方向为新功能的挖掘以及在应用领域上的拓展。     

28种功能性食用油脂肪酸组成研究

目的研究28种功能性食用油脂的脂肪酸组成,包括8种国家新食品原料(新资源食品)目录油脂。方法采用气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(gas chromatography-flame ionization detection,GC-FID)方法对28种油脂的脂肪酸组成进行研究。在GC-FID图谱基础上,得出了所测的28种植物油脂中37种脂肪酸的指纹图谱。根据脂肪酸的保留时间和峰面积进行定性和相对定量,进而分析饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid,SFA)、不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acid,UFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA)组成,从而分析样品的脂肪酸组成。结果在28种功能性油脂中,芍药籽油、芥花油、美藤果油、文冠果油、星油藤种子、翅果油等10种油脂UFA含量都在90%以上;MUFA含量最高为澳洲坚果油80.3%,其中,PUFA含量以美藤果油最多,达到82.0%,星油藤种子油次之,为81.1%,二者亚油酸(C18:2)和亚麻酸(C18:3)均含量高达40%;漆树种仁油、毗黎勒油、秋葵籽油、油瓜油的SFA含量均超过30%。结论该研究对探讨利用脂肪酸指标评价新型功能性油脂的营养价值及其开发利用具有指导意义。