阻燃及可瓷化硅橡胶成炭结构的研究进展

简单介绍了硅橡胶的阻燃和瓷化机理。依据阻燃剂、填料及炭层结构的不同,将硅橡胶分为阻燃和可瓷化两大类.综述了阻燃硅橡胶和可瓷化硅橡胶的阻燃性能和成炭结构的研究进展。分析表明:添加物理或化学膨胀型阻燃剂的硅橡胶,燃烧过程中形成的炭层疏松多孔,阻燃隔热性能优异,但炭层强度差;添加非膨胀型阻燃剂的硅橡胶,炭层结构相对密实,但表面不平整,存在孔洞和裂缝,阻燃效果不好;添加可瓷化填料的硅橡胶燃烧形成的陶瓷炭层坚硬而致密,具有优异的耐火持久性,但在隔绝热量方面不如膨胀炭层。炭层的疏松隔热与坚固耐久兼顾是阻燃硅橡胶未来可能的发展方向。     

可膨胀石墨对室温硫化硅橡胶性能的影响

以α,ω-二羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷为基胶、纳米碳酸钙为填料、可膨胀石墨为阻燃剂,制得室温硫化硅橡胶.采用垂直燃烧、氧指数、热分析、拉伸和扫描电镜等手段研究了硅橡胶/可膨胀石墨体系的阻燃、热分解、力学性能,以及燃烧前后的微观形态.研究结果表明,可膨胀石墨是硅橡胶的良好阻燃剂,添加剂的质量分数为10%时,硅橡胶达到UL94 V...     

阻燃玻纤增强尼龙66的制备及性能研究

研究了用环保型阻燃剂溴化聚苯乙烯(PBS)、三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)、玻璃纤维(GF)以及功能助剂通过双螺杆挤出机制备出27%(wt)玻纤含量的高性能环保型阻燃增强尼龙66(PA66)复合材料。DSC和TGA结果表明,玻纤和阻燃剂等填料阻碍PA66结晶过程中分子链段的运动,降低其结晶能力,同时降低了复合材料的热稳定性;SEM结果表明复合材料各组分之间的界面粘结力较强,填料在基体中的分散性较好;力学和阻燃性能测试结果表明,与PA66相比,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提高了100%、110%和250%,阻燃性能达到V-0级(0.8 mm)。     

聚氨酯硬泡无卤阻燃研究进展

首先对聚氨酯分解和燃烧规律的研究进展进行综述,根据文献中聚氨酯在不同条件下的分解规律的研究结果,给出聚氨酯硬泡分解和燃烧过程的一般规律。在此基础上,通过文献报道结合本课题组的研究结果,考察了磷系阻燃剂和功能填料对聚氨酯泡沫燃烧性能,主要包括氧指数、燃烧热释放速率等指标的影响,总结出聚氨酯硬泡体系中磷系阻燃剂的作用机理和规律,以及磷系阻燃剂与功能性填料复合应用的阻燃效果,并进一步提出了聚氨酯硬泡无卤阻燃的实现方案。     

膨胀型阻燃涂料的研究进展

本文综述了近年来膨胀型阻燃涂料的研究进展,从膨胀型阻燃涂料的构成(基料、膨胀阻燃体系、填料颜料、助剂)出发,详细介绍了国内外基料的研究现况;并对常用的主要膨胀型阻燃剂,包括炭化剂、脱水催化剂和发泡剂进行了总结和分类;结合国外的研究,将常用几种填料对膨胀型阻燃涂料的性能影响作了系统的总结,对阻燃协效剂和其它助剂的影响和使用情况也进行了归纳和论述,并在此基础上对未来膨胀型阻燃涂料的发展趋势提出了建议。     

EVA基无卤阻燃复合材料的研究进展

分别介绍了采用金属氢氧化物阻燃剂、蒙脱石型阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、氮系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂、有机硅阻燃剂、碱式硫酸镁晶须（MOS）阻燃剂和辐射交联技术制备的无卤阻燃乙烯―乙酸乙烯共聚物（EVA）复合材料的研究开发现状,并展望了无卤阻燃EVA复合材料的发展趋势。     

含改性硅微粉硅橡胶阻燃抑烟研究

为进一步提升硅橡胶(SR)的阻燃性能,利用硅烷偶联剂对硅微粉(SF)进行表面改性,以改性后的SF为阻燃剂,制备出SR样品。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对改性前后SF表面形貌进行表征,通过极限氧指数(LOI)、水平垂直测试、锥形量热仪(CCT)、烟密度测试(SDT)等手段研究SR复合材料力学性能、阻燃性能、抑烟性能。研究表明:添加相同质量的SF和改性SF时,含改性SF的SR力学性能明显提升。其中,含21%(wt)改性SF/SR复合材料的力学、阻燃性能综合最佳。与纯SR相比,改性SF/SR复合材料的LOI增加了15%,热释放速率峰值降低86%,火灾增长指数降低了58%,最大烟密度降低43%。     

精细化工实验课程教学改革与实践:可陶瓷化阻燃EVA复合材料的制备与性能研究*

结合科研课题及实验教学经验,设计了题为“可陶瓷化阻燃EVA复合材料的制备与性能研究”的精细化工实验课教学项目。该实验以乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)为基材,以叶腊石粉(PL)和磷酸盐玻璃粉(GD)为陶瓷化填料(CF),以有机蒙脱土(OMMT)为抗熔滴剂,以三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)为阻燃剂,制备可陶瓷化阻燃EVA复合材料。实验优化了影响阻燃效果、陶瓷强度和复合材料力学性能的因素,确定了合适的配方组成等内容。本精细化工实验课结合了科研内容,能激发学生主动参与实验设计并自主探索科学的兴趣,有利于培养学生的创新能力和解决实际问题的能力。     

无卤阻燃聚丙烯研究进展

综述了目前应用于聚丙烯的铝-镁系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂改善其燃烧性能的研究成果,分析了无卤阻燃剂的加入对聚丙烯阻燃性能、力学性能的影响,总结了无卤阻燃聚丙烯尚待研究的科学技术问题,提出了研究新型无卤阻燃剂和不同阻燃剂复合的协效作用,研制新型表面改性剂和新的表面改性技术,使阻燃剂与聚丙烯有适宜的相容性,构筑适度柔性、结合力强的界面结构,是制备具有优良阻燃性能、力学性能的无卤阻燃聚丙烯努力方向的研究思路.     

粉煤灰/硅橡胶复合材料的性能研究

以粉煤灰为填料,采用Si-69、钛酸酯和硬脂酸三种偶联剂对其进行表面处理,采用红外光谱仪和扫描电镜分析了改性前后粉煤灰的表面结构和形貌,而后将粉煤灰添加到硅橡胶中,比较粉煤灰改性前后复合材料的力学性能和阻燃性能。实验结果表明:红外光谱证实三种偶联剂改变了粉煤灰的表面结构,SEM观察到改性后粉煤灰的比表面积得到了提高;改性粉煤灰/硅橡胶复合材料的力学性能和阻燃性能比未改性的粉煤灰/硅橡胶复合材料得到了较大的提高。当添加量为1%的硬脂酸改性粉煤灰/硅橡胶复合材料的力学性能和阻燃性能最佳。     

Recent Progress in Two-dimensional Nanomaterials Following Graphene for Improving Fire Safety of Polymer (Nano)composites

The high fire safety of polymer nanocomposites is being pursued by research institutions around the world. In addition to intrinsic flame retardancy strategy, the additive-type flame retardants have attracted increasing attention due to low commercial cost and easy fabrication craft. However, traditional additive-type flame retardants usually need high addition amount to achieve a desirable effect, which causes many side-effects on the overall performance of polymer materials, such as deteriorated mechanical property and processability. At present, two-dimensional(2 D) nanomaterials have also been applied to reduce the fire hazards of polymer(nano)composites with the coupling of barrier function and catalysis as well as carbonization effect. Even though most research work mainly focus on graphene-based flame retardants, more emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials are taking away research attention, due to their complementary and unique properties, mainly including hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN), molybdenum disulfide(MoS_2), metal organic frameworks(MOF), carbon nitride(CN),titanium carbide(MXene) and black phosphorene(BP). In this review, except for graphene, the flame retardant mechanism involving different layered nanomaterials are also reviewed. Meanwhile, the functionalization method and flame retardancy effect of different layered nanomaterials are emphatically discussed for offering an effective reference to solve the fire hazards of polymer materials. Moreover, this work objectively evaluates the practical significance of polymer/layered nanomaterials composites for industrial application.     

Flame retardancy of silicone-based materials

This review describes some recent works related to the development of the flame retardation of silicone elastomers and/or applications of silicones as flame retardant agents in other polymers. First, the thermal degradation of silicones themselves is discussed, focussing on depolymerization mechanisms, effect of structure, heating conditions, and effect of additives (i.e. less than 5 wt% fillers) on thermal degradation of silicones. Then, the influence of several types of mineral fillers (of up to 80 wt% content) as ceramization agents of silicones is presented. Finally, the introduction of (functionalized) silicones as flame retardants into other polymers is described.     

Calcium and aluminum-based fillers as flame-retardant additives in silicone matrices. III. Investigations on fire reaction

The flame retardancy of silicone composites containing calcium- and aluminum-based fillers has been investigated using several methods including cone calorimeter, Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC), thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (Py-GC/MS). The fire reaction of precipitated calcium carbonate, calcite, calcium hydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, boehmite and alumina-based composites was correlated mainly with their thermal stability, while for mica and wollastonite-based composites, a barrier effect was also evidenced. The endothermic effect was not established as an efficient flame retardancy mechanism for the silicone composites containing hydrated fillers. Mica composite exhibited the best flame retardancy, in terms of depressed HRR, among all investigated formulations. Finally, a unique behavior was observed during the cone calorimeter test of calcium hydroxide-based composite, which co-crystallization with silica occurs exclusively at high heat flux.     

AN EVA/UNMODIFIED NANO-MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE/SILICONE RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITE WITH SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANCY

A novel EVA/unmodified nano-magnesium hydroxide(NMH)/silicone rubber ternary nanocomposite was prepared by using a special compound flame retardant of NMH and silicone rubber(CFR).The flammability of the ternary composite was studied by cone calorimeter test(CCT).Synergistic effect on flame retardancy was found between silicone rubber and NMH.EVA/CFR ternary nanocomposite showed the lowest peak heat release rate(PHRR)and mass loss rate (MLR)among the samples of virgin EVA,EVA composites.The synergistic flame retardancy of silicone rubber and NMH in EVA system is attributed to the enhanced char layers in the condensed phase that prevents the heat and mass transfer in the fire.     

聚乳酸阻燃性能的研究进展

聚乳酸作为一种资源与环境友好材料已得到了广泛深入的研究。如果能够提高聚乳酸的阻燃性能,则能进一步扩大其应用范围。目前对聚乳酸的阻燃改性主要采用添加阻燃剂的方法,并以磷系、氮系、硅系、金属化合物阻燃剂以及多种阻燃成分的复配为主,而聚乳酸的反应型阻燃也在不断研究发展中。本文在介绍阻燃作用机理的基础上,综述了聚乳酸阻燃研究发展现状,并对聚乳酸的阻燃提出展望。     

(Photo)oxidative degradation and stabilization of flame retarded polymers

Flame retarded polymer formulations are mainly used in long-term applications whereas antioxidants, light stabilizers and co-additives provide the requested lifetime of plastic materials. However many flame retardants influence the oxidative and photooxidative stability of polymers often in a negative way resulting in early failure and loss in value. Moreover insufficient (photo)oxidative stability of the flame retardant itself may reduce the flame retardance performance over time. Therefore, there is a need to develop adjusted stabilizer systems considering the type of flame retardant, the polymer substrate and the intended application. Therefore, the influence of flame retardants on the (photo)oxidative stability of selected polymers is reviewed and strategies to extend the lifetime of flame retarded polymers are provided. In addition, the specific requirements of the stabilization of nanocomposites as potential flame retardant components are covered.     

Fire retardant action of mineral fillers

Endothermically decomposing mineral fillers, such as aluminium or magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, or mixed magnesium/calcium carbonates and hydroxides, such as naturally occurring mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are in heavy demand as sustainable, environmentally benign fire retardants. They are more difficult to deploy than the halogenated flame retardants they are replacing, as their modes of action are more complex, and are not equally effective in different polymers. In addition to their presence (at levels up to 70%), reducing the flammable content of the material, they have three quantifiable fire retardant effects: heat absorption through endothermic decomposition; increased heat capacity of the polymer residue; increased heat capacity of the gas phase through the presence of water or carbon dioxide. These three contributions have been quantified for eight of the most common fire retardant mineral fillers, and the effects on standard fire tests such as the LOI, UL 94 and cone calorimeter discussed. By quantifying these estimable contributions, more subtle effects, which they might otherwise mask, may be identified.     

含环三磷腈衍生物的辐照交联聚乙烯基复合材料的制备及阻燃性能

将具有阻燃剂和辐照敏化剂双重功能的含烯丙基环三磷腈（CP-Allyl）,通过熔融共混的方式引入到由低密度聚乙烯和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物组成的基体中,制备了一系列基于有机-无机阻燃复配剂的新型无卤阻燃聚乙烯基复合绝缘材料。进一步通过100~190 kGy剂量下的电子束辐照,实现了复合材料的辐照交联,并建立了辐照剂量与交联度以及材料性能的关系。研究结果表明,含有功能性环三磷腈衍生物的辐照交联复合材料具有优良的力学强度、阻燃性和电绝缘性能。力学强度在14.5 MPa以上,极限氧指数为28.2%~32.4%,电阻达到2.47×10¹² Ω以上,因而有希望在电线电缆领域获得应用。