Suppression of thermally excited capillary waves by shear flow

We investigate the thermal fluctuations of the colloidal gas-liquid interface subjected to a shear flow parallel to the interface. Strikingly, we find that the shear strongly suppresses capillary waves, making the interface smoother. This phenomenon can be described by introducing an effective interfacial tension that increases with the shear rate. The increase of sigma(eff) is a direct consequence of the loss of interfacial entropy caused by the flow, which affects especially the slow fluctuations. This demonstrates that the interfacial tension of fluids results from an intrinsic as well as a fluctuation contribution.     

Shear waves guided by the imperfect interface of two magnetoelectric materials

In this paper, propagation of shear waves along a weak interface of two dissimilar magnetoelectric or magnetoelectroelastic materials is considered. Two exact dispersion relations are obtained for an imperfect electrode interface and an unelectroded interface, respectively. The existence condition of the interfacial waves is studied. Our results show that the interfacial imperfection strongly affects the velocity of the interfacial shear waves. In particular, for certain bi-magnetoelectric material, the interfacial shear waves may do not exist for a perfect interface and exist only for an imperfect interface. These findings are useful for the design of high-frequency wave devices.     

Effect of korteweg stress in miscible liquid two-layer flow in a microfluidic device

Miscible liquid two-layer flow in a Y-shaped microfluidic device, which consists of microchannels with 120 μm in width and 35 μm in depth, is investigated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) to clarify the flow characteristics at fluid interfaces. The obtained velocities with a spatial resolution of 5.9 x 1.5 μm² around the interface between water and ethanol indicate an imbalance in shear stress at interface. The reason of the imbalance is to be the Korteweg stress generated by interfacial tension gradient due to a concentration gradient by diffusion in a miscible two-layer flow. The stress may cause an interfacial instability and destroy a uniform mixing in two flowing fluids in the case of large concentration gradient.     

A nonlinear PSE method for two-fluid shear flows with complex interfacial topology

A nonlinear stability method is developed for laminar two-fluid shear flows which undergo changes in the interface topology. The method is based on the nonlinear parabolized stability equations (PSE) and incorporates a scalar-based interface capturing (IC) scheme in order to track complex deformations of the fluid interface. In doing so, the formulation retains the flexibility and physical insight of instability-wave based methods, while providing hydrodynamic modeling capabilities similar to direct numerical calculations: the new formulation, referred to as the IC-PSE, can capture the nonlinear physical mechanisms responsible for generating large-scale, two-fluid structures, without incurring heavy computational costs. This approach is valid for spatially developing, laminar two-fluid shear flows which are convectively unstable, and can naturally account for the growth of finite amplitude interfacial waves, along with changes to the interfacial topology. We demonstrate the accuracy of the IC-PSE against direct Navier–Stokes calculations for two-fluid mixing layers with density and viscosity stratification. The comparisons show that the IC-PSE can predict the dynamics of the instability waves and capture the formation of Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex rolls and large scale liquid structures, at an order of magnitude less computational cost than direct calculations. The role of surface tension in the IC-PSE formulation is shown to be valid for flows in which Re/We ? 1, and the method accurately predicts the formation and non-linear evolution of flow structures in this limit. This is demonstrated for spatially developing mixing layers which lead to vortex roll-up and ligaments, prior to droplet formation. The pinch-off process itself is a high surface tension phenomenon and in not considered herein. The method also accurately captures the effect of interfacial waves on the mean flow, and the topology changes during the non-linear evolution of the two-fluid structures.     

Prestressed FRP and interface slip effect on interfacial stresses analysis: the new FRP sheets rigidity model

This paper presents an improved bi-material beam theory with adhesive interface and the new prestressed-fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) – model, which has been applied to the study the problem of interfacial stresses. This work explicitly considers the interfacial slip effect on the structural performance by including both the effect of adherend shear deformations and the fiber volume fraction of the prestressed laminates. This new method needs only one differential equation to determine both shear and normal interfacial stress, which is one aspect that has not been taken into account by the previous studies in the literature. A parametrical study is carried out to show the effects of some design variables, e.g., stiffness and thickness of adhesive layer and FRP plate.     

Interfaces in driven Ising models: shear enhances confinement

We use a phase-separated driven two-dimensional Ising lattice gas to study fluid interfaces exposed to shear flow parallel to the interface. The interface is stabilized by two parallel walls with opposing surface fields, and a driving field parallel to the walls is applied which (i) either acts locally at the walls or (ii) varies linearly with distance across the strip. Using computer simulations with Kawasaki dynamics, we find that the system reaches a steady state in which the magnetization profile is the same as that in equilibrium, but with a rescaled length implying a reduction of the interfacial width. An analogous effect was recently observed in sheared phase-separated colloidal dispersions. Pair correlation functions along the interface decay more rapidly with distance under drive than in equilibrium and for cases of weak drive, can be rescaled to the equilibrium result.     

Primordial gravity waves and weak lensing

Inflation produces a primordial spectrum of gravity waves in addition to the density perturbations which seed structure formation. We compute the signature of these gravity waves in the large scale shear field. The shear can be divided into a gradient mode (G or E) and a curl mode (C or B). The latter is produced only by gravity waves, so the observations of a nonzero curl mode could be seen as evidence for inflation. We find that the expected signal from inflation is small, peaking on the largest scales at l(l+1)C(l)/2pi<10(-11) at l=2 and falling rapidly thereafter. Even for an all-sky deep survey, this signal would be below noise at all multipoles.     

碳纳米管-聚乙烯复合材料界面力学特性分析

本文采用分子动力学模拟办法对碳纳米管-聚乙烯复合材料的界面力学特性进行了模拟和分析. 通过对单壁碳纳米管从无定形聚乙烯中抽出过程进行模拟, 研究了界面剪切应力随碳管滑移速度、聚乙烯分子链长和碳纳米管管径之间的变化关系, 并对界面的滑移机理进行了讨论. 模拟结果发现, 随着聚合物分子链长的增加, 界面临界剪切应力有显著增大, 而滑移剪切应力略显增加; 界面临界剪切应力和滑移剪切应力随着碳纳米管管径的增大而明显增加. 本文同时对界面应力的变化机理进行了模拟和讨论.     

三层介质超声谐振模式随材料和界面粘接性能变化的演变规律

在用超声波谐振对粘接材料的粘接强度进行无损评估时, 不同模式对粘接强度的敏感程度受到众多因素和参数的影响, 对检测结果的可靠性至关重要. 基于多层介质中声传播和界面弱粘接边界条件的理论模型, 将一个上下非对称的金属-粘接剂-金属三层结构的平面波反射系数函数中的谐振模式看作是上下铝金属层各自的Lamb波频散模式通过夹心粘接剂层相互耦合后叠加组成. 改变影响结构粘接强度的因素, 即粘接剂的性能参数(声阻抗、密度、厚度)和界面切向劲度系数k_t来分析三层结构谐振模式耦合方式的变化,得出结论: 粘接结构粘接性能的变化基本上不改变与被粘铝层相关的固有部分的Lamb波模式, 而它们的耦合模式则在谐振频率上产生平移并会与固有模式进行交换和替代; 不同参数的变化引起的模式演变有各自的规律, 大多可彼此区分.     

In situ observation of interfacial debonding process induced by matrix crack propagation in two-dimensional unidirectional model composites

Interfacial debonding behavior is studied for unidirectional fiber reinforced composites from both experimental and analytical viewpoints. A new type of two-dimensional unidirectional model composite is prepared using 10 boron fibers and transparent epoxy resin with two levels of interfacial strength. In situ observation of the internal mesoscopic fracture process is carried out using the single edge notched specimen under static loading. The matrix crack propagation, the interfacial debonding growth and the interaction between them are directly observed in detail. As a result, the interfacial debonding is clearly accelerated in specimens with weakly bonded fibers in comparison with those with strongly bonded fibers. Secondary, three-dimensional finite element analysis is carried out in order to reproduce the interfacial debonding behavior. The experimentally observed relation between the mesoscopic fracture process and the applied load is given as the boundary condition. We successfully evaluate the mode II interfacial debonding toughness and the effect of interfacial frictional shear stress on the apparent mode II energy release rate separately by employing the present model composite in combination with the finite element analysis. The true mode II interfacial debonding toughness for weaker interface is about 0.4 times as high as that for a stronger interface. The effect of the interfacial frictional shear stress on the apparent mode II energy release rate for the weak interface is about 0.07 times as high as that for the strong interface. The interfacial frictional shear stress and the coefficient of friction for weak interface are calculated as 0.25 and 0.4 times as high as those for strong interface, respectively.     

Study of shear transfer in Al/epoxy joint by digital photoelasticity

An improved six-step phase-shifting method is proposed for calculating full-field shear stress based on a four-step color phase-shifting method in digital photoelasticity. The method was verified using a disk under diametral compression and then applied to an aluminum alloy/epoxy joint for studying the shear transfer behavior. Experimental results revealed that the isochromatic fringe order and shear stress at the bonding interface are distributed continuously and increased with compression. In particular, an antisymmetric thermal residual shear stress appears at the bonding interface, because of the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of Al and the resin. This indicates that the thermal residual shear stress at the bonding interface is self-balanced and reaches a peak at the edges of the bonding interface. The load transfer is realized by the shear band from the bonding interface to the bottom support. Basically, the bonding interfacial shear stress is balanced with the load.     

Velocity profiles in repulsive athermal systems under shear

We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of athermal systems undergoing boundary-driven planar shear flow in two and three spatial dimensions. We find that these systems possess nonlinear mean velocity profiles when the velocity u of the shearing wall exceeds a critical value u(c). Above u(c), we also show that the packing fraction and mean-square velocity profiles become spatially dependent with dilation and enhanced velocity fluctuations near the moving boundary. In systems with overdamped dynamics, u(c) is only weakly dependent on packing fraction phi. However, in systems with underdamped dynamics, u(c) is set by the speed of shear waves in the material and tends to zero as phi approaches phi(c), which is near random close packing at small damping. For underdamped systems with phi相似文献   

Interface end theory and re-evaluation in interfacial strength test methods

The experimental results of fragmentation, micro-indentation, pull-out and microdebond tests often exhibit large discrepancies. Since all specimens of the four test methods all have interface ends, the singularity theory of the interface end should be used to evaluate the exactness of the test methods. The eigenvalues of the specimens for the micro-indentation test, pull-out test and microdebond test are calculated and investigated. The results show that the stress singularity of the interface end depends on the Dundurs' parameters and the wedge angles. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) obtained from the tests loses its rationality if the stress is singular at the interface end. In further analysis, for a carbon fiber-epoxy resin composite, it is found that the microdebond test gives the most reliable IFSS results, if the wedge angle of the resin droplet is less than 40°; the results from the pull-out test are dubious, due to the stress singularity at the interface end. In the micro-indentation test, there is a critical matrix stiffness value for a given fiber, above which the stress at the interface end will be non-singular. The fragmentation test assumes the interfacial shear stress on the fiber fragment of critical length is the IFSS. If debonding does not occur at the interface end, then apparently, the interfacial shear stress on the fiber fragment of critical length is less than the true value of IFSS.     

Erosion damage in diamond coatings by high velocity sand impacts

For a diamond-coated component, the shear stresses at the coating–substrate interface, generated by solid particle impingement, are known to affect interfacial integrity. If these stresses are of sufficient magnitude, coating-debonding caused by interfacial crack propagation can be initiated, which can later lead to catastrophic failure of the coating. This paper describes a set of experiments conducted on CVD diamond coatings at a constant particle impingement velocity (250 m/s), using sieved silica sand varying in diameter from 125 to 500 µm. The objective of this work was to examine the influence of the stress field on the integrity of the coating by varying the depth at which the maximum shear stress occurred. Detailed studies of the coating failure time with respect to the normalized depth of maximum shear stress show that particle impacts generating a maximum shear stress at, or close to, the coating–substrate interface results in rapid debonding of the coating. Coatings thick enough to contain the maximum shear stress within the coating and away from the interface exhibit the longest life when subjected to solid particle impacts. The results are also compared to other erosion studies and the differences between them are explained.     

Interface Shear Stress Analysis of Bond FRP Tendon Anchorage under Different Boundary Conditions

This article describes a study of an analytic interfacial stresses solution of FRP bond tendon anchorage, under different boundary conditions. The analytic solution was obtained with the cohesive zone model (CZM): the concept of the minimum relative interface displacement s _mis introduced and used as the fundamental variable to express all other parameters. The presented analytic solution agrees well with the result of experiment and that of finite element analysis (FEA). Furthermore, the interface shear stress distributions under two kinds of boundary conditions are discussed. It is indicated that the boundary conditions affected distribution of interfacial stress greatly. Under different boundary conditions, at the same load level, the peak interface shear stress corresponding to the first boundary condition is smaller than it is corresponding to the second boundary condition. The FRP tendon anchor under the first boundary condition can alleviate the peak bond stress, resulting in better uniformity in bond stress distribution.     

Effect of Shear Flow on Nanoparticles Migration near Liquid Interfaces

The effect of shear flow on spherical nanoparticles (NPs) migration near a liquid–liquid interface is studied by numerical simulation. We have implemented a compact model through which we use the diffuse interface method for modeling the two fluids and the molecular dynamics method for the simulation of the motion of NPs. Two different cases regarding the state of the two fluids when introducing the NPs are investigated. First, we introduce the NPs randomly into the medium of the two immiscible liquids that are already separated, and the interface is formed between them. For this case, it is shown that before applying any shear flow, 30% of NPs are driven to the interface under the effect of the drag force resulting from the composition gradient between the two fluids at the interface. However, this percentage is increased to reach 66% under the effect of shear defined by a Péclet number Pe = 0.316. In this study, different shear rates are investigated in addition to different shearing times, and we show that both factors have a crucial effect regarding the migration of the NPs toward the interfacial region. In particular, a small shear rate applied for a long time will have approximately the same effect as a greater shear rate applied for a shorter time. In the second studied case, we introduce the NPs into the mixture of two fluids that are already mixed and before phase separation so that the NPs are introduced into the homogenous medium of the two fluids. For this case, we show that in the absence of shear, almost all NPs migrate to the interface during phase separation, whereas shearing has a negative result, mainly because it affects the phase separation.     

Effects of bulk diffusion on interfacial dynamics

We study the influence of bulk diffusion on the dynamics of an interface in the two-phase region of two component systems. We establish a set of equations of motion describing capillary waves and their coupling to a slow diffusion mode in the bulk. Valid for the general case of density dependent bulk diffusion coefficients, these equations are both non-local and non-linear. The nonlinearity is a realization of the full Galilean symmetry associated with the system. Studying the dispersion relations for the linear regime, we find a significant difference between systems with Ising symmetry and those without.     

Effects of interface energy on scattering of plane elastic wave by a nano-sized coated fiber

In the framework of surface elasticity theory, the scattering of plane compressional and shear waves by a single nano-sized coated fiber embedded in an elastic matrix is studied using the method of eigenfunction expansion. The dynamic stress concentration factors along the interface between the coated fiber and the matrix induced by the plane elastic wave and scattering cross section are derived and numerically evaluated. The interface stress, inhomogeneous material constants and thickness of the coated layer on the scattering of the elastic wave become much more important when the radius of the coated-fiber is reduced to the nanometer scale. These were confirmed by the use of numerical results. Our results can aid in understanding the dynamic mechanical properties of nano-composites. The proposed method has potential applications in the characterization of the interfacial layer that links reinforced fibers to their matrix.     

石墨烯/柔性基底复合结构双向界面切应力传递问题的理论研究

界面力学性能是影响石墨烯/柔性基底复合结构整体力学性能的关键因素,因此对该结构界面切应力传递机理的研究十分必要.考虑了石墨烯和基底泊松效应的影响,本文提出了二维非线性剪滞模型.对于基底泊松比相比石墨烯较大的情况,利用该模型理论研究了受单轴拉伸石墨烯/柔性基底结构的双向界面切应力传递问题.在弹性粘结阶段,导出了石墨烯双向正应变和双向界面切应力的半解析表达式,分析了不同位置处石墨烯正应变和界面切应力的分布规律.导出了石墨烯/柔性基底结构发生界面滑移的临界应变,结果表明该临界应变低于利用经典一维非线性剪滞模型得到的滑移临界应变,并且明显受到石墨烯宽度尺寸以及基底泊松比大小的影响.基于二维非线性剪滞模型建立有限元模型(FEM),研究了界面滑移阶段石墨烯双向正应变和双向界面切应力的分布规律.与一维非线性剪滞模型的结果对比表明,当石墨烯宽度较大时,二维模型和一维模型对石墨烯正应变、界面切应力以及滑移临界应变的计算结果均存在较大差别,但石墨烯宽度很小时,二维模型可近似被一维模型代替.最后,通过与拉曼实验结果的对比,验证了二维非线性剪滞模型的可靠性,并得到了石墨烯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基底结构的界面刚度(100 TPa/m)和界面剪切强度(0.295 MPa).