芸苔属脱外壁花粉作为研究花粉萌发的新实验系统

脱外壁花粉的分离与人工萌发已在芸苔属(Brassica L.)中取得成功。由于其缺乏外壁与萌发沟这一特点,脱外壁花粉是研究花粉萌发的有用的实验系统。作者重点研究了脱外壁花粉分离与萌发过程中有关极性形成、萌发位点预定及新壁的合成等问题。结果表明在外壁脱离之前花粉已经活化并预先建立了极性;脱外壁后的萌发位点仍位于原萌发沟处;在萌发位点处合成的新壁可能起限定花粉管直径的作用。由此推论,脱外壁花粉可在花粉生物学研究中广泛加以应用。     

烟草脱外壁花粉人工萌发与离体授粉实验系统的建立

通过花蕾低温处理、花药漂浮培养与花粉短时酶解程序可脱去花粉外壁,分离出烟草(Nicotianatabacum L.)的脱外壁花粉。研究了分离过程中的酶液渗透压、培养基中聚乙二醇(PEG)与蔗糖以及添加水解乳蛋白等因素对脱外壁花粉人工萌发的影响。在含30％PEG-6000与0.1％水解乳蛋白的D_2培养基中,萌发率最高达57.8％;花粉管生长正常,培养24h后一半以上的花粉管中生殖细胞分裂成精子。用微滴和贴滤纸小片的方法将30～40粒脱外壁花粉授予柱头上,近一半能萌发花粉管并在花柱中生长。采取授粉后子房培养方法,获得了种子与幼苗。从而建立了脱外壁花粉离体授粉实验系统。讨论了脱外壁花粉人工萌发与离体授粉实验系统的建立对于研究外壁在花粉萌发中的生物学功能以及开拓新的转基因技术等方面的意义。     

中国北部绣线菊属的花粉形态及分类学意义

本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了中国北部绣线菊属ＳｐｉｒａｅａＬ．２１种及６个变种的花粉形态,描述了外壁纹饰的形态特征,指出了外壁纹饰特征在分类上的意义。绣线菊属的花粉为球形至长球形,外壁纹饰为条网状至条纹状。外壁纹饰类型不具有属内分组意义,但对一些种类具有一定的分类价值。花粉形态支持将曲枣绣线菊Ｓ．ｆｌｅｘｕｏｓａＦｉｓｃｈ。并入石蚕叶绣线菊Ｓ．ｃｈａｍｏｅｄｒｙｆｏｌｉａＬ．的观点［Ｍａｘｉｍｏｗｉｃｚ,Ｃ．Ｊ．（１８７９）、Ｒｅｈｄｅｒ,Ａｉ．（１９４０）］,不同意将蒙古绣线菊毛枝变种Ｓ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＭａｘｉｍ．ｖａｒ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｕｌｏｓａＹｕ提升为贺兰山绣线菊Ｓ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｕｌｏｓａ（Ｙｕ）Ｙ．Ｚ．Ｚｈａｏ［赵一之（１９８７）］。     

用基因枪法将GUS基因导入烟草脱外壁花粉及其瞬间表达

以β－葡糖苷酸酶（β－ｇｌｕｃｕｒｏｎｉｄａｓｅ,ＧＵＳ）基因作为报告基因,用基因枪法将其导入烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）脱外壁花粉和作为对照系统的完整花粉,探讨了启动子及不同轰击条件对外源基因瞬间表达的影响,比较了二者的转化频率。结果表明：玉米花粉特异启动子能启动ＧＵＳ基因在脱外壁花粉和完整花粉中表达,而ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ启动子则不能。靶距离越近,着弹率越高,ＧＵＳ基因瞬间表达频     

烟草脱外壁花粉的电激基因转移

以 β-葡糖苷酸酶 GUS 基因作为报告基因 ,通过瞬间表达的检测 ,比较了烟草 Nicotianatabacum L . 脱外壁花粉、未萌发与萌发花粉的电激导入效果 ,探讨了不同电激条件及启动子对外源基因瞬间表达的影响 .结果表明 :当脉冲时间常数为 13 ms时 ,导致脱外壁花粉和萌发花粉生活力下降约50 %的电场强度分别为 750 V/ cm和 12 50 V/ cm,在此条件下电激 ,二者的导入效果最好 .脱外壁花粉的GUS基因表达水平约为萌发花粉的 5倍、花粉粒的 30倍 .玉米花粉特异启动子 Zm13- 2 60 能启动 GUS基因在脱外壁花粉和萌发花粉中高效表达 ,而 Ca MV 35S的启动活性很低     

芸苔属花粉—下胚轴原生质体融合再生杂种小植株

从青菜（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）单胞中后期至二胞早期花粉分离出原生质体,用聚乙二醇法诱导其与甘蓝型油菜（Ｂ．ｎａｐｕｓＬ．）下胚轴原生质体融合。通过控制双亲原生质体的数量与比率,提高了异源融合率。融合体在离体条件下发生细胞分裂,形成愈伤组织,再生了小植株。染色体计数与酯酶同工酶酶谱分析初步证明获得了１ 株异源三倍体,２ 株异源四倍体。这是以游离花粉时期的原生质体与体细胞原生质体融合,取得“配子－体细胞杂交”成功的首次报道     

天女木兰花粉形态特征及其生活力

对天女木兰（Magnolia sieboldii）花粉的采集时期、形态以及培养的温度和培养基进行了研究,并探讨贮存温度和时间对花粉生活力的影响。结果表明,扫描电镜观察到的花粉形状和萌发孔与其他已报道的木兰科植物相同,但大小和花粉外壁的纹理不同。在花瓣刚刚展开的初花期采集的花粉生活力最高。25℃下最适于花粉的萌发;花粉在含10％蔗糖＋0．1％硼酸的培养基上培养14h的萌发率最高,0．01％～0．05％的氯化钙对花粉的萌发影响不显著,0．1％的氯化钙对花粉的萌发有抑制作用。随着贮存时间的延长,花粉萌发率不断降低。不同贮存温度下花粉萌发率的降低速度依次为-10℃〈4℃〈25℃,-10％下贮藏5d的花粉萌发率降低了48．8％,10d后萌发率降低为0。     

南亚热带森林几种乔木种子萌发和幼苗生长观察

本文对香椿（Ｔｏｏｎａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ａ．Ｊｕｓｓ．）Ｒｏｅｍ．）、木蝴蝶（Ｏｒｏｘｙｌｕｍｉｎｄｉｃｕｍ（Ｌ．）Ｖｅｎｔ．）、扁斗青冈（ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓｈｕｉＣｈｕｎ）、泡桐（Ｐａｕｌｏｗｎｉａｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ（Ｓｅｅｍ．）Ｈｅｍｓｌ）罗浮柿（ＤｉｏｓｐｙｒｏｓｍｏｒｒｉｓｉａｎａＨａｎｃｅ）、枳（ＢｅｒｃｈｅｍｉａｄｕｌｃｉｓＴｈｕｎｂ．）等南亚热带森林乔木种子萌发和幼苗生长进行观察．香椿、扁斗青冈、罗浮柿种子在轻阴（５５％光）条件下萌发率最高,分别为７０％、９０％、３０％,木蝴蝶种子在重阴（３８％光）条件下萌发率最高,为８０％,枳种子在光照条件下萌发率最高,为１５％．阳性树种香椿、木蝴蝶、泡桐、枳幼苗生长速度较快,属速生型树种,其幼苗在光照条件下生长速度最快,森林中树种扁斗青冈、罗浮柿幼苗生长速度较慢,属慢生型树种,其幼苗在轻阴条件下生长较好．随着施肥量的增加,幼苗生长速度明显提高．     

隐翼科花粉形态的研究

报道了隐翼科Ｇｒｙｐｔｅｒｏｎｉａｃｅａｅ花粉形态及其外壁超微结构,并与广义的隐翼科其它属的花粉进行比较。研究表明,该科的隐翼属Ｃｒｙｐｔｅｒｏｎｉａ以长椭圆形的极面观、近乎四棱形的赤道面观,２孔沟的萌发孔和较厚的外壁内层明显地区别于其它属的花粉。吉Ａｘｉｎａｎｄｒａ属、Ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｃｌａｄｕｓ属和Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｃａｌｙｘ属的花粉为圆六角形（极面观）,具３孔沟的假沟;Ａｌｚａｔｅａ属花粉为圆三角     

硼和尿素及生长调节剂对苹果花粉萌发与生长的影响

花粉萌发培养基上添加０．０１－０．１％硼砂或硼酸及０．１％－０．６％的尿素,均不同地促进花粉萌发怀花粉管生长。５－５０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的乙烯利及萘乙酸对花粉的萌发与花粉管生长则有抑制作用,抑制程序随两者浓度增加而增强。在１－５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的ＢＡ下,花粉萌发率稍有下降,但花粉管生长受促;２５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１ＢＡ可显著抑制花粉的萌发与生长。稀释５００－２０００倍的普民林可促进红富士花粉的花粉管生长。     

燕山南部花粉散布特征

燕山南部花９粉用布特性研究表明,空气中的花粉反映的是植物花期的季节性变化,表 粉是植物多年花粉散布的混合,冲积物花粉与空气中和表土花粉显著不同,是取样点上游表土花粉的混合,与取样点周围植被关系较小。因此,根据冲积物花粉恢复古植被,反映的是整个流域的植被面貌,而不是某一点的植被特征。     

The collection of pollen by bees

Bees require pollen for their reproduction and pollen comprises the basic larval food for bees. Most bees acquire pollen passively during flower visitation, but female bees may also collect pollen actively with the aid of various structural and behavioral adaptations. Most bees have evolved adaptations to concentrate pollen into discrete loads and transport pollen back to their nests. The various structural and behavioral adaptations of female bees for acquiring and transporting pollen are the basis of this review.     

Birch pollen production,transport and deposition for the period 1984–1993 at Kevo,northernmost Finland

Summary Betula pollen production and flowering, pollen transport and pollen deposition are considered for the mountain birch region of northern Finland for the ten-year period 1984–1993. The most abundant flowering year was 1989 and, after that, 1985. In these years the highest values were also recorded for pollen in the air. There is a significant correlation between the amount of pollen released and the thermal sum of the previous year. In terms of pollen deposition the peak years were 1989 and 1986. The correlation between the amount of pollen in the air and that being deposited on the ground is also statisticaly significant. It is evident that some birch pollen is already present in the air before local flowering begins and that, in some years, this non-local pollen can account for more than 20% of the yearly total. This preflowering proportion was highest in 1985 and 1993, the latter being a prolific flowering year in the south of the country. There is a clear relationship between the proportion of the non-local pollen in the air and the proportion ofBetula pubescens/pendula type pollen deposited on the ground and, conversely, there is a significant correlation between the amount of local pollen in the air and the amount ofBetula tortuosa plusB. nana type pollen being deposited on the ground. The questions both of the viability of this long-distance pollen and of its ability to cause allergic reactions are considered. An assessment is also made of the degree to which fossil birch pollen assemblages can be realistically interpreted in terms of local vegetation if a varying proportion of the same pollen type is non-local.     

City spore concentrations in the European Economic Community (EEC). VI. Poaceae (Grasses), 1982–1986

Summary Airborne grass-pollen concentrations in six cities in the EEC are compared, based on observations from five years, 1982–1986. Results show that there are quantitative differences both between the monitoring stations and between the years. Very provisionally, the average seasonal total of the European urban airborne grass-pollen concentration can be put at 4 to 5000 per m³ of air. Also qualitatively, regarding the seasonal fluctuations, there are differences between the stations, and between the years. Generally, the results confirm that June is the most typical grass-pollen month in northwestern Europe, whereas in mediterranean Europe May is the more prominent grass-pollen period. There seems to be little coherence between the starting dates of the grass-pollen season even at relatively nearby stations in northwestern Europe, suggestive for a great influence of the actual weather situation.     

Pollen monitoring in Perugia and information about aerobiological data

Summary The results of six years (1982–1987) of aerobiological study in Perugia (central Italy) are reported. During this period a total of 80 different types of pollen belonging to 52 families were identified in the Perugia atmosphere. The highest percentages of pollens were found in the mid-March to mid-July period. For main taxa principal periods of pollination were identified. The outlines for the weekly issue in a newspaper of the concentration pattern of the allergenic pollens are reported.     

Pollen distribution at elevations above 1000 m inSwitzerland

In Switzerland the concentration of allergenic pollendecreases with increasing elevation of the samplingsite of the Swiss pollen measuring network. The aim ofthis study was, to compare the pollen concentrationsof five different localities in the Swiss Alps and inthe Jura mountains, to get an idea of the differencesin the pollen abundance in altitudes above 1000 m. Theinvestigated localities are: La Chaux-de-Fonds(1040 m), Wiesen (1420 m), Davos (1600 m), Samedan(1705 m) and Gütsch (2287 m). These pollen sumswere compared to the Swiss plateau (Basel 273 m).Basel, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Wiesen show clearlyhigher pollen values than Davos, Samedan andGütsch. Pollen concentrations of Corylus,Alnus glutinosa-type and Fraxinus arereduced with increasing altitude and are only a smallproblem for allergies above 1000 m. Betulapollen are also reduced in the higher localities, butthere still occur many days with high pollenconcentrations. Especially Betula pollen frommedium range transport can play an important role forallergies in higher localities. The total grass pollensum does not decrease up to an altitude of 1500 m. Thegrass pollen concentration depends more on factorslike composition of the local grassland, land use andwind situation.Pollen concentrations at higher elevations isinfluenced by the local vegetation, a reduced pollenproduction, land use, topography, exposition, windvelocity and wind direction. These factors modify thepollen concentration considerably. Due to the complextopography of the Prealps and Alps, it is thereforenot possible to propose a general rule of pollenreduction with increasing altitude.     

Pollen starch reserves in tomato relatives: Ecophysiological implications

The presence or absence of starch in microspore development and in pollen grains was recorded in eleven wild tomato species (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon) and two close relatives (S. lycopersicoides and S. sitiens). In all the species starch started to accumulate in the early microspore bicellular stage and continued until the cytoplasm was filled. At flower anthesis, pollen grains were mostly starchless in the wild tomatoes, except in S. pennellii, which had starchy pollen. Starchy pollen is also present in the two related species. The latter two species had larger pollen grains and grow in drier environments than the other species. The heterogeneity of pollen starch content among all these species, supposed to have the same pollination mechanism, is a new finding supporting the idea that starch content and pollination mechanism do not necessarily influence each other. The presence of starchy pollen in the self‐incompatible species, which grow in the driest environments, raises questions regarding the relationship between carbohydrates content and pollen survival.     

A pilot study on pollen representation of mountain valley vegetation in the central Alps

The relative pollen productivity (RPP) of Pinus cembra, Larix, Picea, Gramineae, and Cyperaceae was estimated for the Upper Engadine area, an inner-alpine sub-continental valley in SE Switzerland lying above 1800 m a.s.l. The influx of pollen originating from lowlands was assumed constant between the investigated sites and could thus be used to establish relative pollen accumulation rates (rPAR) as a basis for further calculations. Wind above the canopy was assumed as the major mode of pollen transport and the effect of different wind speeds was tested. In order to evaluate the results pollen percentage values were simulated and compared with the empirical data. The method is sufficiently accurate for evaluation of spatially-explicit vegetation models, although the low number of sites eludes robust statistical testing.     

沈阳地区气传致敏花粉探讨

本文报道在沈阳地区1965—1985年间于空气中间断收集大气花粉5年,共收花粉玻片1100张,花粉45780粒,属于24科37属或种。其中9种(或属)超过千粒,为优势种类花粉。每年沈阳市大气中花粉出现两个高峰,一个为春季(四、五月),另一个为夏秋季(七八月)。通过长期观察发现,花粉种类和数量每年虽有不同,伹差异不大,唯有豚草花粉消长明显。大气中花粉种类及数量的变化往往受到气温、国家有关绿化政策以及社会风气的影响。花粉与过敏症关系十分密切,我们采用17种花粉制成浸液为病人皮试和治疗。皮试结果阳性率最高的为蒿属花粉,其次为其它夏秋花粉,春季花粉阳性率不高,致敏性不强。用花粉浸液对过敏症者进行免疫治疗,收到一定的疗效。