改良截石位在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的 探讨改良截石位在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用效果.方法 将146例妇科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为对照组和改良组各73例,对照组采用常规截石体位,将托腿架关节端置于腘窝处,托腿板支托患者大腿.改良组采用改良截石位,即将托腿架按患者仰卧屈髋高度固定于手术床上,托腿板支托小腿肌肉丰满处且使膝关节以上和腹部近于水平位.观察两组手术时间、术后24 h并发症发生率及首次下床活动时间.结果 改良组手术时间较对照组显著缩短(P＜0.01),术后24 h并发症发生率较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),首次下床活动时间显著早于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 改良截石位能为妇科腹腔镜手术患者提供良好的手术环境,有效预防术后并发症,提高腹腔镜手术安全性和有效性.     

妇科腔镜手术患者人字形与截石体位的比较研究

目的 探讨人字形分腿位与截石位对妇科腔镜手术患者的影响.方法 将200例实施妇科腔镜手术患者随机分为对照组和观察组各100例.对照组采用常规截石体位;观察组采用人字形分腿位,即采用可分腿板式手术床,无需安装托腿架,双下肢平放于腿板上,腿板水平分开角度90°～1 00°.结果 观察组体位安置耗时(237.00±58.00)s,对照组(151.00士17.00)s,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);观察组体温、血压、心率变化幅度小于时照组(均P＜0.01),麻醉苏醒期平稳性、术后舒适度改变等指标优于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 与截石位相比,人字形分腿住手术野暴露充分,摆放简便,可有效预防并发症的发生,提高手术安全性.     

直肠癌术后体位改变方式对老年患者血流动力学的影响

目的探讨直肠癌术后体位改变方式对老年患者血流动力学的影响。方法将、30例直肠癌手术老年患者，按手术先后单数分为观察组、双数分为对照组，各15例。术毕对照组采用双腿慢放，观察组采用单腿慢放。记录两组手术结束后改平卧位前（截石位）及改平卧位后1、3、510min时的HR、BP及CVP。结果体位改变前后观察组HR、BP、CVP无显著变化（均P〉0．05），对照组体位改变前后HR、BP、CVP比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；对照组体位改变后各时刻HR、BP、CVP变化幅度显著大于观察组（P〈0．05，P％0．01）。结论直肠癌手术后采用单腿慢放改变截石体位可减轻老年患者血压和心率的波动。     

改良“人”字形体位在妇科腹腔镜手术的应用

目的探讨妇科腹腔镜手术改良"人"字形体位安置的效果。方法将100例实施妇科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为对照组和改良组各50例。对照组采用常规截石位;改良组采用新型体位垫改良"人"字形体位,观察两组患者体位安置的时间、血压波动情况以及术后并发症发生率。结果两组比较,改良组体位安置耗时显著短于对照组,血压变化幅度小于对照组,体位稳固性比例及医生、护士满意率显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论改良"人"字形体位应用于妇科腹腔镜手术,可避免患者血压波动,提高舒适度,保障患者手术安全。     

改良截石位悬腿架在肛肠手术中的应用

截石位是肛肠外科手术最常见的手术体位之一，但截石位手术常用的标准支腿架除引起患者不适外，还有可能损伤下肢神经或导致下肢深静脉血栓。我院自行设计制造了一种改良截石位悬腿架，临床应用于混合痔手术、肛瘘切除术、痔上黏膜环形切除钉合术等手术时间大约15-30min的肛肠外科手术，患者感到舒服，效果满意。现介绍如下。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治性切除术改良仰卧位与常规体位的对照研究

目的:探讨第四代达芬奇机器人Xi系统辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治性切除手术采取改良仰卧位的优势。方法:选取2019年12月—2021年1月在贵州省人民医院接受达芬奇机器人Xi系统辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治性切除手术的90例患者为研究对象,按手术顺序随机将研究对象分为三组,分别为对照组A、对照组B和观察组C,每组各30例。对照组A采取常规头低脚高截石位,对照组B采用头低脚高"人"字形体位,观察组C采用改良仰卧位。比较三组手术体位摆放用时、手术用时、术中失血量及术中并发症的发生率。结果:所有手术均顺利完成,手术用时、术中失血量及相关术中并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但采用设计改良仰卧体位摆放时间较常规采取截石位与"人"字形体位短(P<0.05)。结论:达芬奇手术机器人Xi系统辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治性切除术中采用改良仰卧位,能够缓解常规体位拆卸托腿架带来的体力消耗,缩短摆放体位时间,预防常规体位术中可能带来的压力性损伤与术中并发症,值得推广。     

改良截石位预防手术患者体位性损伤的研究

目的探讨改良截石位对手术患者下肢血管、神经的机械性损伤和血流动力学的影响。方法选择截石位下结肠、直肠手术患者50例,随机分为观察组和对照组各25例。观察组采用改良截石位施行手术,即先将搁腿板调整为远高近低,将小腿(腓肠肌)中上段搁至搁腿板上,并使踝关节高于膝关节6～8cm;对照组采用传统截石位,即小腿搁在搁腿板上,自然弯曲下垂。结果观察组术中足背静脉怒张及术后下肢感觉运动异常发生率显著低于对照组(P0.01,P0.05)。两组患者截石位安置前后生命体征及血流动力学指标呈先升高后降低的趋势;由截石位改平卧位前后各指标除HR外呈先下降后升高的趋势,但两组不同时刻各指标比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论改良式截石位能够减轻对小腿血管、神经的机械性损伤,对血流动力学无明显影响。     

异位妊娠的妇科腹腔镜手术治疗分析

目的探讨妇科腹腔镜手术治疗异位妊娠的疗效。方法笔者所在医院收治的异位妊娠患者140例,分成观察组和对照组。对照组采用开腹手术治疗;观察组采用腹腔镜手术治疗。结果观察组术中出血量、手术时间、离床时间、住院时间少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论妇科腹腔镜手术治疗异位妊娠患者具有手术创伤小、出血量少、术后恢复快等优点。     

妇科腹腔镜手术体位的探讨

目的 探讨改良妇科腹腔镜手术体位的效果.方法 选择行妇科腹腔镜手术患者58例,随机分成传统组和改良组各29例.传统组采用传统截石位;改良组患者取平卧位,两侧髋关节屈曲90°、外展45°,双下肢水平分开90°～100°.结果 两组不同时间血压、心率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).两组术后下肢疼痛发生率比较,差异无统计学意义;术后24 h改良组麻木发生率显著低于传统组(P<0.05).结论 妇科腹腔镜手术采用平卧"人"字形体位术中手术野暴露满意,患者循环系统功能稳定.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后恢复操的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后患者恢复操的应用效果。方法 将行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的2980例患者随机分为观察组和对照组各1490例。对照组给予常规护理．观察组在此基础上应用恢复操锻炼。结果 观察组患者术后肠鸣音恢复时间及肛门排气时间比对照组显著缩短（均P〈0．01）．腹胀、呼吸道感染率及肩背部疼痛情况发生率显著降低（均P〈0．01）；无1例患者并发下肢静脉血栓。结论 恢复操能防止术后肺部并发症．促进胃肠功能恢复．帮助和促进腹腔残余CO2吸收，防止下肢深静脉血栓形成，促进机体全面康复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.