固化温度对碳纤维/环氧基体界面行为影响的分析

对界面粘结性能及热残余应力影响下的单纤维复合材料的界面行为进行了分析。采用界面的弹性-软化内聚力模型,用解析法对单纤维复合材料由固化引起的热残余应力、以及单纤维碎断过程纤维的轴向应力分布进行了模拟,得到了碳纤维/环氧树脂在常温和高温固化两种情况的界面粘结性能。结果表明：与常温固化相比,高温固化后,界面的剪切强度增幅不大,界面的断裂韧性显著增加;高温固化后形成的界面,使界面的软化提前、界面的脱粘延迟;高温固化产生的纤维轴向和界面径向热残余应力对界面的软化均有延迟作用;界面径向热残余应力还对界面的脱粘有延迟作用。     

Z-pin复合材料细观模型固化残余应力研究

针对植入Z-pin后碳纤维增强复合材料的微观结构，通过施加Z-pin周期性边界约束条件，建立了Z-pin复合材料单层板单胞细观模型．考虑固化过程中树脂体积收缩、弹性模量随固化度变化和纤维因Z-pin进入偏转因素，运用有限单元法计算了单胞结构在固化成型工艺过程中树脂和纤维应力发展和分布，并研究了Z-pin直径和分布密度对单层板面内残余应力的影响．结果表明：凝胶点之前，树脂模量和残余应力很小，凝胶点之后，树脂模量和残余应力增加较快；残余应力分布与纤维偏转有关；Z-pin直径和分布密度增加会使固化残余应力增大．     

用显微云纹干涉法研究SiC/Ti-15-3界面热残余应力场

SiC/Ti-15-3复合材料基体与增强体之间的热膨胀系数存在显著差异。在复合材料制造过程中经高温冷却后,在基体与增强体的界面会产生热残余应力场。此残余应力场对复合材料的力学性能会产生重要的影响。本文运用纤维推出法推出部分SiC纤维后,采用显微云纹干涉法在细观尺度研究了上述界面处的热残余应力,得到了分辨率较高的云纹图,并由此计算出了孔边处的残余应力。用有限元软件对界面热残余应力进行了数值模拟分析。实验结果表明,显微云纹干涉法可以用来测量直径为0.1 mm左右的纤维界面附近的残余应力场,在此尺度下,使用显微云纹干涉法比用电子束云纹法更方便。     

短纤维金属基复合材料应力传递的有限元分析

基于短纤维增强金属基复合材料的单纤维轴对称和三维细观力学模型,利用弹塑性有限元分析方法对该复合材料中基体与纤维间的应力传递进行研究,研究中主要讨论了基体、纤维和界面的力学性能以及纤维位向的变化对应力传递和应力分布的影响。研究表明,复合材料微结构参数的变化将显著影响基体与纤维间的应力传递和复合材料中的应力分布,复合材料设计过程中必须考虑合理的微结构特征。     

SMA复合材料在热载条件下的残余应力分析

本文基于三相复合圆柱模型发展了增量型的分析方法,讨论在ＳＭＡ复合材料中由于ＳＭＡ材料相变以及各相材料热特性随温度变化引起的残余应力。研究基体与过渡恸介面和纤维与过渡界面间的残余应力,同时讨论由于基体相的变化对残余应力的影响。特别研究了涂层和复合材料基体间界面处的残余应力受纤维体积比、涂层厚度、纤维最大相变应以及基体中纤维取向等影响,而且讨论了计及应力对相就运动方程的影响时对ＳＭＡ复合材料相变温度和     

2D-C/SiC复合材料的单轴拉伸力学行为及其强度

通过单调拉伸和循环加卸载试验, 研究了平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的损伤演化过程及其应力-应变行为. 结果表明, 残余应变、卸载模量和外加应力的关系曲线与拉伸应力-应变曲线具有类似的形状. 基于剪滞理论和混合率建立了材料的损伤本构关系和强度模型, 分析计算表明, 残余应变主要由裂纹张开位移和裂纹间距决定, 而卸载模量主要由界面脱粘率决定; 材料的单轴拉伸行为主要由纵向纤维束决定, 横向纤维对材料的整体模量和强度贡献较小. 理论模拟结果与试验值吻合较好.      

含界面相复合材料热残余应力分析

本文分析了含有界面相纤维增强复合材料热残余应力的空间分布。针对材料实际微结构几何特点,建立含有界面相的三维三相单丝模型,用均匀和梯度函数描述界面相模量随空间变化规律,由轴对称体弹性力学理论得到单丝热残余应力分布,结果表明梯度界面降低了残余应力。通过碳纤维电阻法测出T300/环氧树脂单丝体系固化后的纤维轴向应变,与梯度界面的分析结果基本一致。用叠加方法得到密排六方结构代表性体积元(RVE)中纤维间相互偶合的应力场,同时应用有限元法分析RVE中纤维间的残余应力分布,两者结果相互验证。     

三维粘弹性复合材料层合板固化残余应力研究

应用改进的有限元算法,综合考虑了碳纤维复合材料固化过程中树脂的化学收缩、应力松弛、材料的热收缩,建立了一个基于三维线性粘弹性的积分模型对复合材料层合板热压罐成型工艺过程中产生的残余应力进行了研究。结果表明:本文提出的方法能够完整地模拟树脂的固化过程并计算层合板的固化残余应力;对于文中的正交对称层合板而言,热收缩是影响残余应力大小的主要因素;固化完成后,0°铺层内的中面中心区域层间残余应力值接近于0,边缘区域会迅速增加,容易发生分层破坏;任意点处,轴向应力比其他两个方向的应力高出1~2个数量级;残余应力值沿厚度方向有较大变化;树脂的应力松弛行为会在一定程度上降低残余应力。     

非稳态纯滚动接触弹塑性分析

建立了二维弹塑性非稳态循环纯滚动接触有限元模型.材料本构采用一种较好的循环塑性模型,并通过材料用户子程序在通用有限元软件ABAQUS中自定义该本构模型.通过在弹塑性无限半空间表面上重复移动随时间按简谐规律变化的赫兹法向载荷来模拟非稳态循环纯滚动接触过程.通过数值模拟,得到接触表面附近的残余累积变形、应变和残余应力.不同的最大赫兹接触压力对残余应力和残余应变影响较大.在简谐变化的法向接触载荷作用下接触表面的变形呈波浪形,随着滚动次数的增加,该波状表面沿载荷移动相反方向逐渐移动,但移动速率要衰减.波状表面波谷处的残余应力、应变和变形大于波峰处.随滚动次数的增加,残余应力增大但很快趋于稳定,残余应变也增大但增大速率衰减.     

SMA长纤维铝基复合材料的热力学性能

从作者建立的增量型的SMA本构关系出发 ,借助于细观力学的方法 ,推导出了新的长纤维SMA复合材料的增量型细观本构模型 ;应用此模型分析了该复合材料的在循环热载作用下的力学性能 ,尤其是计算了复合材料在不同条件下残余应力的变化 ,这对智能复合材料的设计提供了很大帮助。     

A periodic unit-cell simulation of fiber arrangement dependence on the transverse tensile failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites

The effect of fiber arrangement on transverse tensile failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites with a strong fiber-matrix interface was studied using a unit-cell model that includes a continuum damage mechanics model. The simulated results indicated that tensile strength is lower when neighboring fibers are arrayed parallel to the loading direction than with other fiber arrangements. A shear band occurs between neighboring fibers, and the damage in the matrix propagates around the shear band when the interfacial normal stress (INS) is sufficiently high. Moreover, based on the observation of Hobbiebrunken et al., we reproduced the damage process in actual composites with a nonuniform fiber arrangement. The simulated results clarified that the region where neighboring fibers are arrayed parallel to the loading direction becomes the origin of the transverse failure in the composites. The cracking sites observed in the simulation are consistent with experimental results. Therefore, the matrix damage in the region where the fiber is arrayed parallel to the loading direction is a key factor in understanding transverse failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites with a strong fiber/matrix interface.     

A micromechanical study of residual stress and its effect on transverse failure in polymer–matrix composites

Cure residual stress and its effect on damage in unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer–matrix composites under transverse loading were studied using a micromechanical unit cell model and the finite element method. The overall residual stress introduced from curing was determined by considering two contributions: volume shrinkage of matrix resin from the crosslink polymerization during isothermal curing and thermal contraction of both resin and fibre as a result of cooling from the curing temperature to room temperature. To examine the effect of residual stress on failure, a model based on the Maximum Principal Stress criterion and stiffness degradation technique was used for damage analysis of the unit cell subjected to mechanical loading after curing. Predicted damage initiation and evolution are clearly influenced by the inclusion of residual stress. Residual stress is always detrimental for transverse compressive loading and pure shear loading. For transverse tensile loading, residual stress is detrimental for relatively low resin strength and beneficial for relatively high resin strength. Failure envelopes were obtained for both biaxial normal loading and combined shear and normal loading and the results show that residual stress results in a shifting and contraction of the failure envelopes.     

Evaluation of Failure Behavior of Transversely Loaded Unidirectional Model Composites

A leading reason for the limited use of laminated composite materials in primary structural applications is that the failure initiates in the ply oriented transverse to the direction of the applied load at a much lower strain level than that which would cause the ultimate failure of the laminate. Previous studies indicate that transverse failure is manifested as either cavitation-induced failure of the matrix system or fiber-matrix debonding. The mechanism causing the failure initiation event is not decidedly known and depends on the local stress field of the constrained matrix that is a function of fiber spacing. In the present study a model composite system using a transparent matrix is employed in a cruciform-shaped specimen to evaluate the viability of several transverse failure theories. The cruciform-shaped specimen utilizes a low strain-to-failure 828/D230 RT cured epoxy and stainless steel wires arranged such that a fiber is placed at the intersection of face diagonals of four remaining fibers located at corners of a square. The transverse failure mechanism is observed in-situ via the reflected light method and recorded utilizing high resolution, high magnification microscope cameras. A parametric study is conducted using three dimensional finite element models to analyze the stress state in the cruciform specimen as a function of fiber spacing. The result of the 3-D FE models in conjunction with experimental observations are used to evaluate the transverse failure theories suggested in the literature. In addition this data will be used to develop a comprehensive failure criterion for transversely loaded multi-fiber composites that encompasses the dependence on fiber spacing.     

Residual Strains using Integrated Continuous Fiber Optic Sensing in Thermoplastic Composites and Structural Health Monitoring

The evolution of spatially resolved internal strain/stress during the manufacturing of thermoplastic composites and subsequent relaxation from water intake are evaluated using an in-situ fiber optic sensor corresponding to a coated optical glass fiber with a nominal diameter of 160 μm. Unidirectional carbon fiber-polyamide 6 composites are produced using compression molding with an embedded fiber optic for strain measurement. The distributed fiber optic based strain sensor is placed in an arrangement to capture 0, 45, and 90° strains in the composite to resolve in-plane strain tensor. Strains are monitored in the direction of fiber optic sensor along its length at high resolution during the various stages of compression molding process. Results indicate considerable internal strains leading to residual stress at the end of processing step along the off-axis (45°) and transverse (90°) directions, and small strains in the carbon fiber pre-preg (0°) direction. At the end of compression molding process, an average of 7000 and 10,000 compressive micro-strains are obtained for residual state of strain in the off-axis and transverse direction. Since water/moisture infusion affects the mechanical properties of polyamide-6 matrix resin, these composite panels with embedded sensors targeted for marine applications are monitored in a water bath at 40 °C simulating accelerated testing conditions. Using the same fiber optic sensor based technique, the strain relaxation was observed during water uptake demonstrating in-situ strain monitoring during both manufacturing and subsequent composite implementation/application environment. The technique presented in this paper shows the potential of optimizing time-temperature-pressure protocols typically utilized in thermoplastic manufacturing, and continuous life-cycle monitoring of composite materials using a small diameter and inexpensive distributed fiber optic sensing.     

Load-dependent constitutive response of fiber composites with compliant interphases

I , the influence of applied load on the overall transverse mechanical properties of fiberreinforced composites with compliant interphases is examined from a micromechanical perspective. The composite is modeled by a regular hexagonal array of circular fibers in an infinite matrix. It is assumed that a thin reaction zone (intermolecular bonding at the fiber/matrix interface) establishes the bond between the fiber and matrix phases. The model of the present paper allows us to derive expressions for the overall elastic constants in the transverse plane as a function of applied load. The finite element method is used to evaluate these expressions, and the results are discussed.     

Prestressing effect of twisted fiber yarn in composites

By utilizing the behavior of twisted fiber yarn, prestressing composites can be made. In unloading, the matrix of the prestressing composite is applied in compression. If tensile load acts on the composite, the value of the tensile stress acting on the materials may decrease greatly. By twisted fiber yarn, therefore, the tensile strength of the composites can be improved. An analysis for extension of continuous fiber yarns is made here and residual stress after curing is taken into account. The prestressing intensity in the composite depends on the twist of fiber yarn. The photoelastic test and the analysis of electron micrograph are performed, and the theoretical method for calculating prestressing effect is presented in this paper.     

A variational method for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites with matrix creep

A variational method is developed for analyzing the matrix creep induced time-dependent change in fiber stress profiles in unidirectional composites. A functional of admissible profiles of fiber stress rate is presented by supposing a fiber broken in matrix as well as a fiber pulled out from matrix. The functional is shown to have the stationary function satisfying an incremental differential equation based on the shear lag assumption. Then, the stationary function is approximately determined by assuming bilinear profiles of fiber stress and a power law of matrix creep, leading to analytical solutions for the time-dependent change in fiber stress profiles. The solutions are verified on the basis of an energy balance equation and a finite difference computation. Moreover, it is shown that the solution for the fiber pull-out model agrees well with an experiment on a single carbon fiber/acrylic model composite if the initial slip at fiber/matrix interface is taken into account. In addition, the solution for the fiber breakage model is used for evaluating the characteristic time in long-term creep rupture of unidirectional composite.     

Determination of mechanical properties of fiber–matrix interface from pushout test

For ceramic matrix composites, the pushout test is the most widely used test for finding the two mechanical properties of the fiber–matrix interface – (1) the coefficient of friction and (2) the residual radial stress. Experimental measurements from the pushout test do not directly give the values of these two mechanical properties of the fiber–matrix interface, but need to be regressed to theoretical models. Currently, approximate theoretical models based on shear–lag analysis are used for regression. In this paper, the adequacy of the shear–lag analysis model in accurately finding the mechanical properties of the fiber–matrix interface is discussed. An elasticity solution of the pushout test based on boundary element method is developed. Regressing one set of available experimental data from a pushout test to both shear–lag analysis and boundary element method models gives values differing by 15% for the coefficient of friction but similar values for the residual radial stress. Parametric studies were also conducted to show the difference between the shear–lag analysis and boundary element method results for factors such as fiber to matrix elastic moduli ratios, coefficient of friction and fiber volume fractions.     

基于迟滞行为的2D-SiC/SiC复合材料组份力学性能分析

基于剪滞理论, 建立了单向纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的加卸载理论模型, 分析了基体长碎块和短碎块对材料迟滞力学行为的不同影响. 通过拉伸循环加卸载试验, 获得了2D-SiC/SiC 复合材料的迟滞应力—应变行为.依据材料基体损伤特点, 将试验结果代入长碎块对应理论推导结果, 计算得到了4 个表征材料组份性能的参数:基体开裂应力为90 MPa, 热残余应力为19 MPa, 界面脱粘能为3.1 Jm2, 界面滑移力为74 MPa. 最后结合少量短碎块的存在对试验结果的影响, 定性分析了计算结果的偏差. 结果表明, 获得的材料组分性能参数具有较小的分散性, 并能够准确表征材料整体的力学行为.      

复合材料中加捻纤维束的预应力效应

利用加捻纤维束的力学性能,可以制成预应力复合材料.在不受外力的情况下,这种复合材料的基体受压应力的控制.当有拉伸力作用的时候,材料所受的拉应力值会大大减少,这样,利用这种现象可以提高纤维增强复合材料的抗拉强度.本文将分析连续的加捻纤维束受拉状况并考虑到材料固化后产生的残余应力的影响.这种方法所产生的预应力取决于纤维束的加捻程度.本文将给出计算这种预应力的方法,而且还提供加捻纤维束产生预应力的光弹测试结果以及这种纤维预应力复合材料的纤维破坏的特征.