温度对黏性泥沙絮凝影响的机理研究

用格子玻耳兹曼方法,引入胶体作用理论(e Xtended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory,XDLVO理论)模拟不同温度下两个黏性泥沙颗粒静水不等速沉降絮凝过程。结果表明,温度升高缩短泥沙絮凝时间,促进絮凝。同时分析了泥沙颗粒的运动轨迹、相对运动速度和颗粒间近距离作用力,探讨温度对泥沙絮凝的影响机理。分析结果认为温度升高一方面减小水体黏性系数,加大泥沙沉速,加快泥沙颗粒相互靠近;另一方面,增大泥沙颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度的同时,也增大泥沙颗粒之间的近距离排斥力,对吸附水膜厚度和排斥力影响的综合结果也促进了絮凝。     

絮凝对三峡水库泥沙沉降的影响

现场与室内实测的泥沙级配差异证实了三峡水库中存在泥沙絮凝现象,絮凝会加速水库泥沙淤积速率。为了确定絮凝对泥沙沉降速率的影响,现场采集了三峡水库原样泥沙,基于三峡水库水体环境,采用室内静水沉降试验对三峡水库中泥沙絮凝沉降规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,当试验采用的初始含沙量大于0.3 kg/m3时,部分单颗粒泥沙会聚集形成絮团,且泥沙絮凝程度以及沉速增加的幅度与水体中含沙量呈正比。参与絮团形成的单颗粒泥沙粒径均位于0.022 mm以下,小于临界粒径的泥沙占全沙的83%;采用絮凝因数和物质沉降通量因数分别表征絮凝对泥沙沉降的影响程度,这两种因数都随含沙量增加而增加,含沙量在1.5 kg/m3以下时其最大值分别为5.03和1.66,表明絮凝对三峡库区汛期的泥沙淤积有可能造成较大影响。     

Measurements of the sediment flocculation characteristics in the Three Gorges Reservoir,Yangtze River

The flocculation of fine sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was confirmed in previous studies, but the flocculation characteristics have yet to be fully clarified. In this study, field measurements were conducted in the TGR to investigate the sediment flocculation characteristics. First, the instantaneous flow velocity and sediment concentration were measured through Acoustic Doppler velocimeter and sediment sampling. Then, the effective settling velocity was calculated based on the sediment diffusion theory to deduce the floc size and flocculation degree. Finally, the influences of particle size, flow velocity, and sediment concentration on flocculation were analyzed. Results showed that flocculation occurred in more than half of the sediments in the TGR, and the maximum flocculation degree was between 10 and 30. Flocculation weakened as particle diameter increased, with the critical particle size being approximately 0.018 mm, meaning that flocculation was unlikely to occur when the particle size exceeded the critical value. As the flow velocity increased, the flocculation degree first increased and then decreased, with the critical flow velocity being approximately 0.7 m/s, but the critical flow velocity increased with an increase in sediment concentration and tended to be a constant. The flocculation degree also increased with increasing sediment concentration and tended to be constant when the sediment concentration exceeded approximately 0.5 kg/m³. The results provide new information on the flocculation characteristics of the TGR and should be useful for understanding and simulating fine sediment transport in the TGR.     

Monitoring floc formation and breakage.

Monitoring of flocculation processes is of great practical importance and can give very useful information on the action of different coagulants under various conditions. It is shown that a continuous optical monitoring technique provides a convenient means of following the formation, break-up and regrowth of flocs under standard mixing and stirring conditions. Examples of results using this approach are given, with alum and PACl coagulants as well as a cationic polyelectrolyte. PACl products give larger flocs than with alum, but they show about the same relative degree of breakage when the shear rate is increased. With all of these coagulants, floc breakage is not fully reversible; i.e. flocs only re-grow to a limited extent when the shear rate is reduced. This is in marked contrast to the action of a cationic polyelectrolyte, where floc breakage is almost completely reversible. Some possible reasons for these observations are discussed, but, so far, there is no adequate model available.     

A new design of flocculation tank: the Turbomix applied to weighted flocculation.

As far as flocculation is concerned, the agglomeration of suspended particles into flocs is highly linked to the hydraulic behaviour of the agitation. The Turbomix is a special design of mixing tank; its design was developed to better control the flow during the flocculation stage. It enables a significant decrease in footprint of the process. The combination of the Turbomix and ballasted flocculation has been studied during pilot trials in terms of treatment efficiency. Its controlled hydraulic behaviour explains the efficiency of the process as proved by CFD investigation.     

粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝研究概述

以絮凝动力学理论(Smoluchowski方程)、胶体稳定性理论(DLVO理论)和分形几何(Fractal Geometry)在絮凝研究中的应用为线索，回顾了粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝结构，絮团沉速，以及影响絮凝因素(泥沙粒径、浓度、电解质阳离子、温度和水流紊动等)等方面的研究成果；综述了絮团的尺寸、密度、沉速、破坏强度及碰撞频率函数的分形几何描述方式；介绍了快速絮凝和慢速絮凝的分形生长模型，以及絮凝发育过程数值模拟的研究进展．针对河流泥沙在矿物组成、颗粒尺度、表面电荷分布和水中盐分多样性的特点，以及粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝研究的特殊性，提出进一步深化粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝研究的建议．     

往复式隔板絮凝池的优化改进与模拟分析

传统的往复式隔板絮凝池絮凝效率低、絮凝时间长,因而导致絮凝效果不佳。为了更加合理地优化絮凝池流场结构,提高絮凝效果,采用数值模拟的方法,利用Fluent以1∶1比例进行数学建模,并结合絮凝理论和数值模拟结果深入分析其内部流场的水力特性对絮凝效果的影响和存在的问题。随后提出在絮凝池廊道内设置一定数量不同间隙的栅条,结果表明,优化改进后的隔板絮凝池(栅条间隙取80 mm)水流速度和湍动能的水力条件变化都有利于提高絮凝效果。     

淤泥的起动公式

根据粘性细泥沙絮凝的电化学理论，导出颗粒之间粘着力的表达式，建立了包括粗，细泥沙在内的统一的临界起动切应力和临界起动流速公式。该式与已有的公式和实测资料进行了比较，符合良好，能较好地描述淤泥不同沉积密度时起动条件的变化。应用建议的起动公式，只需用常规试验测定几项基本参数，便可预报在不同沉积密度时的临界起动切应力或临界起动流速。     

Colloidal silica removal in coagulation processes for wastewater reuse in a high-tech industrial park.

Four experiments of coagulation and flocculation were conducted to investigate the characteristics of colloidal silica removal in a high-tech industrial wastewater treatment plant for reclamation and reuse of the effluent. Experimental results illustrated that poly-aluminium chloride (PACl) showed higher performances on colloidal silica removal than alum. Interestingly, the two coagulants demonstrated the same capacity on silica removal. The specific silica removal capacity was approximately 0.135 mg SiO2/mg Al2O3 when the dosage of coagulants was in the range 30-150 mg/L Al2O3. In addition, the silica was reduced significantly at the condition of pH above 8. Experimental data implied that precipitation of aluminium flocs was the major mechanism for colloid silica removal in PACl and alum coagulation, besides, charge adsorption was also important for improving removal efficiency. Moreover, the addition of polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a flocculant could slightly advance silica removal in the PACl coagulation. The combined PACl/PAA/flocs coagulation was effective for the removal of colloidal silica, soluble COD, and turbidity and also suitable as a pretreatment unit in wastewater reclamation and reuse processes.     

分形理论在泥沙研究中的应用概述

论述了分形理论在泥沙研究中的应用,主要包括:泥沙颗粒物特性,群体泥沙组成及其沉积物排列方式,细颗粒泥沙絮凝体结构以及河流几何形态等;概括了当前在应用中的特点:促进学科交叉,形成新的研究领域;活跃传统思想,提供新的研究方法;同时指出值得注意的问题:分形算法的统一和规范,明确各研究对象分形维数物理意义并用于解决实际问题.     

Inorganic greywater matrix impact on photocatalytic oxidation: does flocculation of TiO2 nanoparticles impair process efficiency?

This study was conducted in order to clarify whether photocatalyst flocculation--as observed in biologically pretreated greywater--contributes to photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) efficiency impairment. Aqueous solutions of tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether spiked with different inorganic salts in concentrations as found in biologically treated greywater were investigated with respect to TiO2 flocculation and PCO mineralisation kinetics. Flocculation of the photocatalyst primarily depended on pH (which was affected by the salts) and how close pH was to the point of zero charge (PZC). Photocatalyst agglomeration was maximum at pH 5.5. With salt concentrations >7 mmol L(-1), flocculation was strong even at pH far above PZC due to electric double layer compression. PCO rate constants were not unequivocally related to flocculation. Increasing pH was observed as the clearest factor deteriorating PCO efficiency. This was interpreted to result from impaired adsorbability of negatively charged oxidation intermediates as well as from enhanced CO2 absorption with increasing pH and subsequent formation of HCO3(-) anions which are OH radical scavengers.     

Effects of surface charge, micro-bubble size and particle size on removal efficiency of electro-flotation.

Flotation is a water treatment alternative to sedimentation, and uses small bubbles to remove low-density particles from potable water and wastewater. The effect of zeta potential, bubble size and particle size on removal efficiency of the electro-flotation process was investigated because previous model-simulations indicated that these attributes are critical for high collision efficiency between micro-bubbles and particles. Solutions containing Al3+ as the metal ion were subjected to various conditions. The zeta potentials of bubbles and particles were similar under identical conditions, and their charges were influenced by metal ion concentration and pH. Maximum removal efficiency was 98 and 12% in the presence and absence of flocculation, respectively. Removal efficiency was higher when particle size was similar to bubble size. These results agree with modelling simulations and indicate that collision efficiency is greater when the zeta potential of one is negative and that of the other is positive and when their sizes are similar.     

水库疏浚底泥絮凝沉降室内试验研究

泥浆絮凝沉降效率是影响湖库疏浚工程进度的重要因素。为探索不同絮凝剂(有机、无机)对疏浚泥浆絮凝沉降效率的影响,以通济桥水库疏浚底泥为研究对象,通过室内试验先分析1种有机絮凝剂(PAM)和5种无机絮凝剂(PAC,FeCl₃,Na₂CO₃,Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O,KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O)单独作用下疏浚泥浆的絮凝沉降效果及上清液水质的优劣情况,然后对有机、无机絮凝剂进行优化组合试验,确定絮凝沉降效果和上清液水质最优的设计配比方案。试验结果表明:①PAM可以有效促进疏浚泥浆土颗粒的絮凝沉降,但对上清液的去浊率较低;CO₃^2-可以促进细颗粒絮凝结合成大颗粒,提高颗粒的沉降速率;Fe³⁺,Al³⁺具有改善上清液浊度的作用,但对促进泥浆絮凝沉降效果有限。②每1 000 mL疏浚泥浆中采用10 mL PAM+2 g PAC+2 g Na₂CO₃的有机-无机絮凝剂组合为最佳方案,既能快速促进疏浚泥浆的絮凝沉降,又能有效降低上清液的浊度。试验成果可为类似疏浚工程中选择絮凝剂最佳配比方案提供参考。     

两种絮凝工艺去除污水中金属元素的对比试验

分别采用化学生物絮凝与化学絮凝两种工艺处理同一低浓度城市污水,对比分析污水中金属元素的去除效果。试验结果表明,在相同加药量的条件下,化学生物絮凝工艺在增加絮凝产物中铝元素含量的同时,对部分有害重金属的控制也优于化学絮凝工艺。但该工艺在处理高浓度污水时,处理效果会受重金属浓度的制约。     

Dissolved air flotation of polishing wastewater from semiconductor manufacturer.

The feasibility of the dissolved air flotation (DAF) process in treating chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) wastewater was evaluated in this study. Wastewater from a local semiconductor manufacturer was sampled and characterised. Nano-sized silica (77.6 nm) with turbidity of 130 +/- 3 NTU was found in the slightly alkaline wastewater with traces of other pollutants. Experimental results indicated removal efficiency of particles, measured as suspended particle or turbidity, increased with increasing concentration of cationic collector cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). When CTAB concentration was 30 mg/L, pH of 6.5 +/- 0.1 and recycle ratio of 30%, very effective removal of particles (> 98%) was observed in saturation pressure range of 4 to 6 kg/cm2, and the reaction proceeded faster under higher pressure. Similarly, the reaction was faster under the higher recycle ratio, while final removal efficiency improved slightly as the recycle ratio increased from 20 to 40%. An insignificant effect of pH on treatment efficiency was found as pH varied from 4.5 to 8.5. The presence of activator, Al3+ and Fe3+, enhanced the system performance. It is proposed that CTAB adsorbs on silica particles in polishing wastewater through electrostatic interaction and makes particles more hydrophobic. The increase in hydrophobicity results in more effective bubble-particle collisions. In addition, flocculation of silica particles through bridging effect of collector was found; it is believed that flocculation of particles also contributed to flotation. Better attachment between gas bubble and solid, higher buoyancy and higher air to solid ratio all lead to effective flotation.     

常规混凝沉淀工艺对阴离子表面活性剂的去除研究

随着阴离子表面活性剂(LAS)在民用和工业上的广泛应用,由此带来的水污染问题也日益加剧,对供水安全造成了很大威胁。针对目前大部分水厂仍采用混凝沉淀常规水处理工艺,考察了常规混凝沉淀工艺对LAS的去除效果。以Al2(SO4)3,PAC,FeCl3,PFS为混凝剂,非离子PAM为助凝剂进行了试验,结果表明混凝沉淀对LAS有一定的去除效果,而且有机物和LAS的去除有一定相关关系。但浊度与LAS的去除相关性较差。试验条件下对于LAS去除最佳混凝方案是投加量为40 mg/L的FeCl3。相同水质条件下铁盐混凝剂在除浊、除有机物和除LAS方面优于铝盐混凝剂。pH和水温对LAS的去除有一定影响,较低的pH和较高的水温均有利于LAS的去除。     

重力条件下散体颗粒堆积特性研究

为分析散体颗粒堆积过程中颗粒形态、摩擦作用对其堆积特性的定量影响,利用PFC3D离散元软件,对重力作用下散体颗粒体系的变动过程进行三维模拟,研究颗粒细观特征对散体颗粒堆积特性的控制作用,分析颗粒接触度均值距离对相关数据的揭示意义。结果表明:摩擦系数、几何形态对颗粒重力堆积体系的孔隙比、配位数等关键特性影响显著;散粒体骨架颗粒形态对颗粒堆积特性的控制作用更强;颗粒接触度均值距离能够削弱算法误差影响,可有效揭示摩擦系数、颗粒形态对散粒体堆积特性的控制作用。经研究可知,颗粒接触度均值距离对颗粒堆积特性的刻画,比孔隙比更为合理、适当。     

盐度对伊利石不等速沉降絮凝的影响

盐度是影响粘性泥沙絮凝沉降的重要因素之一。将胶体化学中的XDLVO理论引入颗粒沉降三维格子玻尔兹曼模型,模拟黏土矿物质絮凝沉降过程,研究伊利石在不同盐度条件下的不等速絮凝沉降过程。模拟结果表明,伊利石黏结概率随着盐度先增加后保持不变,最佳絮凝盐度在5左右;伊利石絮凝形成的絮团粒径呈现双峰分布,盐度对粒径分布有一定影响。盐水中双电层排斥力受到抑制,起主要作用的是范德华吸引力,使得伊利石颗粒更容易产生絮凝,三维数值模型从细观尺度揭示了盐度对伊利石不等速沉降絮凝的影响机理。     

水泥基材料微观分析模型颗粒与像素关系研究

水泥基材料水化全过程微观数值模拟是研究水泥基材料性能最先进的方法之一。在构建水泥颗粒模型过程中,颗粒与所包含像素的关系会影响模拟的合理性和精确性,并影响颗粒投放的精准度。根据不同的规则建立了不同的颗粒与包含像素的参数关系,与现有国外的一种参数关系进行对比验证。进一步研究了颗粒移动后颗粒与像素的关系,掌握了颗粒移动后对应的像素变化规律,通过移动较小粒径的颗粒实现"振捣"的效果,达到密实填充,为高密度颗粒模型的投放奠定基础。同时分析了数值模拟的计算误差,实际应用时要根据水泥颗粒级配的实际情况选取合适的精度。     

低温低浊水絮凝工艺的数值模拟与响应面优化试验研究

为探究微涡流絮凝工艺处理低温低浊水时,絮凝区流场流态的变化以及水中浊度、CODMn、UV254的最优去除效果,采用CFD数值模拟探究不同流量(絮凝时间)下絮凝区流场流态,确定最佳絮凝时间;应用响应面中Box-Behnken的中心组合设计方法,研究了流量、混凝剂投加量与涡流反应器投配比及其交互作用对微涡流絮凝工艺去除浊度...