Mastectomy Only Versus Radical Mastectomy and Postoperative Radiotherapy in Node Negative, Resectable Breast Cancer a randomized trial

Patients with clinically node negative resectable breast cancer were randomized to either mastectomy only or radical mastectomy and radiotherapy, and followed for 15-20 years. During follow-up axillary metastases occurred with the same frequency after mastectomy as was initially observed in the group that underwent axillary dissection. There was no significant survival difference between the two groups. When adjusting the treatment effect for differences in age, tumour size, lymph node metastases, and histology, the outcome after radical mastectomy plus irradiation was significantly inferior. Comedo carcinoma proved also in this study to carry a poor prognosis.     

Late breast recurrence after lumpectomy and irradiation

For 276 patients with early breast cancer followed from 10-21 years after lumpectomy and radiotherapy, the recurrence rate in the treated breast was 15.6%, and 7.2% developed contralateral breast cancer. Only 63% of breast recurrences occurred within 5 years, and the remainder were "late failures," with 5 of the 43 recurrences observed after 10 years. The proportion of failures occurring late was greater for T1 than for T2 tumors (53% vs 25%). Twenty-six percent of early recurrences were inoperable, and an adverse impact of early recurrence on 10-year survival was clearly demonstrable. Late recurrences were all operable and did not appear to be associated with decreased survival. Only 16 of the 36 patients (44%) with operable breast recurrence ever developed metastatic disease, and 5 year survival following salvage therapy was 62%. Although the treated breast remains at continuous cancer risk even beyond 5 year, the prognosis of late recurrence appears quite similar to that of contralateral breast cancer. We do not consider the phenomenon of late recurrence to lend support to a policy of primary mastectomy, just as the existence of contralateral breast cancer does not justify routine "prophylactic" contralateral mastectomy.     

乳腺癌根治术与改良根治术对患侧肩关节功能的影响

目的比较乳腺癌根治术(RM)与改良根治术(MRM)对患侧肩关节功能的影响。方法RM组140例，MRM组60例，手术后1个月测量患侧肩关节的活动度，计算其相应的肩关节功能损坏程度。结果RM组术后1个月患侧肩关节功能损坏程度：屈曲49．8％，外展67．8％，内旋6．9％；MRM组后肩关节功能损坏程度：屈曲20．6％，外展42．5％，内旋3．4％。结论MRM组后患侧肩关节屈曲、外展、内旋功能损坏程度明显轻于RM组。     

Arm edema after lumpectomy and breast irradiation

Ipsilateral arm edema can be a troublesome adverse sequel of breast conservation therapy. We carried out a prospective study of arm edema in every patient (265) seen during a 6-month period for follow-up after radiotherapy postlumpectomy for unilateral primary breast cancer. One hundred eighty-one (181) women (68.3%) had an axillary dissection. All had radiotherapy to the breast via parallel opposed tangential beams. Only eight (3%) had additional separate portals for irradiation of nodal areas. Adjuvant systemic therapy consisted of tamoxifen alone in 127 patients (47.9%) and chemotherapy with or without tamoxifen in 60 (22.6%). Ipsilateral arm edema developed in 19 patients (7.2%). Edema was mild (1+) in 16 patients, and moderate in 3 (2+). Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of arm edema was significantly increased in heavier women (p = 0.0016), women who had an axillary dissection (p = 0.0446), and women who received tamoxifen (p = 0.0385).     

The Male Role and Mastectomy

To explore the psychosocial aspects of men's reactions and adjustments to mastectomy, this study used in-depth interviews with 24 husbands and clinical observations of a multisession men's support group as well as a test and retest analysis of questionnaire data. Sex role theory was used to explain how factors related to the male role complicate men's adjustment. Husbands placed a high priority on their wives' adjustment but kept their own feelings at bay. Men's adoption of a "protective guardian" role during their wives' hospitalization fostered denial and later blocked communication between spouses. Repeated-measures analysis of the questionnaire data indicated that support group members became significantly more communicative with spouses about mastectomy issues than did control group members. These quantitative findings parallel clinical observations.     

Doughnut mastopexy lumpectomy versus standard lumpectomy in breast cancer surgery: a prospective study.

AIMS: Doughnut mastopexy lumpectomy (DML) is a unique breast resection in which a tissue segment is removed and the breast reshaped through a periareolar incision. The present prospective investigation compares DML and standard lumpectomy (SL) in relation to surgical variables, histological parameters, postoperative morbidity and cosmetic outcome. METHODS: 127 patients with breast cancer were offered the choice between two conservative surgical approaches: doughnut mastopexy lumpectomy (DML group, n=39) or standard lumpectomy (SL group, n=88). The groups were comparable for radiological tumour size, tumour location within the breast, histological size, and pT category. Comparison was performed in term of surgical variables, histological parameters, postoperative morbidity and cosmetic outcome. RESULTS: The patients undergoing DML were younger than the patients who chose SL. In the DML group, the skin incision was 3-fold longer than in the SL group but was obtained with a final scar located around the nipple areola complex without further postoperative complications. The average volume of the breast specimen was higher in the DML group compared with SL group. The clinician assessment of cosmetic outcome reported a higher rate of acceptable result in the DML group than in the SL group. However, patient's assessment did not show difference of cosmetic satisfaction between groups. CONCLUSION: Our comparative study indicates that DML may be a useful alternative to SL not only in terms of accurate breast tissue resection but also in term of cosmetic results.     

Cosmetic results following lumpectomy, axillary dissection and radiotherapy for small breast cancers

Between 1970 and April 1982, 592 women with T(1), small T2, N0, N1, M0 breast cancer were managed by lumpectomy, axillary dissection and radiotherapy at the Institut Gustave-Roussy (IGR). The overall cosmetic result and the degree of asymmetry, fibrosis and telangiectasia of the treated breast were assessed by the radiation oncologist at each follow-up visit. The changes in these cosmetic parameters with time are shown. At 5 years the overall cosmetic result was excellent in 59%, good in 38% and fair or poor in 8%. A multivariate analysis was performed of the factors associated with a cosmetic defect. The most significant factors were tumour size, the presence of defect after surgery and the daily applied dose per fraction to the breast. Surgical and radiotherapy technique (especially alternate day fractionation) can significantly affect the cosmetic result obtained.     

Mastectomy Versus Conservative Surgery

Women with early breast cancer were offered the choice of a mastectom lurnpectomy plus radiotherapy, or entry in a trial in which the alrdcation to either type of treatment was randomized. Few women chose the trial, and most were relieved that a choice was available. Othel patients, for whom it was decided that a mastectomy was the only viable treatment on medical grounds, were offered breast reconstruction whenever it was technically feasible. Psychosocial adaptation was measured using tests of anxiety, depression, marital adjustment, body satisfaction, self-esteem, sociability, and life change. Tests were given before surgery at intervals up to one year afterward. The degree of concern the women felt about the disease, their appearance, and the treatment was also assessed. The major difference among the groups was in the degree of concern about appearance. Women who rated high in this regard (the younger patients) tended to choose conservative surgery or reconstruction when a mastectomy was necessary. Generally, the adjustment to treatment was good in all the groups, despite some anxiety when the patients were in the hospital for surgery. Tailoring the treatment to each woman's preference resulted in low psychological morbidity.     

Implant-sparing Mastectomy: An Alternative for Women Undergoing Mastectomy With Retropectoral Implants

IntroductionImplant-sparing mastectomy (ISM) is a skin-sparing mastectomy that preserves a retropectoral implant and potentially eliminates the need for tissue expansion or complex reconstruction. This study aimed to determine oncologic and surgical outcomes and reconstructive patterns in patients undergoing ISM.Patients and MethodsA single-institution, retrospective review of patients undergoing ISM from 2006 to 2018 was performed. Patient/tumor characteristics, stage, adjuvant therapy use, 90-day complication rates, reconstruction type, and disease recurrence were collected.ResultsA total of 121 ISMs in 73 women were performed. Seventy (57.9%) ISMs were for breast cancer (BC) treatment and 51 (42.1%) for prophylaxis. Among BC cases, 72.3% were cT1/cT2 and 73.8% were cN0; 72.3% received systemic therapy and 33.8% received radiation therapy. There were 3 deaths owing to BC at the median follow-up of 35 months. Among 5 recurrences, only 1 was local. There was no BC identified after prophylactic ISM. Total 90-day complication rate per ISM was 15.7%. Rates were 0.8% for both seroma and wound infection, 2.5% for wound dehiscence, 3.3% for hematoma, and 8.2% for skin necrosis. The majority (72.6%) of patients required only implant exchange for reconstruction. Overall use of autologous reconstruction was low (12.3%); 77.8% of flaps were performed in patients receiving radiation therapy.ConclusionISM is a unique approach for patients pursuing mastectomy for BC treatment or prevention with equivalent oncologic outcomes and complication rates to mastectomy with reconstruction. Reconstruction for the majority was markedly simplified by elimination of tissue expansion while maintaining a low rate of flap reconstruction.     

保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术与传统乳腺癌改良根治术的临床疗效对比

[目的]探讨保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术(NSM)与传统乳腺癌改良根治术(MRM)的疗效及术后并发症.[方法]收集上海市第一人民医院宝山分院2008年1月至2011年6月间接受保留乳头乳晕复合体(NAC)乳腺癌改良根治手术的31例患者资料,与62例同期乳腺癌改良根治术患者按照1:2进行配对研究.比较两组的局部区域淋巴结复发率、远处转移率、总生存率及术后并发症情况.[结果]NSM组和MRM组的中位随访时间分别为28个月和29个月.NSM组和MRM组的腋窝淋巴结复发率分别为6.65％和3.23％,两组比较无统计学差异(P=0.598).NSM组与MRM组的锁骨上淋巴结转移率和远处转移率均为3.23％,两组锁骨上淋巴结转移率和肿瘤远处转移率经比较无统计学差异(P值均为1.000).两组生存率分别为96.77％和98.39％,经比较无统计学差异(P=1.000).两组的NAC坏死、皮瓣坏死、切口裂开、皮下积液和上肢淋巴水肿等并发症发生率,经比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).[结论]保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术在严格入组条件和手术操作的情况下,可以与传统乳腺癌改良根治术达到相同的治疗效果.     

Cosmetic results in early breast cancer treated with lumpectomy, peri-operative interstitial irradiation, and external beam radiation

Patients with operable breast cancer were treated at the University of Kansas Medical Center with lumpectomy, peri-operative interstitial Iridium, and external beam radiotherapy, and concomitant adjuvant chemotherapy in a majority of node positive cases. Examination of the cosmetic results in 85 breasts followed for at least 2 years, at a median of 41 months revealed 20% to be excellent, 44% to be very good, 24% good, 9% fair, and 4% to have poor results. In this paper cosmesis is analyzed with reference to the size of the primary, its location, age of the patient, whether the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy, and whether the regional nodes were treated. In this group of patients, the size and the site of the primary, patient's age, and whether adjuvant chemotherapy was administered or not, did not adversely affect the aesthetic outcome. Treatment of the regional nodes gave a worse mean cosmetic score compared to the group in whom only the breast was treated (37.51 vs. 58.98 respectively, p less than 0.001). Among the 11 patients with fair/poor cosmesis, all had regional nodal treatment, 7/11 had inner quadrant lesions, and 7/11 had lesions greater than T1. Further follow-up and accrual would be needed to confirm our results and affirm if other factors would change.     

Quadrantectomy versus lumpectomy for small size breast cancer

Between 1985 and 1987 quadrantectomy plus external radiotherapy and lumpectomy plus external and interstitial radiotherapy were compared in a randomized trial of patients with small carcinomas of the breast. Quadrantectomy involves excision of 2–3 cm of normal tissue around the tumour plus the removal of a sufficiently large portion of overlying skin and underlying fascia whilst lumpectomy removes only the tumour mass with a narrow margin of normal tissue. Patients in both groups also received total axillary dissection. 705 cases were evaluable, 360 quadrantectomies and 345 lumpectomies. No differences in distant metastases and survival were observed in the two groups. However, lumpectomy patients had a much higher frequency of local recurrences (7.0 vs. 2.2%). Since a local recurrence needs a second operation and creates severe psychological distress to the patient, conservative surgical procedures should include generous excision of normal tissue around the primary carcinoma plus intensive postoperative radiotherapy.     

Turkish Hysterectomy and Mastectomy Patients - Depression,Body Image,Sexual Problems and Spouse Relationships

The aim of this study was to compare hysterectomy and mastectomy patients in terms of depression, bodyimage, sexual problems and spouse relations. The study group comprised 94 patients being treated in EgeUniversity Radiation Oncology Clinic, Tülay Aktaş Oncology Hospital, İzmir Aegean Obstetrics and GynecologyTraining and Research Hospital for breast and gynecological cancer (42 patients underwent mastectomy, 52 patientunderwent hysterectomy). Five scales were used in the study: Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck DepressionScale, Body Image Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Golombok Rust Sexual Functions Scale. Mastectomypatients were more depressive than hysterectomy patients (t=2.78, p<0.01). Body image levels of the patientswere bad but there was no significant difference between the two patient groups (p>0.05). Hysterectomy patientshad more problems in terms of vaginismus (t=2.32, p<0.05), avoidance of sexual intercourse (t=2.31, p<0.05),communication (t=2.06, p<0.05), and frequency of sexual intercourse than mastectomy patients (t=2.10, p<0.05).As compared with compliance levels between patients and spouses; hysterectomy patients had more problemsrelated to expression of emotions than mastectomy patients (t=2.12, p<0.05). In conclusion, body image wasnegative, mastectomy was associated with more depression and hysterectomy with greater sexual problems anddifficulties with spouse relationships.     

Comparison of Single Incision Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Conventional Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer Based on Initial Experience

PurposeEndoscopic breast surgery for patients with breast cancer was introduced for its superior cosmetic outcomes; it was initially studied in the field of breast-conserving surgery and, more recently, in robotic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic NSM (E-NSM) in patients with breast cancer by comparing E-NSM and conventional NSM (C-NSM).MethodsBetween May 2017 and October 2020, we retrieved the records of 45 patients who underwent NSM with permanent silicone implants and divided them into the E-NSM group (20 patients) and the C-NSM group (25 patients), depending on the use of the endoscopic device. We also analyzed demographic information, pathology, operative time, and complications.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the 2 groups based on demographic information, postoperative pathological data, mean length of hospital stay, and total number of complications. The mean preparation time for surgery was comparable between both groups. Compared to the C-NSM group, the E-NSM group had a significantly longer mean operative time and, subsequently, a significantly longer mean total operative time and number of complications.ConclusionThe results showed that E-NSM was feasible and safe with a more inconspicuous incision in patients with breast cancer.     

The Effect of Receptor Status on Mastectomy and Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Rates in Early Stage Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Background

There is an established relationship between hormone receptor (HR; estrogen and/or progesterone receptors) status, HER2 status, and locoregional recurrence. The purpose of this study was to analyze how HR and HER2 receptor status have influenced the surgical management trends among patients with early stage breast cancer.