中国健康志愿者单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受性研究

目的在中国健康成年志愿者中评价单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液的安全性、耐受性.方法根据新药临床试验指导原则设计试验方案,并获得伦理委员会批准.受试者须自愿签署知情同意书.选择48名18～50岁健康成人,经体检及实验室检查均在正常范围内.用区组随机化设计方法,将受试者随机分配至100mg、200mg、300mg、400mg、500mg、600mg、700mg、800mg剂量组中,每组6名,男女各半.观察指标为临床症状体征,实验室指标包括心电图、脑电图、血常规、凝血功能、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等.严密观察记录试验期间发生的不良事件.结果各组入选受试者体检及实验室检查各项指标测定值均在正常范围,条件均衡,具较好可比性.给药后体温、呼吸频率、脉搏、血压、血常规、尿常规、肾功能、电解质、心电图、脑电图等未见有临床意义的改变.试验中未见严重的临床不良反应,只发现3例次可能与药物有关的轻度-过性不良反应,分别表现为面部瘙痒、皮疹、GOT或GPT升高.结论健康受试者单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液,最大剂量至800mg,比较安全、耐受性较好.推荐临床使用剂量为400mg/次/日.     

中国健康志愿者静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受性研究

目的　在中国健康成年志愿者中评价静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液的安全性、耐受性。方法　根据新药临床试验指导原则设计试验方案 ,并获得伦理委员会批准。受试者须自愿签署知情同意书。选择 4 8名 18～ 5 0岁健康成人进行单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受实验。用区组随机化设计方法 ,将受试者随机分配至 10 0、2 0 0、30 0、4 0 0、5 0 0、6 0 0、70 0和 80 0 mg剂量组中 ,每组 6名 ,男女各半。选择 10名健康成人进行多次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受实验。观察指标为临床症状体征 ,实验室指标包括心电图、脑电图、血常规、凝血功能、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等。严密观察记录试验期间发生的不良事件。结果　各组入选受试者体检及实验室检查各项指标测定值均在正常范围 ,条件均衡 ,具较好可比性。单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受实验中给药后体温、呼吸频率、脉搏、血压、血常规、尿常规、肾功能、电解质、心电图、脑电图等未见有临床意义的改变。试验中未见严重的临床不良反应 ,只发现 3例次可能与药物有关的轻度一过性不良反应 ,分别表现为面部瘙痒、皮疹、GOT或GPT升高。多次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受实验中未见严重不良反应 ,仅见一过性 GOT或 GPT升高     

连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片耐受性试验研究

目的:在中国健康成年志愿者中评估连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的安全性、耐受性.方法:根据GCP原则设计试验方案,选择10名18～40岁健康男性受试者参加连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片耐受性试验,口服甲磺酸加替沙星片每次400mg,每日1次,连续10日.观察指标为临床症状、体征,包括体温、脉搏、呼吸频率、血压等,实验室指标包括心电图、脑电图、血常规、凝血功能、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等.结果:入选受试者给药后及给药期间体征、症状及实验室检查均未见有临床意义的改变,试验中未见严重的临床不良反应,有两例受试者出现GPT、GOT轻度升高,可能与药物有关,停药一周后恢复正常.结论:10名健康受试者连续次口服甲磺酸加替沙星片10日,每日400mg,可安全耐受.     

连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的人体耐受性研究

目的 :在中国健康成年志愿者中 ,评估连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的耐受性。方法 :根据GCP原则设计试验方案 ,选择 10名 18～ 4 0岁健康男性受试者参加连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片耐受性试验 ,口服甲磺酸加替沙星片每次 4 0 0mg ,每日 1次 ,连续10d。观察临床症状、体征 ,包括体温、脉搏、呼吸频率、血压等指标 ;实验室指标包括心电图、脑电图、血常规、凝血功能、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等。结果 :入选受试者给药后及给药期间症状、体征及实验室检查均未见有临床意义的改变。试验中未见严重的临床不良反应 ,有 2例受试者出现GPT、GOT轻度升高 ,可能与药物有关 ,停药 1wk后恢复正常。结论 :10名健康受试者连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片10d ,每日 4 0 0mg ,可安全耐受     

单次静滴米卡芬净钠在健康成年志愿者的耐受性

目的 评价中国健康受试者单次静脉滴注3种不同剂量注射用米卡芬净钠(抗真菌药)的安全性和耐受性.方法 选择12名18～45岁健康受试者,男女各半,用自身三交叉试验设计,用分层随机法,依次接受静脉滴注3种不同剂量的米卡芬净钠,观察并记录受试者临床体征及各种生化指标结果,采用方差分析比较给药前后各项指标变化.结果 单次静脉滴注米卡芬净钠50,100,150mg前后,受试者的体征及实验室检查指标变化,未见具有临床意义的差异.结论 中国健康人群受试者恒速静滴3个剂量(50,100,150 mg·h-1)米卡芬净均具有较好的耐受性.     

连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片耐受性试验研究

目的在中国健康成年志愿者中评估连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片的安全性、耐受性.方法根据GCP原则设计试验方案,选择10名18～40岁健康男性受试者参加连续口服甲磺酸加替沙星片耐受性试验,口服甲磺酸加替沙星片每次400mg,每日1次,连续10日.观察指标为临床症状、体征,包括体温、脉搏、呼吸频率、血压等,实验室指标包括心电图、脑电图、血常规、凝血功能、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等.结果入选受试者给药后及给药期间体征、症状及实验室检查均未见有临床意义的改变,试验中未见严重的临床不良反应,有两例受试者出现GPT、GOT轻度升高,可能与药物有关,停药一周后恢复正常.结论10名健康受试者连续次口服甲磺酸加替沙星片10日,每日400mg,可安全耐受.     

帕拉米韦三水合物氯化钠注射液在健康人体的耐受性研究

 目的：研究单次和多次静脉滴注帕拉米韦三水合物氯化钠注射液在健康人体内的耐受性和安全性。方法：单次给药试验共入选26名健康志愿者,分为5个剂量组,由初始剂量150 mg开始,在耐受性较好的情况下,逐渐增加至300,450,600,750 mg。连续给药试验在单次给药试验结束后进行,共入选20例健康志愿者,分为150和300 mg两个剂量组,连续5 d,qd。试验中多次进行生命体征、心电图、体格检查及实验室检查,并严密观察不良事件。结果：与研究药物有关的不良事件主要为部分实验室检查值异常和心电图异常,不良事件的程度均为轻度,均未经处理而恢复正常。试验中未发生严重不良事件。结论：中国健康受试者单次静脉滴注150~750 mg和连续5 d, 每天单次静脉滴注150~300 mg的帕拉米韦三水合物氯化钠注射液是安全的,能耐受的。     

单次静滴D-聚甘酯注射液在中国健康人体的安全性

目的在中国健康成年志愿者中评价单次静滴D-聚甘酯注射液的安全性与耐受性。方法用区组随机化设计,选择18～50岁健康成人36名,随机分至50~300mg共6个剂量组,每组6人,男女各半。观察试验期间发生的药物不良事件,及临床症状、体征、实验室指标变化。用方差分析进行数据统计处理。结果各组入选受试者给药前各项指标测定值均在正常范围。给药后血常规、尿常规、肝、肾功能、电解质、心电图和脑电图等检查均在正常范围内。其中有5例受试者出现给药侧手部肿胀,1例出现头晕、冷汗等可能与药物相关的轻度一过性药物不良反应。试验中未见严重的药物不良反应。结论单次静滴D-聚甘酯注射液,最大剂量至300mg比较安全,耐受性较好。     

单次静滴乳酸卡德沙星注射液在中国健康人体的安全耐受性研究

目的：在中国健康成年志愿者中评价单次静滴乳酸卡德沙星注射液的安全性与耐受性。方法：用区组随机化设计,选择18～40岁健康成人24名,每组12人,男女各半,进行单次3h和2h恒速静脉滴注乳酸卡德沙星氯化钠注射液400mg的2种滴注速度的安全性评价。观察试验期间发生的药物不良事件及临床症状、体征、实验室指标变化,用方差分析进行数据统计处理。结果：各组入选受试者给药前各项指标测定值均在正常范围。给药后尿常规、血常规、血生化、心电图等亦未见有临床意义的异常改变。仅1例出现轻度的腹痛、腹泻等可能与药物相关的轻度一过性药物不良反应。试验中未见严重的药物不良反应。结论：2h恒速静脉滴注乳酸卡德沙星氯化钠注射液400mg比较安全,耐受性较好。     

中国健康成年志愿者单次口服盐酸埃他卡林片耐受性研究

目的：在中国健康成年志愿者体内评估单次口服盐酸埃他卡林片的安全性、耐受性。方法：采用区组随机化设计,选择18～50岁健康志愿者52名,随机分配至2．5、5、10、15、20、25mg剂量组,其中2．5、25mg组各有6名受试者,其余各组均有10名受试者,男女各半,每组中均有2人（男、女各1人）接受安慰剂。严密观察给药前后的临床症状、体征、实验室指标变化,并观察试验期间发生的不良事件。结果：入选受试者给药后症状、体征以及实验室检查指标均未见有异常的改变。试验中未见严重不良事件,未见可能与药物有关的临床不良反应。结论：52名中国健康受试者单次空腹口服盐酸埃他卡林片最大剂量达25mg,比较安全,耐受性较好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.