Diversity of microflora in the gut and casts of tropical composting earthworms reared on different substrates

The diversity of fungi, bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes and protozoa were analysed in the gut and casts of Eudrilus eugeniae, Lampito mauritii, Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavatus, both qualitatively and quantitatively as influenced by different feed substrates like clay loam soil, cowdung and pressmud. While actinomycetes (Streptomyces albus, S. somaliensis, Nocardia asteroides, N. caviae and Saccharomonosporia) were not digested by any of these species of worms, protozoa (Amoeba proteus, A. terricola, Paramecium trichium, Euglena viridis, E. orientalis, Vorticella picta and Trichomonas hominis) and yeast (Candida tropicalis, C. krusei C. albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) were totally digested. Certain species of fungi (Saksenae vasiformis, Mucor plumbeus, Cladosporium carrionii, C. herbacium, Alternaria sp., Cunninghamella echinulata, Mycetia sterila, Syncephalostrum racemosum, Curvalaria lunata, C. geniculata and Geotrichum candidum) and bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacterium antitratum, Mima polymorpha, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. rettgeri, Escherichia coli, Staphylococus citreus, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Enterococci and Micrococci) were completely digested. Certain other species were not digested fungi like Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. ochraceous, Trichoderma koningii (except by Eeugeniae), Fusarium moniliforme (except by E. eugeniae) and Rhizopus sp., and bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Morganella morganii) and these were multiplied during the transit of the organic residues through the gut of worms. The microbial proliferation was more in the casts, due to the environment prevailing--rich in nutrient supply and large surface area available for growth and reproduction of the microbes that lead to enhanced microbial activity and humic acid contents in the casts.     

Diversity of root associated microorganisms of selected medicinal plants and influence of rhizomicroorganisms on the antimicrobial property of Coriandrum sativum

The total heterotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungus were enumerated from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of 50 selected locally available medicinal plants in and around Bharathiar University. In all the plants, population of microorganism were higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non rhizosphere soil. Among the microorganisms, bacterial population was higher in number followed by fungus and actinomycetes. Of the medicinal plants, the maximum rhizosphere effect was observed in Annona squamosa and the minimum effect was seen in Eclipta alba and Cassia auriculata. Among the bacteria the dominant species was Bacillus followed by Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus and Serratia. The Streptomyces species was found to be dominant followed by Deuteromycetes and Frankia among the actinomycetes. Among the fungal isolates Rhizopus was found to be higher in number followed by Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor and Fusarium. About 70.96% of the bacterial isolates were found to be nitrate reducers and 90.60% of the bacteria solubilised phosphate. The rhizosphere bacterial isolates were also capable of hydrolyzing starch, cellulose, casein, urea and gelatin. The isolates of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungus were also able to produce phytohormone Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The maximum IAA production was recorded by Fusarium sp (5.8 mg/l). The rhizosphere bacterial isolates showed resistance to 14 commercially used antibiotics. In an attempt to check the influence of these plant growth promoting microorganisms on the antimicrobial property of Coriandrum sativum against Escherichia coli MTCC-443 and Aeromonas hydrophila MTCC-646, the results observed was not encouraging since the inoculants did not influence the antibacterial property. However extensive and in depth study is required to find out the influence of rhizomicroorganisms on the antibacterial property of medicinal plants. The other results clearly indicated that the rhizosphere microorganisms could be exploited for its innumerable properties and active metabolites.     

Characterization in the archaeological excavation site of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi of deteriorated wall painting of Herculaneum in Italy

Microbiological characterization of frescos in four different locations (Collegio degli Augustali, Casa del Colonnato Tuscanico, Casa dello Scheletro and Casa del Gran Portale) of excavation sites of Herculaneum was carried out. The use of infrared thermography allowed detecting sample points on frescos with greatest moisture not visible to the naked eye, resulting in structural damage. The microclimatic conditions provided perfect habitat for bacteria and fungi, particularly of spore forming and mould. In fact, heterotrophic bacteria were prevalent in all wall paintings monitored (ranging from 18 +/- 2 CFU 100 cm(-2) to 68 +/- 4 CFU 100 cm(-2)), whereas fungi were also detected but at lower levels (ranging from 9 +/- 2 CFU 100 cm(-2) to 45 +/- 3 CFU 100 cm(-2)). Cultural-based method allow us to identify by 16S and 26S rRNA partial sequence analysis heterotrophic microorganisms belonging to different genera of Bacillus and Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium together with the unusual genera as Microascus and Coprinus. By using this approach, Bacillus-related species (B. cereus/B. thuringiensis group, B. simplex/B. muralis group, B. megaterium and B. subtilis) were isolated in all sample points analysed with the exception of the Casa dello Scheletro in which Micrococcus luteus/Arthrobactersp. group and Streptomyces fragilis were found. DGGE analysis of PCR amplified V3 region of rDNA from DNA directly recovered from frescos samples, enabled identification of bacterial species not identified using culturable technology asthose closest related to Microbacterium group, often associated with Brevibacterium, Streptomyces and Stenotrophomonas. Combination of culture-dependent and independent methods provided better microbiology characterization of heterotrophic microbiota present on the surface of ancient frescos of this important archaeological site.     

新疆罗布泊外围地区极端环境嗜碱放线菌生物学特性及活性物质筛选

2006～2007年从新疆罗布泊外嗣地区的泥土样品中分离了117株放线菌,初步筛选后对其中47株嗜碱放线菌进行了形态学鉴定,不同生长条件(pH值,盐NaCl、KCl、MgCl_2,碱性物质Na_2 CO_3、K_2CO_3、Mg_2CO_3、NaOH、KOH,温度)对菌株生长的影响,拮抗性、产酶活性检测及菌株LA4的分子进化鉴定等研究.结果发现,47株放线菌的15%属于诺卡氏菌属,70%属于链霉菌属,10%属于游动放线菌属,其中嗜碱链霉菌属占优势.在pH 7～11范围内,47株嗜碱放线菌均能生长.生长率为92%～95%.NaCl、KCl、MgCl,对嗜碱放线菌均具有抑制作用,NaCl、KCl的抑制作用高于MgCl_2,NaCl、KCl浓度超过10%时而MgCl_2 浓度超过15%时嗜碱放线菌完全停止生长.47株嗜碱放线菌对Na_2CO_3、K_2CO_3、MgCO_3、KOH、NaOH等碱性物质没有选择性,生长良好.47株嗜碱放线菌的最适生长温度为28～30℃.超过55℃后均不能生长.从47株嗜碱放线菌中筛选出了30株具有抗菌活性的菌株,其中对大肠杆菌有抑制作用的有11株,占36.7%,对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用的有20株,占66.7%,对枯草杆菌有抑制作用的有16株,占53.3%;其中4株嗜碱放线菌LA4、LA24、LA33和LA19对3种指示菌均表现出抑制作用.在47株嗜碱放线菌中,74%具有淀粉酶活性,81%具有纤维素酶活性,43%具有蛋白酶活性,49%具有脂肪酶活性.通过分子鉴定,发现LA4为链霉菌中尚未报道的一个新亚种,其16S序列GenBank登录号为FJ182229.本研究结果表明新疆罗布泊外围地区存在大量的产纤维素酶、淀粉酶的嗜碱放线菌,并且潜藏着新的放线菌资源,为该地区嗜碱放线菌的种质资源开发和新药筛选有效菌源提供了参考.图5表4参20     

华重楼内生菌Iun35的分离及其抗菌蛋白的性质

从华重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var.chinensis)块茎中分离纯化得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的内生细菌Iun35,经形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).将分离得到的Iun35菌株发酵培养,培养液上清经硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白UD35.用该蛋白对多种植物病原菌进行拮抗测定,结果显示,UD35对玉米纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kuha)、小麦赤霉病菌[Gibberelle zeae(Schw.)]等多种菌有强烈抑制作用.测定其相对分子质量约为55 000,氨基酸分析结果表明其由17种氨基酸组成.图3表4参16     

铜陵新桥矿区土壤中耐Cu微生物的筛选研究

选择安徽铜陵新桥矿区富Cu的污染土壤,充分利用微生物受自然环境重金属胁迫而产生耐性这一特点,进行土壤中耐Cu微生物的筛选研究。实验过程中分别配制三种不同的培养基,细菌、真菌和放线菌培养基。在水浴恒温振荡器中对土壤中耐受重金属的微生物进行驯化,将得到的对Cu2+耐受性最高的液体培养基作为菌源,在琼脂平板培养基上进行划线分离,并将得到的纯菌株在光学显微镜下进行形态观察,菌种经试管斜面富集培养后保存在4℃冰箱中以便后续使用。研究发现,土样中细菌和真菌对Cu的耐受性低,最高耐受质量浓度分别只达到500mg·L-1和1100mg·L-1。而放线菌表现出Cu高耐受性,分离得到的放线菌耐受Cu的质量浓度最高达到10000mg·L-1,初步鉴定该放线菌株为链霉菌属。该放线菌菌种可能同时对Cu有吸附降解特性,具有成为污染土壤生物治理的高效耐受吸附菌种的潜力巨大。     

Studies on Rhizospheric Mycoflora of Tea (Camellia sinensis):In vitro Antagonism with Dominant Bacteria

The rhizospheres of established tea bushes have some specificcharacteristics which are associated with the long lived nature of teaplants,viz.,negative rhizospheric effect,lowering of soil pH,antagonistic activities among microbial communities and dominan…     

长期连作及秸秆还田对棉田土壤微生物量及种群结构的影响

通过采用常规微生物培养技术分析长期不同连作年限及秸秆还田棉田土壤微生物量及种群结构变化,揭示棉花连作及秸秆还田与土壤微生物多样性关系。研究表明,随着连作年限增加,秸秆还田连作模式下真菌数量持续增加,细菌和微生物总量在连作5-20 a逐渐下降,25 a后又上升;非秸秆还田连作模式随着连作年限增加其微生物种群变化与秸秆还田连作模式变化一致,但非秸秆还田连作模式土壤细菌和微生物总量分别比秸秆还田连作模式在连作5、10和15 a降低42.9%、57.9%、70.6%和41.9%、54.7%和65.7%,而真菌数量增加28.4%、80.8%和116.7%。说明棉花秸秆还田能够增加微生物数量,改善棉田土壤微生物种群结构。连作棉田土壤Simpson指数和Shannon指数呈随连作年限增加呈增加的趋势,连作棉田土壤微生物细菌/真菌（B/F）和放线菌/真菌（A/F）比值在秸秆还田模式下先逐渐减小至连作25 a有升高,而非秸秆还田模式下持续下降。     

垃圾填埋场空气微生物污染及评价

用撞击法采集某垃圾填埋场不同区域空气微生物样品,通过微生物浓度评价不同区域污染状况,并对优势菌落PCR产物经同源性比对分析了空气微生物的优势菌群。结果表明,填埋场的主要污染区域为裸露的填埋区和垃圾运输路段,达到轻微污染程度,其它区域均达到较清洁以上程度。风沙、扬尘大的春季微生物总浓度明显高于夏季。填埋场的空气微生物污染主要为细菌的超标,污染区域空气中的细菌总量比清洁区高13.5倍,空气微生物总浓度相差10.7倍,而霉菌的数量变化相对较小。垃圾填埋场空气中优势细菌以芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和微球菌属（Micrococcus）为主,其中以枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）,短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）和黄金节杆菌（Arthrobacter aurescens）出现的频率较高;优势真菌菌群为青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）等。     

Influence of lignin, pentachlorophenol and heavy metal on antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from pulp paper mill effluent contaminated river water

Pulp paper mill pollutants are the major source of aquatic contamination having metals, lignin and chlorophenols. Study was conducted to see the effect of these contaminants on antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated bacteria. Pulp paper effluents were evaluated for its physico-chemical properties i.e, BOD 72143 +/- 164.81 to 22.32 +/- 2.48, COD 213136 +/- 583.59 to 60.40 +/- 6.34, total phenol 386 +/- 71.24 to 0.43 +/- 0.0, lignin 26312 +/- 258.59 to 73.67 +/- 31.81and microbial quality i.e. K. pneumonae, S. typhi, S. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Ent. faecalis, A. hydrophila, B. subtilis, S. aureus, Y enterolitica and V vulrificus. Antibiotic sensitivity (10-30 microg), heavy metal resistance (100-1000 microg ml(-1)), lignin (1000-10,000 ppm) and pentachlorophenol (100-1000 ppm) tolerance of bacterial strains were assessed by seven classes of antibiotics. Eleven bacterial isolates were found multidrug resistant towards antibiotics, heavy metal, lignin and PCP. Out of 11 isolates, 90.9% were found resistant against eleven antibiotics which acquired 100% resistant in presence of heavy metal, lignin and chlorophenols. Results also revealed that concentration of lignin (50-350 ppm) and PCP (5-30 ppm) induced maximum growth (273-8050 cfu ml(-1)) of pathogenic bacteria in river water.     

不同陈化烟叶叶面高温微生物多样性

以国内外不同品种、不同陈化时间的10个烟叶样品为材料,对其叶面高温微生物进行了分离纯化、鉴定和多样性研究,以了解表面高温微生物在烟叶陈化发酵中的作用.结果表明:陈化烟叶表面高温菌总量为103~105个/g,高温细菌占绝对优势,真菌很少,未能分离到放线菌和酵母菌;高温细菌主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)两个属,芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属;高温霉菌主要包括青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus),曲霉属为优势菌属.国内外烟叶表面微生物种类和数量有所差异,与陈化时间和烟叶品种等因素有着密切关系.     

Phosphate solubilizing actinomycetes in the estuarine environment: an inventory.

Sediment samples were collected from different stations of the Vellar estuary for isolation of total actinomycetes and phosphate solubilizing actinomycetes. Phosphatase activity in the sediments was also investigated Consistently a higher number of actinomycetes, phosphate solubilizing actinomycetes and phosphatase activity were recorded from the clay sediments than the sandy sediments at all the stations. In all, 7 strains showed positive phosphatase activity. Among them, one strain PS-3 exhibited good activity and was further investigated for optimum phosphorus solubilization at different pH (6, 6.5, 7, 7.5 and 8) and incubation (1st day to 20th day) periods. The solubilizing activity was maximum at the pH 7 and an incubation period of 13 days was required for an appreciable quantity of phosphorus to be leached into the medium. Based on the chemotaxonomical and conventional methods of identification, the strain PS-3 has been tentatively identified as Streptomyces galbus. The present study indicates that phosphatase enzyme and S. galbus along with other actinomycetes species would play a major role in solubilizing the phosphate in the estuarine ecosystem and increasing the soluble phosphate concentration thereby enhancing the productivity     

Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L

Impact of distillery effluent (untreated and treated) irrigation on soil microflora of the pots used for growing Phaseolus aureus L. was investigated. The growth of the P. aureus plants as affected by distillery effluent irrigation was also evaluated. The irrigation of the pots by 1-10% distillery effluent (anaerobically treated) stimulated the growth of the soil microflora (increased number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and P. aureus plants (increased shoot and root lengths, biomass, chlorophyll and protein contents). Further, 15-20% distillery effluent (anaerobically treated) had toxic effect on soil micro flora as indicated by reduced number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Reduction in shoot, root, lengths, biomass, chlorophyll, protein contents of P. aureus was also observed when irrigated by 15-20% treated distillery effluent. All the concentrations of raw distillery effluent reduced the bacterial population. However, the treated distillery effluent concentrations <10% had stimulatory effect on fungal and actinomycetes population. However, raw effluent concentrations >5% reduced the same. Raw distillery effluent was more toxic to P. aureus than treated distillery effluent as concentrations >5%, had reduced the growth (shoot, root length and biomass) of the test plant. Raw distillery effluent had adverse effect to total chlorophyll contents and all the test concentrations reduced the total chlorophyll level. However, untreated (raw) distillery effluent stimulated the protein content initially. It has been concluded from-present study that lower concentrations of the raw distillery effluent (1-5%) and treated distillery effluent (1-10%) had stimulated the growth of P. aureus and soil microflora except soil bacteria (inhibited by all the concentration of the raw effluent). However, higher concentrations (raw effluent: 10-20%; treated effluent 15-20%) had toxicity to test parameters.     

Factors affecting enumeration and isolation of actinomycetes from Chesapeake Bay and Southeastern Atlantic Ocean sediments

Studies of the seasonal distribution of heterotrophic bacteria in Chesapeake Bay (USA) led us to the observation that fungizone was selective for actinomycetes without appreciably altering the total viable aerobic, heterotrophic bacterial counts. A study of the actinomycete populations in the Bay was undertaken, with several media compared for ability to enrich for actinomycetes: basal, casein, Czapek, starch-casein, glycerol-glycine, chitin and oil agar No. 2. Between 40 and 100% of the colonies appearing on chitin and oil No. 2 media were found to be actinomycetes, compared with <2% for the other media employed. It was also found that if sediment samples are frozen, a practice followed when laboratory facilities are not available in the field, a decrease in the total counts and in the actinomycete colony counts occurred. However, on a proportional basis, a slight increase in the percent actinomycetes was noted. A minimum of 21 days incubation time is recommended for recovery of actinomycetes. Also, the absence of NaCl from the actinomycete isolation media and incubation temperatures ≥15°C should give good recoveries of actinomycetes. A seasonal distribution of actinomycetes was noted for Chesapeake Bay, with maximal populations of actinomycetes observed in March and November. Actinomycetes were isolated in the ocean from depths ranging from 7 to 7,790 m. Greater numbers of actinomycetes were isolated using an incubation temperature of 25°C for the estuarine stations and 15°C for the deep-ocean stations. Greater numbers of actinomycetes were associated with polluted environments close to shore.     

提高猪粪和城市垃圾堆肥质量的菌种选择

室内发酵菌剂筛选试验的结果表明 :细黄链霉菌 (Streptomycesmicroflavus)、彩色云芝 (Polystictusversicol or)和假单胞杆菌属 (Pseudomonassp .) 3种菌剂对促进猪粪、城市垃圾腐熟最有利。在有机肥发酵过程中 ,除臭作用最明显的分别是绿色木霉 (Trichodermaviride)、青霉属真菌 (Penicilliumsp .- 1)和细黄链霉菌 (Streptomycesmicroflavus)菌剂。     

豆豉纤溶酶在枯草杆菌WB800中的高水平表达

一个来源于豆豉产生菌DC12的新的纤溶酶基因序列被克隆测序.为了实现在枯草杆菌中高水平表达豆豉纤溶酶,将来源于枯草杆菌168的重叠启动子P43序列以及转录终止信号序列通过重叠延伸融合,将融合序列克隆到大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭载体pBE3中,构建了pBEP43载体.将豆豉纤溶酶基因插入到载体pBEP43后转化枯草杆菌WB800.结果表明,在P43启动子驱动下,豆豉纤溶酶基因在重组菌中的对数生长期和平衡期均获得了表达且分泌到培养基中.重组菌经培养后上清液中的纤溶酶活性最高达1270U/mL,是豆豉纤溶酶基因在自身启动子驱动下表达量的1.87倍和野生菌株枯草杆菌DC12表达量的4.1倍.图5参16     

Cellular damage of plant pathogenic fungi by antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus spp. isolates

The use of microorganisms as biological control agents (BCAs) has become an effective alternative to chemical means of controlling plant pathogens. The antagonistic and inhibitory activity of 71 Bacillus spp. strains, which were isolated from different Mexican sites, were tested against several phytopathogen fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium avenaceum, Bipolaris spp. and Alternaria spp. From the antagonism study, the strain ELI149 showed a marked inhibition of growth against all tested fungi; therefore crude metabolites from this strain were extracted using ethyl acetate and amberlite resin and probed against the same fungi as well as strains of Mucor sp., Penicillium spp. and Paecilomyces spp. The results indicated that amberlite was more suitable for extraction of secondary metabolites with antifungal activity. Finally, observation of cell damage in the tested pathogenic fungi showed marked morphological changes on reproductive structures in all tested fungi indicating that antibiosis was the mechanism of the antagonistic effect. These results suggest that metabolites from the Bacillus strains have a wide spectrum of antibiotic activities, which can be used as biocontrol agents for controlling fungal plant diseases of agricultural importance.     

Application of sensory and microbial analysis to assess quality of fish in Siliguri city of West Bengal, India

Sensory and certain microbial analyses were applied to assess the quality of raw fish sold at a market in Siliguri cityof West Bengal, India. In regular surveys undertaken during June to August 2008, a particular fish species was randomly selected, its source was noted and a sensory analysis, the quality index method (QIM) was applied to assess its quality Raw fish samples were also collected and a small quantity (about 1 g) of scales oran upper layer of the skin surface (forscale-less fish samples), gill, liverand a portion of gut with gut-contents were aseptically removed for enumeration of the total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and coliform counts. Oreochromis mossambicus and Tenulosa ilisha recorded significantly higher QIM scores, compared to other species (p<0.05). Riverine fish, Lepidocephalichthys guntea and Channa punctatus scored the lowest QIM scores (0) while scores for Puntius ticto and Mystus vittatus and pond cultured species like Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Labeo bata and Cyprinus carpio were very marginal (p<0.05). Aeromonas spp., Salmonella spp. and total coliforms were recorded from all the studied species while Pseudomonas spp. was isolated from only seven species. Among the tissues examined, the lowest counts of total heterotrophic bacteria, Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp. and total coliforms were recorded from the skin in every fish species. Highest counts of pathogenic bacteria (except Pseudomonas spp.) were recorded in Tenulosa ilisha for all the tissues except liver. Since fish are properly cooked in Bengali households, the risk of disease from fish consumption is relatively less. However, some tribes residing in the region are known to consume undercooked fish and proper cooking methods should be followed in view of the present findings to avoid health risks. Besides, utmost care should be taken while handling fish.     

Plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance in marine bacteria

This research work was conducted in Uppanar estuary to ascertain the role of plasmids in the antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Water and sediment samples were collected for a period of three months. When tested against 20 antibiotics 22 MAR strains were isolated from the samples, which were found resistant to 5-13 antibiotics. They belong to 7 genera and 10 species. Gram-negative bacteria namely Neisseria mucosa, N. sicca, Branhamella catarrhalis, Klebsiella ozaenae, Citrobacterintermedius, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacter aerogenes were isolated. Gram-positive bacteria were of Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. When plasmid curing was done using acredine orange, the resistance against penicillin-G, ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxycillin, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol were totally lost in all strains, which confirmed the role of plasmid in these strains against antibiotics. Ten strains belong to different species were selected for the plasmid isolation and electrophoresis was done. Presence of plasmids in all strains was confirmed and the molecular weight was in the range of 2850 to 3170 bp. The study revealed that MAR strains are common in Uppanar estuary and they are plasmid mediated. This environment is seemed to be deteriorating at an alarming rate.     

快速评估近岸海洋水体与沉积物中E.coli与S.aureus抗生素抗性水平的新方法

随着抗生素抗性污染日益严重,快速评估环境中典型病原菌与条件性致病菌的抗生素抗性水平,对掌握区域环境抗生素抗性污染状况、揭示抗性污染传播规律至关重要。通过以最低抑菌浓度浸入抗生素改进MI、VJ培养基,并结合滤膜法,建立了针对近岸海洋环境中指示性病原微生物大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus)的抗生素抗性监测方法。水体和沉积物样品抗生素抗性水平评估实验结果显示,该方法具有较好重现性(水体和沉积物中E.coli和S.aureus抗生素抗性水平的相对标准偏差分别为11%、8%)与准确度(水体和沉积物中E.coli和S.aureus的平均回收率分别为83.5%、68.4%;相对于CLSI药敏试验的偏离度为±0.1)。且与CLSI药敏实验相比,该方法过程简便、耗时短(36 h/84 h),能最大限度节约经济和人员成本提高抗性评价效率。应用该方法评估辽河口与莱州湾环境中2种病原微生物磺胺类抗生素抗性水平,结果显示辽河口水体中E.coli和S.aureus磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均抗性率分别为27.0%、28.4%,沉积物中分别为35.5%、34.6%;莱州湾水体中E.coli和S.aureus磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均抗性率分别为26.0%、14.5%,沉积物中分别为12.0%、32.9%。该方法适用于河口、近岸海洋及入海排污口水体与沉积物样品中E.coli与S.aureus的快速分析及抗生素抗性水平评估。