Mg-Al-Zn-Nd稀土镁合金成形性能研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机对AZ31B-0.8Nd稀土镁合金在应变速率为0.01～1s-1,温度为300～450℃,最大变形量约为70%的条件下,进行了恒应变速率高温压缩模拟实验,研究了实验合金在高温变形时的流变应力与应变速率及变形温度之间的关系和组织变化。结果表明:合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而增加,随应变温度的升高而减小;在应变速率和变形温度相同时,挤压态试样的流变应力明显低于铸态试样的流变应力,压缩变形量对应力应变关系的影响很小。探明了镁合金变形软化的主要机制是动态再结晶。根据实验分析,合金的热加工宜在400～450℃温度范围内进行,并且挤压态较铸态更易热挤压成型,更有助于晶粒细化。     

Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金的热变形行为

采用GLEEBLE-1500热模拟机对Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金在温度为250～450.℃、应变速率为0.002～0.100.s-1、最大变形程度为60%的条件下, 进行高温压缩模拟实验研究. 分析了实验合金在高温变形时的流变应力和应变速率及变形温度之间的关系, 计算了变形激活能和应力指数, 并研究了在热压缩过程中组织的变化, 为确定该稀土镁合金的挤压温度提供了实验依据. 结果表明: 合金的峰值流变应力随应变速率的增大而增加, 随温度的升高而降低; 合金的变形激活能在300～400.℃内变化不大, 而在400～450.℃时增加很大; 根据实验分析认为该稀土镁合金挤压温度定在350～400.℃左右为宜; 在350.℃左右顺利挤出的实验合金有很好的力学性能: σb=275.5.MPa, δ=13.5%.     

镁合金Mg-Zn-Y-Zr的高温变形及本构方程

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对铸态镁合金Mg-Zn-Y-Zr在变形温度为250～450℃,应变速率为0.001～1s-1条件下的高温压缩变形行为进行研究,利用双曲正弦关系描述了该合金的本构方程。结果表明,Mg-Zn-Y-Zr合金的高温流动应力-应变曲线主要以动态回复和动态再结晶软化机制为特征,峰值应力随变形温度的降低或应变速率的升高而增加;在真实应力-应变曲线基础上,建立的Mg-Zn-Y-Zr合金高温变形的本构模型较好地表征了其高温流变特性。     

挤压态7075铝合金高温流变行为及神经网络本构模型

采用Gleeble1500D热模拟实验机研究挤压态7075铝合金在变形温度为250～450℃、应变速率为0.01～10s-1下单道次压缩过程的高温流变行为。结果表明:材料在350℃及以下变形时,流变应力曲线呈动态回复型;在温度为350℃以上、应变速率为0.1s-1时,流变曲线局部陡降明显;当应变速率为10s-1时,流变曲线发生波动,呈动态再结晶型;挤压态7075铝合金的流变应力曲线峰值应力及稳态应力均高于铸态合金的,且在变形温度较高时,挤压态材料更易于发生动态软化。基于BP神经网络建立挤压态7075铝合金的本构关系模型,预测值与实验值对比表明:所建立的本构模型整体误差在5.35%以内,拟合度为2.48%,该模型可以用于描述7075铝合金的高温变形流变行为,为该合金热变形过程分析和有限元模拟提供基础。     

AZ91D镁合金高温压缩变形行为

针对AZ91D镁合金,采用Gleeble1500D热模拟实验机对原始铸态试样在不同温度和应变速率下的高温压缩变形行为进行了实验研究.结果表明,AZ91D镁合金在压缩温度为200℃时,随着应变速率增大,应力升高加快;压缩温度为300～400 ℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1时,材料呈现出稳态流变的特性;当应变速率提高到5 s-1时,未出现稳态流变现象.建立了AZ91D镁合金低、高温压缩的变形力学模型,其结果可为镁合金的塑性成形工艺的制订提供理论依据.     

Mg-Gd-Y-Zr镁合金热压缩流变应力的研究

采用恒应变速率高温压缩模拟实验，对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr镁合金在应变速率为0．001～1．0s^-1、变形温度为150～500℃条件下的流变应力行为进行了研究，计算了变形激活能及相应的应力指数，建立了峰值流变应力方程。结果表明：在恒温条件下，合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大；在恒应变速率条件下，合金的流变应力随温度的升高而降低；在350-500℃，0．001～1．s^-1的变形条件下，变形激活能和应力指数分别为2215kJ／mol和368；流变应力方程计算出的峰值应力与真实值基本吻合。     

AZ61镁合金高温变形应力修正及本构方程的建立

有限元模拟日益成为金属成形工艺优化的有力工具，而工程材料变形行为本构方程的精确描述是保证模拟精度的关键之一。通过热模拟实验对AZ61镁合金的高温压缩变形行为进行研究，实验设备为Gleeble3500热模拟实验机，实验采用的温度为250、300、350、400和450℃，应变速率为0，01、0，1、1、10和50s^-1。研究发现，AZ61镁合金流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低，随应变速率的升高而升高。在高应变速率下，变形热引起的试样温升非常显著。为了真实地反应AT61镁合金高温压缩变形时的力学行为，对流变应力作出相应修正，并根据修正后的流变应力建立高温变形本构方程。     

AZ91镁合金高温变形本构关系

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对AZ91镁合金进行了高温压缩变形实验,分析了该合金在变形温度为250-400℃,应变速率为0.001-1 s-1条件下流变应力的变化规律.结果表明,变形温度和应变速率均对流变应力有显著的影响,流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低,当变形温度≥400℃、应变速率≤0.001 s-1时,流变应力随变形量的增加达峰值后呈稳态流变特征.并采用双曲正弦模型确定了该合金的变形激活能Q和应力指数n随应变量的变化规律,建立了相应的热变形本构关系.经实验验证,所建立的本构关系能较好地反映AZ91镁合金实际热变形行为特征.     

挤压态ZK61 M镁合金热压缩变形行为与本构方程建立

为研究挤压态ZK61M镁合金的热变形行为,采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机在温度为300～450℃、应变速率为0. 001～0. 5 s~(-1)的条件下进行热压缩实验,分析了变形温度、应变速率对流变应力的影响,并对铸态镁合金和挤压态镁合金的变形激活能进行了研究对比,最终将本构方程应用于模拟软件中进行量化验证。结果表明,该合金的流变应力与变形温度负相关,与应变速率正相关,应力-应变曲线拥有动态回复和再结晶的特点。Mg-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金相对类似成分的铸造镁合金,具有更低的变形激活能,如ZK61M,大约为120 kJ·mol~(-1),且Mg-Zn-Zr系镁合金成分是决定变形激活能大小的主要因素,成分相同时,材料的变形激活能基本相近,模拟曲线与实验曲线趋势具有一致性,应力峰值接近。通过Arrenhenius本构方程计算出挤压态ZK61M镁合金的变形激活能Q=122. 685 kJ·mol~(-1),应力指数n=4. 13652,为Mg-Zn-Zr系变形镁合金的热加工工艺参数和制备提供了理论指导。     

铸态Mg-8Y-6Gd-1Nd-0.17Zn稀土镁合金高温压缩本构行为及加工图

研究了铸态Mg-8Y-6Gd-1Nd-0.17Zn镁合金在应变量为50%、温度350℃~450℃、应变速率0.0001s-1~0.1s-1的范围内热压缩过程中的本构行为、组织演变和热加工性能。通过选用双曲正弦本构方程来描述合金的流变行为以及变形参数间的关系。实验结果表明,温度和应变速率对Mg-8Y-6Gd-1Nd-0.17Zn镁合金的流变应力行为有重要影响,其流变应力随温度的降低和应变速率的增加而增大,并且在温度高于400℃压缩时,合金的真应力应变曲线具有典型的动态再结晶特性。在本实验条件下,该合金变形期间的活化能（Q）和应力指数（n）分别为359.258 KJ / mol 和5.24,实验值与计算值之间的平均误差（ARE）为3.37％。最后基于动态材料模型加工理论,结合热加工图和压缩过程中的组织演变,确定了该合金的最佳热加工参数为：加热温度400~450℃,应变速率为0.0001s-1~0.001s-1。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.