汽轮机末级隔板中的水分沉积规律及去湿方法

提出一种确定汽轮机末级隔板静叶表面上大水滴沉积量的方法。采用轨迹法计算了次末级动叶后二次水滴在轴向间隙及末级隔板叶栅通道中的运动规律、分析了动叶圆周速度、轴向间隙尺寸及级的工作参数等因素对水滴沉积位置的影响.讨论了如何根据级的实际工作条件合理设计抽除水膜的缝隙。     

弯叶片对二次水滴运动特性及水蚀的影响

为探索减轻工业汽轮机末级叶片水蚀的主动控制措施,从气液两相流动的运动特性出发,研究了水滴在级环境下的运动特性与二次水滴侵蚀问题.通过比较静叶不同弯曲设计对二次水滴的影响,得到了弯叶片影响静叶表面水滴运动特性的机理,提出以弯叶片控制二次水滴撞击范围与强度的方法.结果表明:静叶反弯能够减小二次水滴在叶展中部的速度,这一作用对二次水滴在静叶表面的运动也适用;静叶反弯能够增大二次水滴在叶片两端的速度,有利于二次水滴顺利通过动叶栅通道,减少二次水滴对动叶的撞击;静叶反弯通过改变二次水滴速度分布,大幅降低了动叶顶部吸力侧的水蚀程度,静叶反弯25°可使动叶高侵蚀率区域面积减小90%以上.     

汽轮机末级空心静叶栅除湿技术研究

针对汽轮机末级湿度过大导致叶片损伤和级效率下降问题,运用k-ε两方程湍流模型,DPM和EWF模型耦合方式,对蒸汽在空心静叶栅通道内的蒸汽流动、水滴沉积及成膜过程进行了数值研究;设计了两种除湿方案并数值分析了不同方案除湿效果。结果表明:负荷不同对水滴沉积影响较小;较大水滴粒子是液膜沉积的主要来源;压力面在相对叶高0.5以上部位均有沉积;吸力面在相对叶宽0到0.2部位均有沉积且在相对叶高0.4以上部位沉积较为明显;压力面和吸力面各开两道槽的除湿方案更有利于水膜的抽吸,可明显抑制水膜进一步增厚及运动趋势。     

核电汽轮机末级空心静叶抽吸除湿研究

采用粒子输运模型对某核电汽轮机低压缸末级空心静叶栅内的水滴运动轨迹和沉积分布进行三维数值计算,得出水滴沿静叶相对叶高和相对叶宽的沉积量,并讨论不同除湿槽几何参数对空心静叶抽吸除湿性能的影响.结果表明:水滴主要沉积在空心静叶压力面的上半部分,少量沉积在吸力面进口边和上端壁表面.压力面上的除湿槽应当在工艺许可的条件下尽量靠近出口边,吸力面上的除湿槽应尽量和压力面除湿槽开设在同一压力水平上;除湿槽宽度增大时并不一定有利于提高除湿效率,最佳宽度与汽流速度和抽吸压比有关;除湿槽角度应在工艺许可的条件下应尽量小一些.研究结果对后续的试验研究及工程设计具有指导意义.     

汽轮机末级静叶水滴沉积规律与缝隙去湿研究

采用Fluent软件对某600 MW汽轮机末级静叶栅中的水滴三维运动与沉积规律进行了数值计算,确定了水滴在静叶轴向和径向的沉积位置;实验研究了空心叶栅缝隙抽吸的去湿性能。结果表明:静叶内弧上的沉积水量占叶栅进口总水量的12.2%,背弧的沉积水量占1.6%;静叶内弧上的缝隙抽吸水量大于背弧上的抽吸水量,缝隙位置越靠近静叶出口边,抽吸水量也越大;随着缝隙宽度的增大,缝隙抽吸水量先降低后增大,在宽度为3.0 mm左右时达到较低值;缝隙抽吸水量随抽吸压差的增大而增大,随着主气流速度的增大而很快减小。     

缝隙抽吸对二次水滴直径及直径分布影响的试验研究

在空气-水膜两相流动试验装置上，利用Malvem粒度分析仪对空心静叶缝隙抽吸和无抽吸条件下的静叶尾迹区二次水滴直径及直径分布进行了测量和分析。结果表明：缝隙抽吸可以有效地去除静叶表面上的流动液膜，大大减小了静叶尾迹区由于撕裂和二次雾化所形成的二次水滴直径；且水滴直径分布的范围较窄，有利于减轻或防止动叶的水蚀。     

汽轮机末级静叶水滴沉积规律数值分析

针对汽轮机末级湿度过大导致叶片损伤和级效率下降的问题,运用k-e两方程湍流模型,DPM和EWF模型耦合的方式,对蒸汽在静叶栅内部的水滴沉积、运动规律进行了数值模拟和分析。结果表明:负荷不同对水滴沉积的影响较小;较大的水滴粒子是液膜沉积的主要来源;压力面在相对叶高0.5以上部位均有沉积;吸力面在相对叶宽0到0.2部位均有沉积且在相对叶高0.4以上部位沉积较为明显。     

蒸汽轮机末级静叶沟槽除湿方法的数值模拟

在某蒸汽轮机末级静叶叶栅压力面中后部表面上设置了"后仰"的除湿沟槽,通过全三维两相流动数值模拟,探讨了该除湿沟槽的除湿机理.数值计算结果表明,设计的除湿沟槽能在槽道内建立起沿叶高方向的负压力梯度,正是因这种压力分布使槽道内的流体具有向上运动的能力,这样便于沟槽内的液体水向叶片顶部端壁汇聚,进而排流出叶栅流道.计算结果还表明,该除湿沟槽对蒸汽流道的汽动参数(压力和干度等)分布几乎没有形成影响.     

试验汽轮机内湿蒸汽测量研究

汽轮机内部的湿蒸汽会对机组的运行效率、动叶片水蚀及机组运行寿命产生重要影响。介绍了国内外对于汽轮机湿蒸汽研究的概况,使用基于多波长消光法与光阻法测量原理结合的湿蒸汽测量集成探针系统,对某汽轮机末级湿蒸汽1次、2次水滴进行了实测研究,介绍了1次水滴与2次水滴的测量方法及数据处理过程,给出了包括1次水滴湿度与2次水滴数目及粒度分布的计算结果。结果表明,沿着叶高1次水滴湿度与2次水滴粒度渐增,而经过运用除湿措施的末级后2次水滴平均粒径减小、粒度分布变窄。     

微波同轴谐振腔测量液膜厚度的理论分析

汽轮机低压缸湿蒸汽区中,静叶片、动叶片及汽缸壁表面存在水膜的沉积、流动,在高速汽流拖拽撕裂下形成的较大水滴,会造成动叶片的严重水蚀,实时监测液膜厚度,对于叶片防护及机组的安全运行具有重要意义。采用开式微波同轴谐振腔作为液膜厚度测量传感器,根据谐振腔等效电路,建立了水膜厚度测量数学模型,推导了液膜厚度的测量关系式。设计了探针耦合同轴谐振腔传感器,仿真分析了谐振频率随水膜厚度的变化关系,确定了测量关系式中的待定系数,计算了不同温度条件下,液膜厚度随谐振频率的变化。     

多级高负荷轴流压气机出口总温分布特征研究

采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法对某十级高负荷高压压气机末级总温分布规律及产生机理进行了详细的分析和阐述。结果表明：压气机末级静叶出口总温在径向和周向的分布均呈现出较明显的非均匀分布,在径向上表现为叶根和叶尖区域总温高而叶中区域总温低的分布特征,在周向上表现为主流区总温低而尾迹区总温高的分布特征;径向总温分散度沿压气机末级静叶往下游发展过程中呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,而周向总温分散度则呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势;压气机末级静叶入口总温径向不均匀分布及大弓形静叶设计产生的“C”型径向压力分布特征是导致压气机出口总温周向不均匀分布的根本原因。     

Investigation on centrifugal impeller in an axial-radial combined compressor with inlet distortion

Assembling an axial rotor and a stator at centrifugal compressor upstream to build an axial-radial combined compressor could achieve high pressure ratio and efficiency by appropriate size augment.Then upstream potential flow and wake effect appear at centrifugal impeller inlet.In this paper,the axial-radial compressor is unsteadily simulated by three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with uniform and circumferential distorted total pressure inlet condition to investigate upstream effect on radial rotor.The results show that spanwise nonuniform total pressure distribution is generated and radial and circumferential combined distortion is formed at centrifugal rotor inlet.The upstream stator wake deflects to rotor rotation direction and decreases with blade span increases.Circumferential distortion causes different separated flow formations at different pitch positions.The tip leakage vortex is suppressed in centrifugal blade passages.Under distorted inlet condition,flow direction of centrifugal impeller leading edge upstream varies evidently near hub and shroud but varies slightly at mid-span.In addition,compressor stage inlet distortion produces remarkable effect on blade loading of centrifugal blade both along chordwise and pitchwise.     

超临界汽轮机再热第一级叶片固粒冲蚀特性的数值分析

采用数值方法计算与分析了超临界汽轮机再热第一级的固体颗粒三维运动特性,根据固体颗粒撞击叶片的位置、速度与撞击角以及叶片材料的抗冲蚀性能综合分析了静叶与动叶的冲蚀机理及冲蚀特性,指出静叶吸力面冲蚀是从动叶反弹回来的固粒撞击所引起的。此外,还分析了动静叶轴向间距及机组负荷对反弹至静叶的颗粒数量的影响,结果表明,随着轴向间距的减小和负荷的降低,反弹回静叶的颗粒数量增加。     

燃气透平第一级叶片燃气侧的流动与换热特性研究

对某重型燃气轮机透平第一级叶栅通道内无气膜冷却下的三维黏性流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟,对比了不同来流湍流度对叶片燃气侧流动与换热特性的影响,分析了静叶非定常尾迹对动叶换热特性的影响.结果表明:来流湍流度对静叶表面的换热特性有明显的影响,但对动叶表面换热特性的影响很小;静叶尾迹对动叶表面的换热特性影响较大.     

一级半轴流式透平级内部若干非定常流动现象的试验研究

设计研制了具有亚音速透平高压级气动特性的一级半轴流式试验透平,采用试验方法对时序效应、叶栅壁面非定常静压幅频特性以及动叶出口非定常速度场进行了研究。结果表明:时序效应具有改善轴流式透平气动性能的潜力;动、静叶排压力有势场干涉引发的基频信号和上游静叶尾迹片段引发的两阶倍频信号,构成了第二列静叶壁面静压非定常分量的基本频率特征,其间还伴随高达六阶的倍频信号,主要由动叶尾缘高频脱落的涡街扰动产生;尚未完成掺混的第一列静叶尾迹片段出现在动叶出口,由其引发的负射流显著改变了动叶出口局部位置处的气流偏转角。     

Clocking Effect in a Two-Stage Compressor with Different Inter-Blade-Row Gaps

A multi-stage axial compressor has inherently unsteady flow fields because of the following main reasons: (1) relative positions between rotor and stator airfoil; (2) the buildup of converted wakes lead to complex wake/wake and wake/airfoil interactions. The distributions of the potential flows and wakes in the flow passage are depended on the relative positions of blade rows in axial and circumference direction, so variations in the relative axial positions (axial gap) and circumferential positions (clocking effect) of stators or rotors can change these distributions, leading to different compressor efficiency. The current study presents the experimental/numerical result of a low-speed axial compressor, considering the combined effects of stator clocking and variation of axial gaps. Testing was conducted in Two-Stage Axial Compressor Facility in Harbin Institute of Technology. In the test, time averaged data were collected. The results of experimental and time accurate flow calculation for 2 axial gaps, 8 clocking positions for each gap are compared. It is shown that clocking determines the degree of interaction of a stator with the wake of another upstream stator for different gaps between the blade rows.     

Numerical and Experimental Modelling of Gas Flow and Heat Transfer in the Air Gap of an Electric Machine. Part Ⅱ： Grooved Surfaces

The study deals with the cooling of a high-speed electric machine through an air gap with numerical and experimental methods. The rotation speed of the test machine is between 5000-40000 r/min and the machine is cooled by a forced gas flow through the air gap. In the previous part of the research the friction coefficient was measured for smooth and grooved stator cases with a smooth rotor. The heat transfer coefficient was recently calculated by a numerical method and measured for a smooth stator-rotor combination. In this report the cases with axial groove slots at the stator and/or rotor surfaces are studied. Numerical flow simulations and measurements have been done for the test machine dimensions at a large velocity range. At constant mass flow rate the heat transfer coefficients by the numerical method attain bigger values with groove slots on the stator or rotor surfaces. The results by the numerical method have been confirmed with measurements. The RdF-sensor was glued to the stator and rotor surfaces to measure the heat flux through the surface, as well as the temperature.     

小流量工况汽轮机末级流动不稳定数值研究

针对汽轮机低压末级在小负荷工况下出现的流动不稳定现象,进行了非定常数值模拟研究和分析。对末三级叶片耦合排气缸进行建模,其中末级采用整圈形式,对17%设计质量流量工况进行非定常计算,小流量工况下汽轮机末级表现出类似于压气机旋转失速的现象,对流场监控数据进行周向模态分解及相关分析,确定了扰动的数目为30个,其周向传播速度约为转子转速的56%。最后,结合内部流动特征对非稳定现象的形成机理进行了探讨,小流量下由于径向流动阻塞了通道,并在叶顶间隙射流的作用下形成了通道内的周期性高压区,而前缘溢流和叶顶间隙射流耦合作用促成了叶顶进口附近周期性低压区的形成。     

Numerical study of film cooled rotor leading edge with tip clearance in 1-1/2 turbine stage

Numerical simulations were performed to predict the film cooling effectiveness and the associated heat transfer coefficient in a 1-1/2 turbine stage. The leading edge of the rotor blade is film cooled with three rows of film cooling holes. The rotor tip leakage has been investigated for a clearance of 0.8% of blade span. Sliding grid is used for the rotor domain, and interface technique is employed to exchange information between stator and rotor domains. Simulations were carried out for both design and off-design conditions to investigate the effects of the stator–rotor interaction on the film cooling characteristics. The commercial code FLUENT with Reynolds stress model is used in the prediction. It is found that the tilted stagnation line on the rotor leading edge moves from the pressure side to the suction side, and the instantaneous coolant streamlines shift from the suction side to the pressure side with the increasing rotating speed. For the fixed inlet/outlet pressure ratio of turbine stage, the high rpm reduces the heat transfer coefficient on the rotor due to the low rotor relative velocity, and increases the “sweet spot” on the rotor tip. These trends are well supported by the experimental results.     

Numerical Investigation of the Superimposed Effects on Stator Wake Oscillation in an Axial-radial Combined Compressor ZHAO Ben,YANG Ce,HU Liangjun,ZHOU Mi and ZHANG Jizhong简

The superimposed influences of the blade rows in a multistage compressor are important because different matches of upstream and downstream blades can result in significant differences in the stator wake oscillation. Numerical inves- tigation of the axial stator wake oscillation, which is affected upstream by the axial rotor and downstream by the radial rotor, was performed in an axial-radial combined compressor. Many configurations with different blade numbers and locations, which influence axial stator wake oscillation were investigated. When rotors have equal blade numbers, the axial stator wake oscillates periodically versus time within time T （moving blade passing 1/3 revolution）. In contrast, stator wake oscillates irregularly within T when rotors have different blade numbers. A model-split subtraction method is presented in order to separate the influences of the individual blade rows on the wake oscillation of the axial stator. Analysis from the rotor-stator configuration showed that the unsteady flow angle fluctuation response is caused by the upstream rotor. For the rotor-stator-rotor configuration, the unsteady flow angle fluctuations are influenced by up- and downstream blade rows. With the model-split subtraction method, the up- and downstream influences on the flow angle fluctuation could be clearly separated and quantified. Low amplitudes could be observed when the influences from up- and downstream moving rows were superimposed with the ＂positive peak- negative peak＂ type wave. Clocking investi- gations were carried out to change the relative superimposed phase of influences from the surrounding blade rows in or- der to modulate the amplitudes of the axial stator wake oscillation. However, the amplitudes did not reach the maximum when they were superimposed with ＂positive peak-positive peak＂ type wave due to the impact of the interaction between the two moving blade rows.