微生物燃料电池内阻及其影响因素分析

微生物燃料电池(MFC)是一种通过微生物的催化作用将有机物中的化学能直接转化为电能的生物反应装置,研究表明内阻是限制微生物燃料电池产能的重要因素。本文对目前国内外有关微生物燃料电池内阻的研究成果进行了总结,系统介绍了微生物燃料电池内阻定义、构成和常用的微生物燃料电池内阻测定方法,重点分析了反应器、产电底物、产电微生物和操作条件等对微生物燃料电池内阻的影响,并结合已有的研究结果提出了降低内阻、提高微生物燃料电池产电性能的可行性方法。     

纳米材料修饰微生物燃料电池阳极的研究进展

阳极作为微生物燃料电池中的重要组成部分,其性能的高低显著影响着微生物燃料电池的产电性能。纳米材料具有导电性好、表面积大等优良特性。因此,纳米材料修饰阳极能够有效减小电极内阻、增大微生物的粘附量,从而显著提高微生物燃料电池的产电性能。本文首先简要介绍了微生物燃料电池中阳极修饰纳米材料的种类,然后重点归纳了不同纳米材料修饰阳极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响及其原因。最后对微生物燃料电池阳极修饰纳米材料和技术进行展望。     

“共轭聚合物-产电菌”复合生物电极构建及其在微生物燃料电池中的应用

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)作为一种生物电化学装置,在可再生能源生产和废水处理方面的巨大潜力已引起广泛关注。然而MFC面临输出功率低、欧姆内阻高以及启动时间长等问题,极大限制了其在实际工程中的应用。MFC中阳极是微生物附着的载体,对电子的产生及传递起着关键作用,开发优质的生物电极已发展成为改善MFC性能的有效途径。共轭聚合物具有成本低、电导率高、化学稳定性及生物相容性好等优点,利用共轭聚合物修饰生物电极结构,可以实现大比表面积、缩短电荷转移路径,从而实现高效生物电化学性能。同时,纳米级共轭聚合物包覆细菌,可以使细菌产生的电子有效地传递到电极。文中综述了最近报道的共轭聚合物在MFC中的应用,重点介绍了共轭聚合物修饰的MFC阳极,系统分析了共轭聚合物的优点及局限性,以及这些高效复合生物电极如何解决MFC应用中存在的低输出功率、高欧姆内阻及长启动时间等问题。     

产电微生物及微生物燃料电池最新研究进展

新型产电微生物(Electricigens)的发现,使得微生物燃料电池概念的内涵发生了根本性的变化,展现了广阔的应用前景。这种微生物能够以电极作为唯一电子受体,把氧化有机物获得的电子通过电子传递链传递到电极产生电流,同时微生物从中获得能量而生长。这种代谢被认为是一种新型微生物呼吸方式。以这种新型微生物呼吸方式为基础的微生物燃料电池可以同时进行废水处理和生物发电,有望可以把废水处理发展成一个有利可图的产业,是MFC最有发展前景的方向。     

微生物燃料电池中阳极产电微生物的研究进展

微生物燃料电池（MFC）是利用阳极产电微生物为催化剂降解有机废物直接将化学能转化为电能的装置。在MFC系统中,产电微生物是影响产电性能的核心要素之一。介绍了MFC中产电微生物的最新研究现状,详细讨论了产电微生物的种类、产电机理和产电能力．为产电微生物的富集、驯化、改造和多种菌种优化组合提供思路。     

微生物燃料电池中产电微生物的研究进展

产电微生物是微生物燃料电池系统的核心组成, 本文从生物学角度介绍了几种产电微生物的分类学地位、形态特征、生理生化特征及在微生物燃料电池中的产电机理和产电能力, 分析了利用产电微生物进行废水处理同时生物发电的应用前景, 提出产电微生物在MFC系统中的进一步研究方向为微生物的富集、驯化、改造和多种菌种优化组合等。     

微生物燃料电池处理含硫废水研究进展

目前含硫废水污染很大,微生物燃料电池具有高效环境友好的特点成为研究热点。本文简要概述微生物燃料电池结构和发展历史,利用微生物燃料电池技术处理含硫废水的研究进展,最后分析了目前研究发展趋势和展望。     

微生物燃料电池发展态势分析

随着世界经济的高速发展和人口的不断增长,能源短缺和环境污染问题日益成为制约发展的瓶颈。微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)能将污染物中蕴含的化学能直接转化为电能,实现同步污水处理和电能回收,是一种极具前景的可持续污水处理技术。同时,MFC在污泥处理、生物修复、环境监测、海水淡化等方面也展示了诱人的前景。基于科睿唯安Web of Science数据库和德温特专利检索分析平台(Derwent Innovation,DI),对MFC领域1990～2018年的论文和专利数据进行统计分析,得出全球MFC领域的发展趋势、国际分布、研发热点和技术格局。在此基础上,对未来MFC领域的发展做出了展望,对中国MFC产业化发展提出了思考和建议。     

利用异化金属还原菌构建含糖微生物燃料电池

环境中的一些微生物通过还原金属氧化物进行无氧呼吸,而石墨电极与金属氧化物相似,也可以作为这类微生物呼吸作用的最终电子受体,利用这类微生物构建微生物燃料电池,以糖类物质为燃料,对电池产电情况、产电原理进行研究。实验结果表明,以Rhodoferaxferrireducens为产电微生物,在外接电阻510Ω条件下,以葡萄糖为燃料,常温下产生的电流密度达158mAm2(平台电压为0.46V,电极有效接触表面积为57cm2),且循环性能良好。更换燃料为其它糖,发现微生物可以利用多种糖进行产电;通过SEM观察发现大量微生物吸附在石墨电极上,用Bradford法对运行20d后电池的细胞量进行定量,测得悬浮细胞蛋白浓度为140mgL,吸附在电极上的生物量为1180mgm2。通过数据采集分析和细菌还原实验,发现吸附在电极上的微生物对电压的产生贡献最大,具有电化学和生物学活性;悬浮细胞对产电贡献很小,不具有电化学和生物学活性。     

微生物燃料电池中产电微生物的系统发育分析及筛选

对污水处理厂曝气池的产电微生物进行富集并利用纯培养法筛选,采用基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析方法研究了产电微生物的生物多样性,并基于三电极体系绘制出的循环伏安曲线鉴别出产电性能较强的纯菌株。结果表明,菌株F003、F042和F050与其系统发育关系最密切的有效发表种的典型菌株的16S rRNA基因序列存在较大差异,分别代表新的分类单元。之后又对所获得的38株菌株进行电化学测试活性,得出4株活性较强的菌株,其中菌株F010和F017的电化学活性比菌株F007和F051更为显著。     

The Remediation of Chromium (VI)-Contaminated Soils Using Microbial Fuel Cells

Chromium (VI) is a priority pollutant in soil and water and poses serious threats to the environment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), as a sustainable technology, have been applied to treat heavy-metal-contaminated wastewater. To study MFC application in soil remediation, red clay soil and fluvo-aquic soil were spiked with Cr(VI) and packed into a cathode chamber of MFCs, which were then operated at external resistances of 100 and 1000 Ω for 16 days, with open circuit condition as a control treatment. After the operation, the concentration of dissolved Cr(VI) in supernatant and total Cr(VI) in soil was decreased. Soil type and external resistance significantly affected the current, removal efficiency of Cr(VI), and cathode efficiency. Reducing external resistance improved the removal efficiency. The red soil generated a higher current of MFCs, but showed a lower removal efficiency and cathode efficiency than fluvo-aquic soil, implying that the red soil may contain more electron acceptors that competed with Cr(VI) reduction reaction. Our study demonstrated that MFC-based technology has the potential to remediate Cr(VI)-contaminated soil; the efficiency varied between soil types and can be improved with high current.     

Digestion of Algal Biomass for Electricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells

We developed a semi-automated genome analysis system called GAMBLER in order to support the current whole-genome sequencing project focusing on alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-125. GAMBLER was designed to reduce the human intervention required and to reduce the complications in annotating thousands of ORFs in the microbial genome. GAMBLER automates three major routines: analyzing assembly results provided by genome assembler software, assigning ORFs, and homology searching. GAMBLER is equipped with an interface for convenience of annotation. All processes and options are manipulatable through a WWW browser that enables scientists to share their genome analysis results without choosing computer platforms.     

关于微生物燃料电池底物的研究进展

近年来,微生物燃料电池已引起了广泛关注,它将低能量废水和木质纤维素生物质等有机废物转化为电能。在将来,微生物电能将成为一种重要的生物能源,因为微生物燃料电池提供了一种复合有机物和可再生生物能源中提取电能的可行性。人们研究了许多物质,以考察其是否能作为微生物电能转化的底物。这些物质包括人工的和天然废物,以及木质纤维素生物质。尽管现在微生物燃料电池提供的电流和功率较低,但是随着技术的发展和对微生物燃料电池系统的深入了解,微生物燃料电池转化的电流和电力将极大增加,从而向世人提供了一种可以将纤维素生物质和废水直接转化为有用能源的有效方法。本文介绍了迄今为止在微生物燃料电池中用到的各种反应底物,并对它们的应用效率和存在的不足进行了分析。     

Recent Progress in the Development of Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The field of research into solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode materials has been rapidly moving forward. In the four years since the last in‐depth review significant advancements have been made in the reduction of the operating temperature and improvement of the performance of SOFCs. This progress report examines the developments in the field and looks to draw conclusions and inspiration from this research. A brief introduction is given to the field, followed by an overview of the principal previous materials. A detailed analysis of the developments of the last 4 years is given using a selection of the available literature, concentrating on metal‐fluorite cermets and perovskite‐based materials. This is followed by a consideration of alternate fuels for use in SOFCs and their associated problems and a short discussion on the effect of synthesis method on anode performance. The concluding remarks compile the significant developments in the field along with a consideration of the promise of future research. The recent progress in the development of anode materials for SOFCs based on oxygen ion conducting electrolytes is reviewed.     

3D Macroporous Nitrogen‐Enriched Graphitic Carbon Scaffold for Efficient Bioelectricity Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) can generate electricity based on oxidation of organic compounds by exoelectogens, giving rise to a promising potential for recovering electrical energy from organic wastewater. The structure and property of anode materials have inherent impact to extracellular electron transfer (EET), an interfacial process that greatly limits bioelectricity production of MFC. Herein, a three dimensional (3D) macroporous nitrogen‐enriched graphitic carbon (NGC) scaffold is fabricated from commercially available melamine foam using facile pyrolysis method. The NGC electrode is demonstrated to promote EET ef?ciently, achieving a power density of 750 mW m^?2 based on pure cultured Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 in acetate‐feeding MFC. The unique 3D open‐cell structure not only offers habitats for colonization of electroactive bio?lm up to a maximal density but also provides macroporous architecture for internal mass transfer without concern of bio‐blocking and bio‐fouling. Additionally, nitrogen incorporation also plays a signi?cant role in enhancing EET, where pyrrolic nitrogen is much more active than graphitic and pyridinic nitrogen as indicated by density functional theory calculation. This work provides a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of a high‐ef?ciency, cost‐effective, easily scaling‐up, and environmentally friendly anode material of bioelectrochemical systems for electricity generation, hydrogen production, and pollutant degradation.     

Microbial population and functional dynamics associated with surface potential and carbon metabolism

Microbial extracellular electron transfer (EET) to solid surfaces is an important reaction for metal reduction occurring in various anoxic environments. However, it is challenging to accurately characterize EET-active microbial communities and each member''s contribution to EET reactions because of changes in composition and concentrations of electron donors and solid-phase acceptors. Here, we used bioelectrochemical systems to systematically evaluate the synergistic effects of carbon source and surface redox potential on EET-active microbial community development, metabolic networks and overall electron transfer rates. The results indicate that faster biocatalytic rates were observed under electropositive electrode surface potential conditions, and under fatty acid-fed conditions. Temporal 16S rRNA-based microbial community analyses showed that Geobacter phylotypes were highly diverse and apparently dependent on surface potentials. The well-known electrogenic microbes affiliated with the Geobacter metallireducens clade were associated with lower surface potentials and less current generation, whereas Geobacter subsurface clades 1 and 2 were associated with higher surface potentials and greater current generation. An association was also observed between specific fermentative phylotypes and Geobacter phylotypes at specific surface potentials. When sugars were present, Tolumonas and Aeromonas phylotypes were preferentially associated with lower surface potentials, whereas Lactococcus phylotypes were found to be closely associated with Geobacter subsurface clades 1 and 2 phylotypes under higher surface potential conditions. Collectively, these results suggest that surface potentials provide a strong selective pressure, at the species and strain level, for both solid surface respirators and fermentative microbes throughout the EET-active community development.     

Flexible and Stretchable Biobatteries: Monolithic Integration of Membrane‐Free Microbial Fuel Cells in a Single Textile Layer

The fabrication and performance of a flexible and stretchable microbial fuel cell (MFC) monolithically integrated into a single sheet of textile substrate are reported. The single‐layer textile MFC uses Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) as a biocatalyst to produce a maximum power of 6.4 µW cm^?2 and current density of 52 µA cm^?2, which are substantially higher than previous textile‐MFCs and are similar to other flexible paper‐based MFCs. The textile MFC demonstrates a stable performance with repeated stretching and twisting cycles. The membrane‐less single‐chamber configuration drastically simplifies the fabrication and improves the performance of the MFC. A conductive and hydrophilic anode in a 3D fabric microchamber maximizes bacterial electricity generation from a liquid environment and a silver oxide/silver solid‐state cathode reduces cathodic overpotential for fast catalytic reaction. A simple batch fabrication approach simultaneously constructs 35 individual devices, which will revolutionize the mass production of textile MFCs. This stretchable and twistable power device printed directly onto a single textile substrate can establish a standardized platform for textile‐based biobatteries and will be potentially integrated into wearable electronics in the future.