纤维素类生物质厌氧发酵产氢的研究

以不同的天然堆肥作为产氢菌源,考察了不同纤维素类生物质废弃物的产氢能力.并以麦麸为供氢体,研究了产氢过程的代谢机制和生物液相组成的变化.实验结果证实,在最大产氢能力的批式实验条件下,不同底物的发酵产氢过程基本类似,生物相中氢和二氧化碳的体积分数分别为49%~62%和51%~38%,没有甲烷气体被检出.在此基础上,在5L混合反应器中以玉米秸秆为底物进行了产氢放大实验,产氢速率达0.8~1.2L/h.     

温度对形成MEC阳极膜的影响

为探究温度对MEC(Microbial electrolytic cell)阳极膜形成的影响,本实验采用单池MEC产氢装置,在外加电解电压1. 0V,p H=7的厌氧环境下,利用厌氧活性污泥为接种物,以乙酸钠为底物,分别在温度为15℃,25℃,35℃,45℃,55℃的条件下进行MEC阳极膜的培养及阳极膜的产氢能力验证实验。培养过程中,通过测定电解电流,p H值,氢气含量,电化学活性、膜生物量等指标的变化,以分析温度对MEC阳极膜形成的影响;验证实验中则通过测定氢气含量说明各温度条件下培养的膜的产氢能力。实验结果表明,在温度从15℃逐渐升至55℃的过程中,各实验组产生的最大电流先逐渐增大,而后又逐渐减小,最大电流分别为13. 5mA、17. 9mA、22. 5mA、1. 1mA、0. 5mA,相比之下,高温较低温更不利于电活性微生物的生长富集,而中温(25～35℃)最利于其生长繁殖。其中,在35℃时呈现出较大的电流值,最大电流值为22. 5mA,在35℃时氢气含量也最高,高达24. 49%,所以35℃是MEC阳极膜形成的最佳温度。     

利用高浓度秸秆废弃物发酵产氢

采用高浓度的玉米秸秆(60g·L-1)作为产氢底物,研究了在氢发酵过程中几个关键过程参数对发酵产氢的影响,以期在秸秆废弃物的清洁氢能转化过程中减少发酵废水的生成总量.结果表明,在酸化秸秆浓度为60g·L-1,碳酸氢铵添加量为1.2g·L-1,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵添加量为30mg·L-1,菌株Bacillus sp.FS2011添加量为10%(质量分数),以及初始pH=7.5±0.5、发酵温度(37±1)℃条件下,最大产氢量和产氢速率分别为(79.8±1.5)mL·g-1和3.78mL·g-1·h-1.与使用低浓度秸秆(≤20g·L-1)底物时相比,生成的氢发酵废水总体积减小了约67%.     

利用动力学模型探讨底物浓度对生物产氢的影响

运用间歇实验方法,以葡萄糖为底物,在浓度为0-300g／L时,研究了底物浓度对混合细菌发酵产氢的影响．结果表明,在35℃和初始pH7．0时,当底物浓度为0～25g／L时,混合细菌发酵葡萄糖的最大累积产氢量和产氢速率都随着底物浓度的增加而增加．当底物浓度为25g／L时,最大累积产氢量和产氢速率都是最高的,分别为426．8mL和15．1mL／h．当底物浓度为2g／L时,比产氢率和底物降解率最大,分别为384．3mL／g葡萄糖和97．6％．修正的Logistic模型能很好地描述本研究中累积产氢量随时间的变化规律．Han-Levenspiel模型能很好地描述本研究中底物浓度对产氢速率的影响．     

氢酶分子聚集体薄膜的组装及其在催化产氢中的应用*

氢气作为一种可再生和零排放的清洁能源,在全球能源和环境双重危机的今天倍受各国政府、企业和研究人员的关注。自然界中存在于藻类和细菌中的氢酶是高效的催化氢气氧化和质子还原的氧化还原酶,在生物产氢和能量转换过程中发挥着重要的作用。近年来涌现出了许多基于氢酶及其模型化合物的仿生产氢和生物燃料电池方面的研究工作。本文综述了氢酶及其分子聚集体薄膜在电极表面的组装技术,如吸附法、自组装法、Langmuir-Blodgett法和溶胶－凝胶法等,并讨论了分子聚集体薄膜中氢酶的结构、生物活性、电化学性质及其在催化产氢方面的应用。     

氢气和合成气下生物质高压液化过程的实验研究

在小型高压反应釜中以四氢萘为溶剂,氢气和合成气为液化反应气,通过对不同液化条件下所得液化产物的收率及性质分析,考察了不同液化条件（反应温度、反应时间、反应气压力）对锯屑高压液化行为的影响;同时在相同液化条件下,通过液化产物收率和性质的分析,考察了气氛对锯屑高压液化行为的影响,探讨了用合成气代替氢气进行液化的可行性。结果表明,在氢气和合成气气氛下,随着反应温度的升高、反应时间的延长或反应压力的提高,液化油的收率都是增加的,但各种条件对液化油收率的影响程度不同。温度影响最大,时间影响次之,而液化气压力的影响最小。其他液化条件完全相同的情况下,氢气和合成气下所得产物的收率及性质相近,用合成气代替氢气液化具有可行性。在此条件下优化的液化反应条件为,以四氢萘为溶剂,反应温度为300℃,气体压力为2MPa,反应时间为30min,转化率为75.1%,液化油收率高达48.4%。     

底物水解预处理对玉米秸秆发酵生物产氢的影响

水解预处理是影响纤维索类生物质发酵产氢效率的关键因素之一.在批式试验条件下,分别采用乳酸处理(方法A),生物处理(方法B)和生物/乳酸两步处理(方法C)方法对玉米秸秆进行糖化水解预处理;考察了水解预处理对产氢效率的影响.结果表明:经乳酸预处理、生物预处理和乳酸/生物两步处理的玉米秸秆的累积氢产量分别为132 mL/g,...     

生物油及其衍生物催化重整制氢研究进展

氢气作为最理想的清洁能源之一，在石油、化工、冶金、石化、食品和化肥工业等行业中发挥着重要作用。生物油水蒸气催化重整制氢作为一种具有发展前景且经济可行的绿色制氢技术，近些年来受到了研究者的广泛关注。本工作对近年来该领域的研究进展进行综述，重点分析了生物油(生物原油、水相生物油以及重质生物油/焦油)、生物油模型化合物(羧酸类、醇类、酚类等)和其他生物油衍生物的催化重整产氢过程，包括其在重整反应机理、重整工艺以及催化剂等方面的研究进展。对多种混合模化物以及真实生物油催化重整反应机理的深入探究是目前研究的主要难点，研制节能、高效的催化重整反应器以及开发稳定、高活性的重整催化剂是目前乃至今后生物油催化重整制氢领域研究和推广的重点。     

光系统II杂化Z型水分解体系中产氢助催化剂上逆反应的抑制

光催化Z型水分解反应有望发展成为一种生产太阳氢能的有效方法.将具有优异水氧化性能的自然光系统Ⅱ与人工半导体产氢材料进行耦合,以构建生物-人工杂化光催化Z型水分解反应体系,对于深入理解自然光合作用原理和促进人工太阳能转化具有重要意义.由于Fe(CN)_6~(3-)可从光系统Ⅱ接受电子,因此氧化还原电对Fe(CN)_6~(3-/4-)成为研究光系统Ⅱ基杂化Z型水分解体系时常用的电子体递.然而,在该Z型水分解反应中,正向的产氢反应经常受到由Fe(CN)_6~(3-)引起的逆反应的阻碍,致使水分解过程中产氢产氧失衡,不能实现有效的全分解水反应.本文通过在光系统Ⅱ杂化Z型水分解体系中的人工光催化剂ZrO_2/TaON上沉积产氢助催化剂PtCrOx,有效抑制了逆反应的发生,从而使体系实现了全分解水反应.实验发现,在光催化剂ZrO_2/TaON上沉积金属Pt作为产氢助催化剂时,以Fe(CN)_6~(4-)为电子供体的光催化产氢半反应基本没有产氢活性,而当沉积氧化物PtCrO_x作为产氢助催化剂时,产氢半反应活性可提高至～35μmolh–1.进一步研究发现,这种产氢活性的差异主要是由于两种不同助催化剂对于Fe(CN)_6~(3-)引起的氢气氧化逆反应的催化行为不同.金属Pt表面对于氢气具有吸附和活化作用,光催化反应中产生的氢气和Fe(CN)_6~(3-)在Pt-ZrO_2/TaON催化作用下发生快速的氧化还原逆反应;而由于PtCrO_x表面对氢气的吸附和活化作用较弱,上述氢气氧化的逆反应在PtCrO_x-ZrO_2/TaON存在时不发生.此外,在产氢过程中,光生电子虽然迁移到助催化剂PtCrO_x上,但PtCrO_x中高氧化态的Pt~Ⅱ和Pt~Ⅳ并未被还原,因此使PtCrO_x-ZrO_2/TaON具有稳定的光催化产氢反应活性.基于PtCrO_x-ZrO_2/TaON在Fe(CN)_6~(4-)作为电子供体时有效的产氢半反应,我们以Fe(CN)_6~(3-/4–)作为电子递体,将光系统Ⅱ与PtCrOx-ZrO_2/TaON耦合构建了生物-人工杂化Z型全分解水体系,通过调节Fe(CN)_6~(3-)/4–的初始浓度,最终实现了杂化体系的全分解水反应,产氢和产氧活性分别为～20μmol H_2 h~(–1)和～10μmol O_2 h~(–1).这为理解和抑制以Fe(CN)_6~(3-)/4–作为电子递体的光系统Ⅱ-人工杂化Z型水分解体系中的逆反应提供了新的思路.     

利用时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射技术研究光催化产氢反应动力学

基于飞秒再生放大器及飞秒光学参量放大器输出的激光脉冲, 搭建了宽带时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)测试装置, 并利用该装置研究了氢气与空气混合气体中氢气的相对含量, 探测相对延时与CARS光谱之间的关系. 通过调整延时, 获得了无非共振背景干扰的氢气CARS信号. 实验中测得的CARS信号强度与氢气浓度(分压)的平方呈良好的线性关系, 符合CARS理论预测. 同时测得的实验数据的信噪比表明: 在当前的实验条件下, 在氢气与空气混合气的总压为0.1 MPa时, 该装置可以对氢气的浓度进行测量, 且其检测极限可低至0.2%. 本文还利用该装置对三联吡啶苯乙炔Pt 配合物-Co 配合物-三乙醇胺(TEOA)的三元化学催化体系的产氢动力学行为进行了研究, 通过改变pH值讨论了该催化体系的产氢动力学机制. 结果表明过高的质子浓度会降低体系的产氢效率, 这可能是因为在酸性条件下, 作为质子和电子供体的三乙醇胺分解被抑制, 电子供应中断, 导致产氢反应的停止.     

Fed-batch Anaerobic Valorization of Slaughterhouse By-products with Mesophilic Microbial Consortia Without Methane Production

This work aimed at setting up a fully instrumented, laboratory-scale bioreactor enabling anaerobic valorization of solid substrates through hydrogen and/or volatile fatty acid (VFA) production using mixed microbial populations (consortia). The substrate used was made of meat-based wastes, especially from slaughterhouses, which are becoming available in large amounts as a consequence of the growing constraints for waste disposal from meat industry. A reconstituted microbial mesophilic consortium without Archaebacteria (methanogens), named PBr, was cultivated in a 5-L anaerobic bioreactor on slaughterhouse wastes. The experiments were carried out with sequential fed-batch operations, including liquid medium removal from the bioreactor and addition of fresh substrate. VFAs and nitrogen were the main metabolites observed, while hydrogen accumulation was very low and no methane production was evidenced. After 1,300 h of culture, yields obtained for VFAs reached 0.38 g/g dry matter. Strain composition of the microbial consortium was also characterized using molecular tools (temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and gene sequencing).     

Biological Hydrogen Production Using Chloroform-treated Methanogenic Granules

In fermentative hydrogen production, the low-hydrogen-producing bacteria retention rate limits the suspended growth reactor productivity because of the long hydraulic retention time (HRT) required to maintain adequate bacteria population. Traditional bacteria immobilization methods such as calcium alginate entrapment have many application limitations in hydrogen fermentation, including limited duration time, bacteria leakage, cost, and so on. The use of chloroform-treated anaerobic granular sludge as immobilized hydrogen-producing bacteria in an immobilized hydrogen culture may be able to overcome the limitations of traditional immobilization methods. This paper reports the findings on the performance of fed-batch cultures and continuous cultures inoculated with chloroform-treated granules. The chloroform-treated granules were able to be reused over four fed-batch cultures, with pH adjustment. The upflow reactor packed with chloroform-treated granules was studied, and the HRT of the upflow reactor was found to be as low as 4 h without any decrease in hydrogen production yield. Initial pH and glucose concentration of the culture medium significantly influenced the performance of the reactor. The optimum initial pH of the culture medium was neutral, and the optimum glucose concentration of the culture medium was below 20 g chemical oxygen demand/L at HRT 4 h. This study also investigated the possibility of integrating immobilized hydrogen fermentation using chloroform-treated granules with immobilized methane production using untreated granular sludge. The results showed that the integrated batch cultures produced 1.01 mol hydrogen and 2 mol methane per mol glucose. Treating the methanogenic granules with chloroform and then using the treated granules as immobilized hydrogen-producing sludge demonstrated advantages over other immobilization methods because the treated granules provide hydrogen-producing bacteria with a protective niche, a long duration of an active culture, and excellent settling velocity. This integrated two-stage design for immobilized hydrogen fermentation and methane production offers a promising approach for modifying current anaerobic wastewater treatment processes to harvest hydrogen from the existing systems.     

The effect of substrate concentration on biohydrogen production by using kinetic models

The effect of substrate concentration ranging from 0 to 300 g/L on fermentative hydrogen production by mixed cultures was investigated in batch tests using glucose as substrate. The experimental results showed that, at 35℃ and initial pH 7.0, during the fermentative hydrogen production, the hydrogen production potential and hydrogen production rate increased with increasing substrate concentration from 0 to 25 g/L. The maximal hydrogen production potential of 426.8 mL and maximal hydrogen pro-duction rate of 15.1 mL/h were obtained at the substrate concentration of 25 g/L. The maximal hydrogen yield and the maximal substrate degradation efficiency were respectively 384.3 mL/g glucose and 97.6%, at the substrate concentration of 2 g/L. The modified Logistic model could be used to describe the progress of cumulative hydrogen production in this study successfully. The Han-Levenspiel model could be used to describe the effect of substrate concentration on fermentative hydrogen production rate.     

Additional Paper Waste in Pulping Sludge for Biohydrogen Production by Heat-Shocked Sludge

Dark anaerobic fermentation is an interesting alternative method for producing biohydrogen (H₂) as a renewable fuel because of its low cost and various usable organic substrates. Pulping sludge from wastewater treatment containing plentiful cellulosic substrate could be feasibly utilized for H₂ production by dark fermentation. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal proportion of pulping sludge to paper waste, the optimal initial pH, and the optimal ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N) for H₂ production by anaerobic seed sludge pretreated with heat. The pulping sludge was pretreated with NaOH solution at high temperature and further hydrolyzed with crude cellulase. Pretreatment of the pulping sludge with 3% NaOH solution under autoclave at 121 °C for 2 h, hydrolysis with 5 FPU crude cellulase at 50 °C, and pH 4.8 for 24 h provided the highest reducing sugar production yield (229.68 ± 2.09 mg/g_TVS). An initial pH of 6 and a C/N ratio of 40 were optimal conditions for H₂ production. Moreover, the supplement of paper waste in the pulping sludge enhanced the cumulative H₂ production yield. The continuous hydrogen production was further conducted in a glass reactor with nylon pieces as supporting media and the maximum hydrogen production yield was 151.70 ml/g_TVS.     

Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Soybean Protein Processing Wastewater in an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) Using Anaerobic Mixed Consortia

Fermentative H(2) production from soybean protein processing wastewater (SPPW) was investigated in a four-compartment anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) using anaerobic mixed cultures under continuous flow condition in the present study. After being inoculated with aerobic activated sludge and operated at the inoculants of 5.98?gVSS?L(-1), COD of 5000?mg?L(-1), HRT of 16?h and temperature of (35?±?1) °C for 22?days, the ABR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 165?LH(2)?kg MLVSS(-1)?day(-1), the substrate conversion rate was 600.83?LH(2)?kg COD(-1)and the COD removal efficiency was 44.73% at the stable operation status. The ABR system exhibited a better stability and higher hydrogen yields than continuous stirring tank reactor under the same operational condition. The experimental data documented the feasibility of substrate degradation along with molecular H(2) generation utilizing SPPW as primary carbon source in the ABR system.     

Biohydrogen Production from Mushroom Cultivation Waste by Anaerobic Solid‐state Fermentation

Mushroom cultivation waste (MCW) is a polypropylene bag stuffed with wood flour and nutrients for growing mushroom, which is a feasible feedstock for anaerobic biohydrogen production owing to its abundant availability, high organic and nutrient content. This study optimized the seed inoculum from various waste sludges (sewage sludge, cow dung and pig slurry), nutrient addition and operation conditions (moisture content and MCW powder particle size) for maximal biohydrogen production by solid‐state fermentation (SSF). SSF batch test was operated at a MCW 3 g total volatile solid (TVS)/L, temperature 55 °C and rotation speed of 15 rpm with a vertical rotative shaker. The peak hydrogen production performance of hydrogen production rate (HPR) 9.50 mol H₂/kg‐d and hydrogen yield (HY) 0.29 mmol H₂/g TVS) are obtained using sewage sludge 2 seed inoculum, nutrients addition, moisture content 70 % and particle size of 1.190～0.590 mm. The results show that the MCW has the potential for hydrogen production by anaerobic mixed microflora using solid‐state fermentation. The bioenergy of 1842 kWh while using SSF to conver MCW to produce biohydrogen and it could reduce CO₂ emission of 114–178 kg per year comparing using fossil fuel such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas.     

Solid-state Fermentation for Enhanced Production of Laccase using Indigenously Isolated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ganoderma</Emphasis> sp.

Laccase production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using an indigenously isolated white rot basidiomycete Ganoderma sp. was studied. Among the various agricultural wastes tested, wheat bran was found to be the best substrate for laccase production. Solid-state fermentation parameters such as optimum substrate, initial moisture content, and inoculum size were optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time method. A maximum laccase yield of 2,400 U/g dry substrate (U/gds) was obtained using wheat bran as substrate with 70% initial moisture content at 25°C and the seven agar plugs as the inoculum. Further enhancement in laccase production was achieved by supplementing the solid-state medium with additional carbon and nitrogen source such as starch and yeast extract. This medium was optimized by response surface methodology, and a fourfold increase in laccase activity (10,050 U/g dry substrate) was achieved. Thus, the indigenous isolate seems to be a potential laccase producer using SSF. The process also promises economic utilization and value addition of agro-residues.     

Production of lactic acid from cheese whey by batch and repeated batch cultures of Lactobacillus sp. RKY2

The fermentative production of lactic acid from cheese whey and corn steep liquor (CSL) as cheap raw materials was investigated by using Lactobacillus sp. RKY2 in order to develop a cost-effective fermentation medium. Lactic acid yields based on consumed lactose were obtained at more than 0.98 g/g from the medium containing whey lactose. Lactic acid productivities and yields obtained from whey lactose medium were slightly higher than those obtained from pure lactose medium. The lactic acid productivity gradually decreased with increase in substrate concentration owing to substrate and product inhibitions. The fermentation efficiencies were improved by the addition of more CSL to the medium. Moreover, through the cell-recycle repeated batch fermentation, lactic acid productivity was maximized to 6.34 g/L/h, which was 6.2 times higher than that of the batch fermentation.     

Production of lactic acid from cheese whey by batch and repeated batch cultures of Lactobacillus sp. RKY2

The fermentative production of lactic acid from cheese whey and corn steep liquor (CSL) as cheap raw materials was investigated by using Lactobacillus sp. RKY2 in order to develop a cost-effective fermentation medium. Lactic acid yields based on consumed lactose were obtained at more than 0.98 g/g from the medium containing whey lactose. Lactic acid productivities and yields obtained from whey lactose medium were slightly higher than those obtained from pure lactose medium. The lactic acid productivity gradually decreased with increase in substrate concentration owing to substrate and product inhibitions. The fermentation efficiencies were improved by the addition of more CSL to the medium. Moreover, through the cell-recycle repeated batch fermentation, lactic acid productivity was maximized to 6.34 g/L/h, which was 6.2 times higher than that of the batch fermentation.