Effect of insulator profiles on DC flashover voltage under pollutedconditions. A study using a dynamic arc model

From field experience and laboratory tests, it has been observed that the contamination flashover voltage of insulators used on DC lines is more influenced by geometry (diameter and profile) than those used on AC lines. Presented in this paper are the results and analysis of a study of the effect of insulator shapes on the DC contamination flashover voltage. A dynamic arc model is used for this purpose. The salient feature of the model is that it takes into account the geometry of the insulator at every instant of the arc propagation, and thus includes the role of geometry in the contamination flashover process. A variety of porcelain cap and pin insulator geometries that are widely used in practice have been evaluated using this model. Nonuniform pollution distribution on insulators, which is more representative of field conditions, has also been considered, and its effect on the flashover voltage has been evaluated for the various geometries. Results are in good agreement with the experimental findings. Use of the model as a design tool to select type and number of insulators for HVDC transmission lines has been illustrated     

The pollution flashover on high voltage insulators

The pollution flashover, observed on insulators used in high voltage transmission, is one of the most important problems for power transmission. It is a very complex problem due to several factors such as the modeling difficulties of complex shapes of the insulators, different pollution density at different regions, non-homogeneous pollution distribution on the insulator surface and unknown effect of humidity on the pollution. In the literature, some static and dynamic models were developed by making some assumptions and omissions to predict the flashover voltages of polluted insulators. In this study, historical development of insulator modeling was investigated and a dynamic arc model was proposed. For this purpose, scaled shape of a concerned insulator was firstly partitioned into triangular elements, then finite element method (FEM) was implemented and finally potential distribution on the insulator surface, variation of pollution resistance and flashover voltage were determined. The computed flashover voltage values of the selected string insulator have been compared to results from other research.     

35～1000kV线路绝缘子污闪电压值的估算

针对目前绝缘子污闪电压缺乏系统研究的现状,建立了35~1 000 kV输电线路用普通型绝缘子交流污闪电压的计算模型即展开普通型绝缘子成平面模型后分析交流污闪条件,计算出绝缘子在不同表面污层电导率条件下的临界污闪电压值;对35~1 000 kV输电线路用5种不同吨位的普通型绝缘子进行交流人工污秽试验,获其在各盐密下的50%污闪电压;通过计算值和试验值的对比,可将绝缘子表面污层电导率转化为盐密,从而算出各普通型绝缘子在不同盐密下的交流污闪电压值。试验验证计算结果误差小,说明该模型能够有效估算代表普通型绝缘子的50%污闪电压情况。该研究结果可供各电压等级输电线路外绝缘选择参改。     

Effect of insulator shape on surface discharges and flashover under polluted conditions

Despite the extensive investigations carried out on the pollution performance of outdoor insulators, the flashover characteristic and its interaction with insulator shape is still not very well understood. In this paper, we present findings of experiments which allow quantifying the effects of insulator geometry on the flashover voltage. Two main parameters were considered: the flashover current (maximum magnitude of leakage current just before flashover) and the flashover voltage. Known difficulties related to accurate measurement of these parameters which are due to parallel partial arcs on some insulators, have been quantified using control insulators and simple modelling approaches. Furthermore, the effect of insulator shape on arc length has been quantified using nonuniform pollution techniques.     

Research on Hot-line Cleaning of Artificial Contaminanted Insulator Using High Pressure Hot Water Vapor

The hot-line cleaning of insulator contaminants has a great significance to prevent pollution flashover.The technique of hot-line cleaning insulator contaminants by water vapor is proposed in this paper.The flashover characteristics of insulator under the procedure of cleaning by hot-line water vapor are tested to investigate the security of cleaning system in the operation.Three kinds of insulator are chosed to carry on the experiment.The average flashover voltage,flashover voltage gradient and withstand voltage in35 kV insulators in hot-line cleaning are measured.The results show that the average flashover voltage and withstand voltage of insulators used for hot-line water vapor cleaning are both larger than the operation phase voltage in 35 kV system.The flashover voltage gradient is larger than usual pollution flashover voltage gradient.The system security can be ensured when there is no overvoltage in the system,which verifies that the insulators cleaning method presented in this paper is effective and reliable.     

不同运行年限的复合绝缘子电气和机械性能

为研究运行年份不等的66kV复合绝缘子的电气和机械性能,抽取了已运行不同年份的19支复合绝缘子,利用工频试验变压器、冲击电压发生器和复合绝缘子拉力机对其进行自然污秽工频闪络试验、人工污秽工频闪络试验、50%雷电冲击闪络试验、50%机械负荷耐受试验、机械破坏负荷试验。结果表明:其电气性能仍然较好,污闪和雷击闪络电压随着绝缘子结构高度增大而增大,与运行时间无关;机械性能具有一定分散性,早期楔式结构的复合绝缘子的机械性能有所下降。建议有关部门加强对早期复合绝缘子的机械性能的检测。     

瓷和玻璃绝缘子人工污秽交流闪络特性比较

人工污秽绝缘子的闪络电压、污闪电压梯度和有效爬电系数均与其材质和型式有关,国内虽对污闪特性研究较多,但对不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数研究不多。为此在人工雾室中对5种典型结构的瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪特性进行了试验研究,根据试验结果分析和计算了5种典型绝缘子的闪络电压、闪络电压梯度、有效爬电系数。结果表明:在人工污秽试验条件下,不同型式绝缘子的污闪电压有较大差异,盐密对不同型式绝缘子的闪络电压的影响程度也有差异;三伞型绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子具有较高的闪络电压;不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其结构型式和材质有关,玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数高于瓷绝缘子,且玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而增加,而瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而减小。     

布置方式对染污绝缘子污闪电压影响综述

染污绝缘子的放电机理、污闪特性是绝缘子防污闪措施研究的核心因素。目前国内外科研机构及专家学者已进行了大量的试验和理论研究,取得了很多有价值的成果。总结了国内外近30年来关于绝缘子污闪的研究进展,从染污绝缘子表面污层的物理特性、污闪形成机理、染污绝缘子试验方法、污闪特性及其绝缘子布置方式等方面系统地分析总结了染污绝缘子污闪电压的各种影响因素,总结了不同布置方式对绝缘子污闪电压的影响规律,提出了不同环境下外绝缘配置的建议。     

复合绝缘子污闪与冰闪特性及临界闪络电流研究

绝缘子的电气特性是进行输电线路外绝缘设计的关键参数之一,其临界闪络电流对绝缘子的状态评估和闪络预警有着重要的作用。以FXBW-110/100型复合绝缘子为试品,在人工气候室对该绝缘子进行了人工污秽试验和人工覆冰试验。试验结果表明：复合绝缘子污闪和冰闪电压随着绝缘子表面盐密的增加而降低,冰闪和污闪电压与盐密均满足负幂指数关系,覆冰条件下的污秽特征指数与污秽无覆冰状态下的特征指数相差不大,可将覆冰视为一种特殊形式的污秽;在相同污秽条件下覆冰复合绝缘子的闪络电压比未覆冰的闪络电压低,随着覆冰厚度的增加,绝缘子闪络电压进一步降低;复合绝缘子污闪和冰闪的临界闪络电流与盐密满足幂指数关系,污闪和冰闪的临界闪络电流均随着绝缘子表面的盐密的增加而增加,在相同污秽条件下覆冰绝缘子的临界闪络电流比未覆冰的临界闪络电流更大。     

A new flashover dynamic model of polluted HV insulators

In this work, a model based on field criterion has been developed to represent the flashover phenomenon, which occurs due to surface pollution on high voltage insulators, under ac voltage. The values of potential and electric field on an insulator surface have been determined using the finite element method (FEM). The open model of the insulator has been used for calculating the resistance in series with the arc, in addition to the values of the leakage current and the arc gradient. As a new approach, this dynamic model uses Lagrange multipliers for the solution of the pollution flashover problem. Both the impedance and the electric field criterion have been used for the propagation of arc on the surface. A computer program called NFDM (new flashover dynamic model) has been developed to achieve this. The results obtained from the program have been compared with theoretical and experimental results of other researchers.     

瓷和玻璃绝缘子人工污秽交流闪络特性及有效爬电系数的比较

人工污秽绝缘子的闪络电压、污闪电压梯度和有效爬电系数均与其材质和型式有关。国内虽对污闪特性研究较多，但对不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数研究不多。文中在人工雾室中对五种典型结构的瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪特性进行了试验研究。根据试验结果分析和计算了五种典型绝缘子的闪络电压、闪络电压梯度、有效爬电系数。结果表明：在人工污秽试验条件下，不同型式绝缘子的污闪电压有较大差异，盐密对不同型式绝缘子的闪络电压的影响程度也有差异；三伞型绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子具有较高的闪络电压；不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其结构型式和材质有关，玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数高于瓷绝缘子，且玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而增加，而瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而减小。     

220kV复合绝缘子机电性能试验研究

复合绝缘子的电气及机械性能是复合绝缘子能够长期可靠运行的保证。笔者抽取了11支在东北地区挂网运行不同时间的220 kV复合绝缘子,利用工频试验变压器、冲击电压发生器和机械拉力机分别进行了自然污秽闪络、人工污秽闪络、50%雷电冲击闪络、50%机械负荷耐受和机械破坏负荷等性能测试。结果表明:复合绝缘子的电气性能仍然处于较高水平,污闪电压和雷电冲击闪络电压与运行时间没有明显关系,与绝缘子结构高度成正比关系,早期楔式结构的复合绝缘子机械性能下降明显,且160 kN吨位复合绝缘子机械强度降至额定负荷以下,建议有关部门密切关注复合绝缘子机械性能的下降,采用定期抽检的方法避免事故的发生。     

丧失憎水性的直流复合绝缘子耐污特性

通过人工污秽试验研究了丧失憎水性的复合绝缘子在直流电压下的污秽闪络特性,给出了两种憎水性状态下的复合绝缘子污闪电压,在憎水性完全丧失状态下时不同表面污秽度下的复合绝缘子50%闪络电压,文中还分析了表面污秽不均匀分布对污闪电压的影响。试验结果表明即使复合绝缘子完全丧失憎水性,其污闪电压较相同长度的瓷或玻璃绝缘子串高20%～50%。     

绝缘子覆冰闪络的主要影响因素分析

根据覆冰闪络发展过程中泄漏电流的变化情况,阐述了绝缘子覆冰闪络的形成过程,并根据绝缘子覆冰闪络机理,从覆冰类型、覆冰量、污秽度、覆冰水电导率以及绝缘子串类型、海拔高度等主要影响因素对绝缘子覆冰闪络电压进行分析,认为雨凇、混合凇和硬雾凇是造成绝缘子覆冰闪络的主要原因.实验结果表明,覆冰水电导率对绝缘子冰闪电压的影响很大,...     

染污绝缘子串直流污闪放电的电路模型

绝缘子污秽闪络事故严重威胁电力系统的安全可靠运行,目前国内外对污闪机理的研究主要以平板模型为基础。以7片串XP–160绝缘子为例,开展染污绝缘子串直流污闪电路模型的研究。根据高速摄像机拍摄的结果得知,染污绝缘子串直流污闪放电过程中局部电弧存在飘弧现象,即局部电弧由沿面电弧和空气间隙电弧2部分组成;提出染污绝缘子串直流放电过程的电路模型由剩余污层电阻、沿面电弧和空气间隙电弧串联组成;根据模型推导得到染污绝缘子串直流污闪电压的污秽影响特征指数在0.22~0.34之间,并从理论上解释了不同型式绝缘子污秽影响特征指数存在差异的原因。     

直流复合绝缘子不均匀污秽闪络特性研究

为了给超高压及特高压直流线路复合绝缘子设计应用提供依据,采用人工污秽试验方法研究了直流复合绝缘子不均匀污秽闪络特性以及憎水性条件下污闪电压的提高幅度,提出了直流复合绝缘子不均匀污秽闪络电压的修正系数公式,获得了修正系数。研究结果表明,污秽在上下表面不均匀分布对复合绝缘子污闪电压的影响比瓷或玻璃绝缘子的影响小,直流复合绝缘子上下表面污秽不均匀校正系数为1.065,复合绝缘子在憎水性下直流污闪梯度比亲水性下高出近153%。     

布置方式对直流绝缘子串人工污秽闪络特性的影响

直流绝缘子串布置方式对污闪电压有影响，以2种典型直流瓷绝缘子(XZP-210和XZP-300)为试品，在人工雾室中通过试验研究了悬垂单串布置(I型)、悬垂双串布置(II型)和V型布置绝缘子串的直流负极性污闪特性，分析了布置方式对负极性污闪电压的影响。结果表明：直流绝缘子串布置方式对污闪电压有影响；在不同污秽程度下，V型布置时直流污闪电压比I型布置时高14.5%~25.9%，II型布置则比I型布置低4.2%~9.0%；且随着污秽程度的增加，V型布置相对于I型布置的污闪电压提高的百分数和II型布置相对于I型布置降低的百分数均增大。     

复合绝缘子人工污秽试验方法研究综述

复合绝缘子人工污秽试验方法和标准至今还不完善,试验方法对研究绝缘子污秽闪络特性具有重要的现实意义和参考价值。综述了复合绝缘子人工污秽试验方法研究取得的成果,总结了复合绝缘子染污方法以及加压方式、盐密和灰密、污层受潮方式、憎水特性对复合绝缘子污闪特性的影响,认为今后研究工作的重点是自然污秽与人工污秽试验的等价性评价研究。     

输电线路绝缘子新型防冰涂料及其性能研究

针对当前输电线路防冰涂料低温憎水性和防冰性能的不足,提出了一种基于电热效应和冰水开关原理,具有良好憎水特性和半导电特性的的输电线路绝缘子主动式防冰涂料及其应用方式.人工气候室的试验表明,该种涂料具有良好防覆冰性能,可有效阻止冰层在输电线路绝缘子表面的形成.涂料绝缘子的雨闪、污闪耐受试验表明,涂料绝缘子在非覆冰期泄漏电流较小、损耗较小,与正常无涂料绝缘子一致,雨闪电压明显高于污闪电压,污闪电压也高于无涂料绝缘子,同时绝缘子串的工频电压分布也得到明显改善,输电线路绝缘子新型防冰涂料具有良好的综合防冰效能     

基于小波包的绝缘子污闪放电声信号特征检测

随着我国大电网的形成,电网安全就显得尤其重要,而绝缘子污闪事故严重影响着高压电网的运行安全。本文通过对绝缘子污闪放电声信号的特点分析,发现声信号与绝缘子污闪之间存在关联。将绝缘子污闪声信号进行小波包分析,得到了污闪声信号的一般特征,可以作为污闪预警可靠的判断依据。