The Trp64Arg polymorphism of beta3-adrenoreceptor gene study in persons with overweight and obesity

The development of obesity is determined by lifestyle and genetic mechanisms. In particular, the polymorphisms in the adrenergic receptor genes (ADRB) have been extensively studied for association with obesity-related phenotypes. ADRB3 is an obvious candidate gene given its involvement in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphism, a missense mutation in the first transmembrane domain of the R3-adrenergic receptor is associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance in the Pima Indian, French, and Finnish populations. The recent meta-analysis that combined data of 6582 individuals from Japanese populations showed significant association the Arg64 allele with increased BMI. There are tested the polymorphisms in the beta3-Adrenoreceptor (ADRB3) gene in associated with body mass index (BMI), fat mass and biochemical parameters.We have been examined 91 persons from Moscow region with BMI >25 kg/m2. The Trp64Arg polymorphism of ADRB3 genes were genotyped with the use of an allelic discrimination assay. The TaqMan-based real-time PCR method was applied. There have been estimated of anthropometric and biochemicalparameters. The frequencies of the Trp64Trp and Trp64Arggenotypes of ADRB3 gene were 82% and 12%, respectively, the frequencies of mutant allele was 6%. Trp64Arg genotypes of ADRB3 compared to Trp64Trp genotypes had significantly higher body fat percentage (respectively 48,6 +/- 0,96% and 43,8 +/- 1,72%, p<0,05), serum glucose (6,51 +/- 0,18 mmol/l and 5,67 +/- 0,09 mmol/l, p<0,01) and uric acid concentrations (0,46 +/- 0,02 mmol/l and 0,38 +/- 0,01 mmol/l, p<0,05). The test of the ADRB3 gene polymorphisms can be used for the personalization of diet in persons with obesity.     

T lymphocyte proliferative capacity and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in primiparous and pluriparous lactating cows

T cells play a central role in specific immunity; their populations and phenotypes could be affected by number of lactation in high-yielding dairy cows. To investigate the effects of parity on the dynamics of T lymphocytes, lymphoproliferative capacity, T lymphocyte subsets and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were studied in peripheral blood of primiparous and pluriparous dairy cows during mid-late lactation. A non-radioactive technique was also adapted for a detailed lymphoproliferation assay. Compared with the primiparous cows, the pluriparous cows exhibited weaker lymphoproliferative activity, larger number of CD4+ cells and substantially greater CD4+/CD8+ ratio in their blood circulation. The increase of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the blood of pluriparous dairy cows was mainly due to the rise in the proportion of CD4+ cells and decline in the proportion of CD8+ cells. This increase of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio coincided with the decrease of mitogen-induced proliferation capacity of T lymphocytes. Of four lymphocyte divisions or generations during the lymphoproliferation assay, maximal lymphocyte proliferation capacity at generation 3 in primiparous cows was markedly greater than in pluriparous cows. With an alternatively safer, faster and more reproducible assay (compared with 3H-thymidine scintillation assay) we showed for the first time that aging in dairy cows leads to a decreased mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation and disturbed proportion between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This CD4+-CD8+ imbalance together with diminished lymphoproliferative capacity may lead to a weaker T cytotoxic-mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases in pluriparous lactating cows. Our study also emphasizes further application of the methods in farm animals.     

Bitterstoffe beim Erhitzen von Prolin und Saccharose

Zusammenfassung Prolin und Saccharose (Molverhältnis 3: 1) wurden trocken 30 min auf 190 °C erhitzt. Aus dem Ansatz wurden durch Extraktion mit Wasser und Methylenchlorid sowie durch mehrstufige Chromatographie die Dipyrrolidinohexosereduktone I und II isoliert. Parallel dazu wurden die Mono- und Dipyrrolidino-bzw. -piperidinohexosereduktone I, III, IV und Va durch Umsetzung von Pyrrolidin bzw. Piperidin und Glucose (Molverhdltnis 1:1) in Ethanol synthetisiert. Alle erhaltenen Verbindungen sind bitter und haben die folgenden Erkennungsschwellenwerte (mmol/1): I (0,03), II (0,04), III (0,08), IV (0,2), Va (0,9). Die Qualität des Bittergeschmacks ist ebenfalls unterschiedlich.

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Bitter compounds obtained by heating proline and sucrose

Summary Proline and sucrose (molar ratio 3:1) were heated to 190 °C for 30 min. The dipyrrolidinohexosereductones I and II were isolated from the reaction mixture by successive extractions and chromatographic steps. The mono- and dipyrrolidino- and the mono- and dipiperidinohexosereductones I, III, IV and Va were synthesized by heating pyrrolidine or piperidine with glucose (molar ratio 1:1) in ethanol. All the compounds obtained are bitter and have the following recognition thresholds (mmol/1: I (0,03), II (0,05), III (0,08), IV (0,2), Va (0,9). The quality of the bitter taste also varies.

     

Experience of biologically active supplements to food containing indoles and isothiocyanates in patients with chronic viral hepatitis

We have studied the effect of dietary supplement "ExPress" on clinical and biochemical parameters and on the activity of detoxification enzymes of liver in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. 24 patients (19 females and 5 males aged 16-39 years) were enrolled in the study. Patients in case group received dietary supplement "ExPress" in addition to basic treatment. Average indices of total bilirubin in cases after treatment were 26.98 +/- 2.85 mmol/l, while in controls--34.31 +/- 5.72 mmol/l (p > 0.05). Average indices of alanin-aminotransferase and aspartate-aminotransferase were 78.75 +/- 11.25 and 160.75 +/- 23.67 units while in controls--208.5 +/- 56.4 and 330.25 +/- 65.14 units respectively (p < 0.05). In case group we observed full normalization of thymol test--from 9.99 +/- 1.51 to 4.03 +/- 0.73 units (p = 0.001), while in controls--from 7.9 +/- 1.56 only to 5.2 +/- 1.15 units (p = 0.194). Contents of non-metabolized antipyrine in cases decreased from 9.76 +/- 1.2% (p = 0.0002) whilst in controls--from 9.38 +/- 1.28% only to 3.93 +/- 1.18% (p = 0.01). Results of the study show that dietary supplement "ExPress" induces the activity of detoxification enzymes of liver and increases the efficiency of basic treatment.     

Daily intake of thiamine correlates with the circulating level of endothelial progenitor cells and the endothelial function in patients with type II diabetes

Our objective was to determine the relationships between levels of different dietary nutrients intake with circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and vascular endothelial function in type II diabetic patients. We studied the daily dietary nutrients intake, the numbers of circulating CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC and CD133(+)/KDR(+) EPC and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in 88 diabetic patients without prior cardiovascular diseases and 91 sex- and age-matched controls. Compared with controls, diabetic patients had lower CD133(+)/KDR(+) EPC count (48.3 +/- 5.2 vs. 84.6 +/- 7.6/microL, p < 0.001), CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC count (311 +/- 41 vs. 412 +/- 36/microL, p = 0.045), and FMD (2.54 +/- 0.37% vs. 5.46 +/- 0.47%, p < 0.001). After adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, body weight, hemoglobin A1c level, total calorie intake, other dietary vitamin intake, use of antihypertensives, and lipid lowering agents, a higher intake of thiamine was significantly associated with a higher level of circulating CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC (beta = 0.49, p = 0.028) and CD133(+)/KDR(+) EPC (beta = 0.45, p = 0.037) in diabetic patients, but not in controls. Furthermore, an increased intake of thiamine from 1st to 4th quartile in diabetic patients independently predicted an absolute increase in FMD by 1.29% (p = 0.026, relative increase = 63.5%). This study demonstrated that daily thiamine intake was positively correlated with the circulating number of EPCs and FMD in patients with type II diabetes, independent of other dietary nutrients intake.     

A rapid fluorimetric screening method for chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline in pig meat and kidney tissues

Summary A rapid fluorimetric screening method for chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and tetracycline in pig meat and kidney tissues is described. After sonication-aided extraction with ethyl acetate, the extract is cleaned and concentrated by means of solid-phase extraction using an aromatic sulphonic acid cation-exchange column. Subsequent screening is carried out by fluorimetry. The detection level is estimated to be about 0.05 mg kg^–1 for oxytetracycline, 0.1 mg kg^–1 for chlortetracycline and 0.2 mg kg^–1 for tetracycline.

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Ein schnelles fluorimetrisches Verfahren zum Nachweis von Chlortetracyclin, Oxytetracyclin und Tetracyclin im Muskel- und Nierengewebe des Schweines

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein schnelles fluorimetrisches Verfahren zum Nachweis von Chlortetracyclin, Oxytetracyclin und Tetracyclin im Muskel- und Nierengewebe des Schweines beschrieben. Die Methode umfaßt eine Extraktion mit Essigester, Reinigung und Konzentration des Extraktes mit aromatischen Sulfonsdure-Kationenaustauscher-Kartuschen und den Nachweis durch Fluorescenzmessung. Sie ermöglicht den Nachweis von 0,05 mg/kg Oxytetracyclin, 0,1 mg/kg Chlortetracyclin oder 0,2 mg/kg Tetracyclin.

     

Effect of lycopene on blood lipoproteids in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopause

Blind randomized placebo-control research included 39 women. The following criteria were: menopause period for more then 1 year long; diabetes mellitus; arterial hypertension; hypercholesterolemia. The patients were divided into two groups. Women from the first group (N = 24) were given 30 mg lycopene (composed with "Tomatol") per day during 24 weeks. The second group (N = 15) were given placebo. It was showed that during 12-week "Tomatol" intake we state that lycopene concentration in serum increased twice (337.0 +/- 133.0 nM), total cholesterol (CH) and CH LDL decreased by 12% and 16% respectively. The lipoproteins spectrum normalization correlated to serum antioxidative activity (r = 0.30, p < 0.05), and malonic dialdehyde concentration decrease by 44.8% correlated to lycopene increase (r = -0.51, p < 0.05). Our results give us a possibility to use "Tomatol" as an additional medicine for the prevention of atherosclerosis.     

嗜酸乳酸杆菌对自主活动受限型应激小鼠肠道黏膜免疫状态的影响

目的：探讨嗜酸乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus,LA）对自主活动受限型应激小鼠肠道黏膜免疫状态的影响。方法：以健康雌性BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,分为常规饲养组（NC组）、常规饲养条件灌胃LA组（NC＋LA组）、应激组（S组）、应激条件灌胃LA组（S＋LA组）,小鼠的LA灌胃剂量为108 CFU/d;应激组小鼠每天被限制自主活动3 h;15 d后取材,采用流式细胞术、酶联免疫吸附（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）等方法,对肠系膜淋巴结（mesenteric lymph nodes,MLN）中CD4＋T细胞、CD8＋T细胞和CD11c＋树突细胞（CD11c＋ dendritic cell,CD11c＋ DC）比例,结肠组织白细胞介素-10（interleukin-10,IL-10）和白细胞介素-17（interleukin-17,IL-17）水平,以及小肠总分泌型免疫球蛋白A（secreted immunoglobulin A,sIgA）水平进行检测。结果：常规饲养条件下,LA能极显著提高小鼠MLN中CD4＋T细胞比例（P＜0.01）,显著提高MLN中CD11c＋ DC比例、小肠总sIgA水平和结肠组织IL-10水平（P＜0.05）,显著降低结肠组织IL-17水平（P＜0.05）,而对MLN中CD8＋T细胞比例无显著影响（P＞0.05）;应激条件能极显著降低小鼠MLN中CD4＋T细胞比例和CD11c＋ DC比例（P＜0.01）,显著降低CD8＋T细胞比例（P＜0.05）,极显著降低小鼠结肠组织IL-10水平和小肠总sIgA水平（P＜0.01）,极显著提高结肠组织IL-17水平（P＜0.01）;应激条件下,LA能显著提高小鼠MLN中CD4＋T细胞比例和CD11c＋ DC比例（P＜0.05）,显著提高小鼠结肠组织IL-10水平和小肠总sIgA水平（P＜0.05）,并显著降低结肠组织IL-17水平（P＜0.05）,而对小鼠MLN中CD8＋T细胞比例无显著影响（P＞0.05）。结论：给予自主活动受限型应激小鼠LA干预,可提高小鼠MLN中CD4＋T细胞和CD11c＋ DC比例,上调结肠IL-10和小肠总sIgA分泌水平,下调结肠IL-17分泌水平,调节应激小鼠的肠道黏膜免疫状态。     

Bestimmung von MCPA und TERBACIL in ?pfeln

Zusammenfassung Es werden Analysenmethoden zur Bestimmung von 2-Methyl-4-chlorphenoxyessigsäure (MCPA) und 3-tert.-Butyl-5-chlor-6-methyluracil (TERBACIL) in Äpfeln beshrieben.Die Bestimmungsgrenzen der Methoden liegen bei 0,04 mg/kg für TERBACIL und 0,1 mg/kg für MCPA. Bei Zusätzen von 0,05–0,1 mg TERBACIL/kg Äpfel betragen die Wiederfindungsraten 95–105%. Bei Zusätzen von 0,1–0,5 mg MCPA/kg Äpfel betragen die Wiederfindungsraten 103–114%.

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Determination of MCPA and TERBACIL in apples

Summary Analytical methods for the determination of MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and TERBACIL (3-tert. butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) in apples are described. The detection limits of the methods are 0.04 mg/kg for TERBACIL and 0.1 mg/kg for MCPA. With additions between 0.05–0.1 mg TERBACIL/kg apples the recovery rates lie between 95–105%. With additions between 0.1–0.5 mg MCPA/kg apples the recovery is between 103–114%.

     

红毛藻多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节机理

本研究以环磷酰胺（cyclophosphamide,CTX）诱导的免疫力低下小鼠为模型,探究红毛藻多糖（Bangia fusco-purpurea polysaccharides,BFP）对免疫抑制小鼠免疫力的影响。结果表明,BFP干预能够显著提高免疫抑制小鼠自然杀伤细胞活性、巨噬细胞吞噬能力和清除碳颗粒能力;增强T淋巴细胞增殖作用,上调CD4＋ T细胞比例,降低CD8＋ T细胞比例并增加CD4＋/CD8＋,降低辅助性T细胞17和CD3－CD19＋ B细胞的比例;提高血清溶血素、免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin,Ig）A和IgG、免疫相关细胞因子白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-2、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、干扰素-γ（interferon-γ,INF-γ）的质量浓度,对免疫抑制小鼠的非特异性免疫、细胞免疫及体液免疫均具有良好的调节作用。在明确BFP对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能具有保护作用的基础上,分析其对免疫抑制小鼠肠道相关免疫细胞表面受体的影响,发现BFP能够显著或极显著下调Toll样受体（Toll-like receptor,TLR）2、TLR4、IL-6和TNF-α基因（P＜0.05）和蛋白（P＜0.01）的表达,推测BFP通过TLR2/TLR4下游相关信号通路调节轴发挥增强免疫力的功能。本研究可为深入认识海洋食品的营养价值,推进海洋食品在居民膳食中的应用提供科学依据。     

乳源酪蛋白糖巨肽对小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的：酪蛋白糖巨肽（caseino-glycomacropeptide,CGMP）是κ-酪蛋白经凝乳酶和胃蛋白酶酶解后形成的含有64 个氨基酸的不同种类肽段,具有多种生物学活性和独特的营养特性,探讨CGMP对小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法：以健康小鼠为实验动物,利用流式细胞仪分别检测长期和短期灌胃不同剂量的CGMP（30、60、120 μg/d）后,小鼠外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果：乳源CGMP干预后的结果表明,在短期灌胃实验中,灌胃不同剂量后CD3+淋巴细胞数比例均显著降低,12 h后恢复灌胃前水平;CD3+CD4+和CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞比例在灌胃30 μg和120 μg CGMP 4 h后均显著降低,而60 μg组则无明显变化;长期灌胃实验中,在第2天和第4天,外周血中CD3+淋巴细胞和CD3+CD4+比例与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）;120 μg/d剂量组的小鼠外周血中CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞比例与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）,而30 μg/d剂量组在2、4、6、8 d与对照组相比无显著变化（P＞0.05）;在第2天,30 μg/d和120 μg/d剂量组外周血中CD3+CD4+/ CD3+CD8+比例与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）。结论：乳源CGMP能够引起正常小鼠的外周血淋巴细胞亚群发生变化,调节机体T淋巴细胞亚群的平衡,由此提示CGMP可作为功能性食品对外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的失衡有缓解作用。     

Amino acid requirements for maturation of rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta) oocytes in culture

This study evaluated the effects of different amino acid formulations on supporting meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation of rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta) oocytes in vitro. Five hundred and forty-six cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) aspirated from unstimulated adult monkey follicles (> or = 1000 microm in diameter) were cultured in either modified Connaught Medical Research Laboratories 1066 medium (mCMRL-1066) or in one of eight chemically defined media (modified basic medium 5 supplemented with 5.5 mmol glucose l(-1), 0.003 mmol pantothenic acid l(-1) and different amino acid formulations) as below: (1) modified basic medium 5 (mBM5) containing no amino acid; (2) mBM5 + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); (3) mBM5 + 11 amino acids from hamster embryo culture medium 6 (HECM-6) (11 AA); (4) mBM5 + Eagle's non-essential amino acids (NEA); (5) mBM5 + NEA + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); (6) mBM5 + Eagle's essential amino acids (EA) without glutamine; (7) mBM5 + EA + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); (8) mBM5 + Eagle's 20 amino acids (20 AA) + 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1); and (9) mCMRL-1066 (control). All media contained FSH, LH, oestradiol and progesterone. After maturation, mature oocytes were subjected to the same fertilization and embryo culture procedures. COCs matured in treatment 5 had greater potential to progress to metaphase II (66%; P < 0.05) than did those in treatments 1 (37.3%), 2 (48.3%), 3 (41%), 6 (41%) and 9 (43%). Oocytes matured in treatment 8 had the best morula (53%) and blastocyst (18%) developmental responses (P < 0.05). The lowest (P < 0.05) morula and blastocyst developmental responses were obtained from COCs matured in treatments 1 (0%) and 6 (8%). The other media supported intermediate embryonic development (range 11-38% of morula and blastocyst). These results indicate that the choice of amino acids affects the competence of oocyte maturation and that Eagle's 20 AA with 0.2 mmol glutamine l(-1) is more efficient than the other amino acid formulations for maturation of rhesus monkey oocytes.     

The effect of dietotherapy and supplementary calcium intake on phosphorus-calcium homeostasis in hypertensive patients

A total of 25 patients with essential hypertension received a hyponatrium, hypocaloric antisclerotic diet providing 800 mg Ca and 1100 mg P/day, during 18-20 days. As a result of the dietotherapy, Ca concentration in the patients' blood serum rose from 9.9 +/- 0.2 to 10.4 +/- 0.1 mg/100 ml (p = 0.02), total cholesterol level was lowered from 6.58 +/- 0.43 to 5.42 +/- 0.3 mmol/l (p less than 0.05), Na+ and K+ distribution between the blood plasma and red blood cells was improved, and the arterial blood pressure was normalized in all the patients investigated. It dropped from 162 +/- 3.8/102 +/- 1.8 mm Hg before the treatment to 129 +/- 2.1/83.4 +/- 2.2 mm Hg after the treatment. Additional intake of 850 mg Ca/day, as CaCO3, decreased parathormone level in the blood serum from 0.40 +/- 0.03 to 0.23 ng/ml (p less than 0.01), intensified the hypolipidemic effect of the ration, and did not influence the degree of arterial blood pressure reduction under the action of this ration. Optimization of Ca consumption plays an important role in the combined dietotherapy of essential hypertension.     

Zur Anreicherung von Hefeprotein(Candida utilis) mitd, l -Methionin

Zusammenfassung In Wachstumsversuchen an Ratten wurde der Effekt einer Methioninzulage unterschiedlicher Dosierung auf die PER von Trockenhefe untersucht. Als Referenzprotein diente Casein. Ein optimaler Anreicherungseffekt, mit einer Steigerung der PER auf die gleiche Höhe wie Casein, konnte bei einem Proteingehalt von 10% mit einer Zulage von 0,2% Methionin erreicht werden, bezogen auf das Gesamtfutter. Eine höhere Methioninzulage führte bereits zu einer geringen, aber histologisch nachweisbaren Fettinfiltration der Leber, vermutlich als Folge einer leichten Aminosäureimbalanz.

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Enrichment of yeast protein with methionine

Summary The PER of dried yeast (candida utilis) increased to the same value as casein, as a result of supplementation of the diet (10% Protein) with 0,2% methionine, the first limiting amino acid. Enrichment with higher amounts of methionine leads to a low but histological perceptible fatty infiltration of the liver, caused presumably by amino acid imbalance.

     

Atmospheric mercury (Hg) in the Adirondacks: concentrations and sources

Hourly averaged gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) concentrations and hourly integrated reactive gaseous Hg (RGM), and particulate Hg (Hg(p)) concentrations in the ambient air were measured at Huntington Forest in the Adirondacks, New York from June 2006 to May 2007. The average concentrations of GEM, RGM, and Hg(p) were 1.4 +/- 0.4 ng m(-3), 1.8 +/- 2.2 pg m(-3), and 3.2 +/- 3.7 pg m(-3), respectively. RGM represents < 3.5% of total atmospheric Hg or total gaseous Hg (TGM: GEM + RGM) and Hg(p) represents < 3.0% of the total atmospheric Hg. The highest mean concentrations of GEM, RGM, and Hg(p) were measured during winter and summer whereas the lowest mean concentrations were measured during spring and fall. Significant diurnal patterns were apparent in warm seasons for all species whereas diurnal patterns were weak in cold seasons. RGM was better correlated with ozone concentration and temperature in both warm (rho (RGM - ozone) = 0.57, p < 0.001; rho (RGM - temperature) = 0.62, p < 0.001) and cold seasons (rho (RGM - ozone) = 0.48, p = 0.002; rho (RGM - temperature) = 0.54, p = 0.011) than the other species. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was applied to identify possible Hg sources. This method identified areas in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Texas, Indiana, and Missouri, which coincided well with sources reported in a 2002 U.S. mercury emissions inventory.     

Changes in markers of epithelial permeability and inflammation in chronic smokers switching to a nonburning tobacco device (Eclipse).

Eclipse, produced by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, is a potential reduced exposure product (PREP) that heats rather than burns tobacco. We hypothesized that switching to Eclipse would result in relative normalization of pulmonary epithelial permeability, airway inflammation, and blood leukocyte activation in current smokers. We assessed 10 healthy smokers (aged 21-50 years, 19+/-8 pack-years) at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of switching to Eclipse, for symptoms, pulmonary function, airway inflammation, lung clearance of (99m)technicium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and blood leukocyte activation and production of reactive oxygen species. Values were compared before and after Eclipse use and with those of healthy, lifetime nonsmokers (aged 18-53 years). Compared with baseline values before switching to Eclipse, lung permeability half-time increased from 33+/-3 to 43+/-6 min (p = .017) after 2 weeks and to 44+/-7 min (p = .10) after 4 weeks of Eclipse use. Carboxyhemoglobin levels increased from 5%+/-2% to 7%+/-2% (p<.01) at 4 weeks. Compared with smoking the usual brand of cigarettes, after smoking Eclipse the percentage of natural killer cells, the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on monocytes, and the expression of CD45RO on T cells showed significant improvement. However, expression of other surface markers, notably CD23 on monocytes, became more abnormal. Production of reactive oxygen species by smokers' neutrophils and monocytes increased further with Eclipse use. We found no significant effects on pulmonary function, cells in induced sputum, or exhaled nitric oxide. Switching to Eclipse reduces alveolar epithelial injury in some smokers but may increase carboxyhemoglobin levels and oxidative stress.     

Determination of the formation constants of ternary complexes of uranyl and carbonate with alkaline earth metals (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) using anion exchange method

The formation constants of ternary complexes (MUO2(CO3)3(2-) and M2UO2(CO3)3(0)) of uranyl and carbonate with alkaline earth metals (M2+ denotes Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) were determined with an anion exchange method by varying the metal concentrations (0.1-5 mmol/L) at pH 8.1 and a constant ionic strength (0.1 mol/L NaNO3) under equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. The results indicate that the complexes of MUO2(CO3)3(2-) and M2UO2(CO3)3 are simultaneously formed for Ca2+ and Ba2+, while Mg2+ and Sr2+ form only the MUO2(CO3)3(2-) complex under our experimental conditions. The cumulative stability constants for the MUO2(CO3)3(2-) complex obtained at / = 0 are as follows: logbeta113 = 26.11 +/- 0.04, 27.18 +/- 0.06, 26.86 +/- 0.04, and 26.68 +/- 0.04 for Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+, respectively. For M2UO2(CO3)3(0), the value of logbeta213 at / = 0 was measured to be 30.70 +/- 0.05 and 29.75 +/- 0.07 for Ca2+ and Ba2+, respectively. Based on the formation constants obtained in this study, speciation calculations indicate that at low Ca2+ concentration (e.g., <2.2 mmol/L), CaUO2(CO3)3(2-) is more important than Ca2UO2(CO3)3 and that the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 distribution increased with increasing Ca2+ concentration. Uranium sorption onto anion-exchange resins is inhibited by the formation of the neutral Ca2UO2(CO3)3(0) species.     

乳酸菌组合发酵菌种配方及其增殖培养基的优化

为了将甘肃牧区优良乳酸菌株用于直投式酸奶发酵剂的生产,以从甘肃牧区分离所得的乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种(HM 598685)、嗜酸乳杆菌(HM 598684)、干酪乳杆菌(HM 598683),按照1:0:0、0:1:0、0:0:1、1:1:0、1:2:0、2:1:0、1:0:1、1:0:2、2:0:1、1:1:1、1:2:1、2:1:1、1:1:2的比例进行混合发酵,通过所制酸奶的感官性状和生化特性确定组合发酵的菌种配方,并对混合发酵的增殖培养基进行优化。结果发现,当3株菌比例为1:1:1时,其混合发酵的凝乳时间最短,为8.5h;所得酸奶的活菌数最大,高达7.90×10~8CFU/mL;而其感官评价中滋味气味及组织形态均显著优于其他组合。根据美蓝实验,当基础培养基中使用胰蛋白酶水解乳蛋白时,培养所得乳酸菌的活性最高,且活菌数可达2.93×10~8CFU/mL。通过L_9(3~4)正交设计,确定最佳增殖因子为酵母粉1%、果糖0.5%、吐温0.2%、乙酸钠0.5%,此时培养所得混合菌活菌数达2.11×10~9CFU/mL;各增殖因子对活菌数影响的主次顺序为:酵母粉>乙酸钠>果糖>吐温。     

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of a series of alkylnaphthalenes with the nitrate radical

Naphthalene and its methyl-, ethyl-, and dimethyl-derivatives are semivolatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons expected to be in the gas phase in ambient atmospheres and are subject to nighttime degradation by gas-phase reactions with the nitrate (NO3) radical. Using a relative rate method, rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals with a series of alkylnaphthalenes have been measured at 298 +/- 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. The compounds studied were 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene (1- and 2-MN), 1- and 2-ethylnaphthalene (1- and 2-EN), and the 10 dimethylnaphthalene isomers (1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-,1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,3-, 2,6-, and 2,7-DMN). Sampling in Riverside, CA showed that these alkylnaphthalenes were readily detected in ambient air, with the exception of 1,8-DMN. The reactions of naphthalene and the alkylnaphthalenes with NO3 radicals proceed by initial addition of the radical to form an aromatic-NO3 adduct (with rate constant k(a)) which either decomposes back to reactants (with rate constant kb) or reacts with NO2 to form products (with rate constant k(c). Using naphthalene as the reference compound, the values of (k(a)k(c)/k(b)) obtained for the NO3 radical reactions (in units of 10(-28) cm(6) molecule(-2) S(-1), indicated errors are two least-squares standard deviations) were as follows: 1-MN, 7.15 +/- 0.37; 2-MN, 10.2 +/- 1.0; 1-EN, 9.82 +/- 0.69; 2-EN, 7.99 +/- 0.99; 1,2-DMN, 64.0 +/- 2.3; 1,3-DMN, 21.3 +/- 1.2; 1,4-DMN, 13.0 +/- 0.5; 1,5-DMN, 14.1 +/- 1.3; 1,6-DMN, 16.5 +/- 1.8; 1,7-DMN, 13.5 +/- 0.7; 1,8-DMN, 212 +/- 59; 2,3-DMN, 15.2 +/- 0.5; 2,6-DMN, 21.2 +/- 1.6; 2,7-DMN, 21.0 +/- 1.5.