渗透蒸发均质膜在二元醇/水溶液中的溶胀平衡模型

对交联聚乙烯醇均质膜于全浓度范围的乙二醇／水溶液中分别在60、70和80℃下进行了溶胀平衡实验研究.基于改进的UNIQUAC方程和Flory-Huggins热力学理论，建立了液-膜两相溶胀平衡模型方程，并用该模型方程计算出了水和乙二醇分子在交联聚乙烯醇均质膜中的溶解平衡浓度，其计算结果与实验值吻合良好.     

交联聚乙烯醇膜渗透蒸发分离乙二醇－水混合物的溶解选择性与渗透选择性的关系

交联聚乙烯醇膜渗透蒸发分离乙二醇－水混合物的溶解选择性与渗透选择性的关系陈俸荣，陈洪钫（天津大学化工系，天津３０００７２）关键词渗透蒸发，溶解选择性，渗透选择性，交联聚乙烯醇，乙二醇－水溶液１引言在渗透蒸发膜分离机理的研究中，存在着不同的观点［１－５...     

交联聚乙烯醇渗透蒸发膜用于酯化反应过程

研究了交联聚乙烯渗透蒸发膜在酯化反应过程中的应用，以乙酸与正丁醇酯化反应为实验对象，通过渗透蒸发膜选择性地移走产物水，使最终反尖转化率超越平衡转化率，实验考察了温度，进料初始摩尔比，催化剂浓度对过程的影响。     

Silicalite-1分子筛膜渗透蒸发条件的响应面分析与优化

采用Silicalite-1分子筛膜用于低浓度乙醇/水溶液的渗透蒸发分离,运用单因素实验考察了晶种质量分数、晶化温度、晶化时间3个制备条件对Silicalite-1分子筛膜渗透蒸发分离性能的影响,借助响应面分析（RSM）研究了料液温度、乙醇质量分数、真空压力3个运行条件对分离系数和渗透通量的影响。单因素实验结果表明,在晶种质量分数为0.3%、晶化温度为175℃、晶化时间为7h条件下制备的Silicalite-1分子筛膜对乙醇/水的渗透蒸发分离效果较好。RSM结果表明,料液温度、料液配比、真空压力对分离系数和渗透通量的影响显著,根据RSM建立多项式模型并对该模型预测的最佳条件进行了实验验证,实验结果与模型预测较为吻合。在进料温度为70℃、乙醇质量分数为3.49%、真空压力为7.82kPa条件下,实际分离系数和渗透通量与预测值偏差分别小于5.46%和7.39%。     

新型渗透蒸发膜及其透醇性能研究

采用溶液聚合法合成聚丙烯酸,并利用聚丙烯酸和环氧树脂的交联作用制备出交联聚丙烯酸（ＰＡＡ）,在聚砜酰胺（ＰＳＡ）膜上涂膜形成ＰＡＡ－ＰＳＡ复合膜。发现用交联聚丙烯酸－聚砜酰胺制成的复合膜在渗透蒸发领域内具有应用价值。通过对低浓度乙醇－水的渗透蒸发的试验研究,表明该膜是一种性能较好的新型优先透醇膜。     

CS/PVA-GA渗透蒸发膜分离偏二甲肼/水体系的实验研究

将壳聚糖(CS)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)按一定比例共混,再以戊二醛(GA)交联,制备CS/PVA-GA共混交联膜,研究了共混交联膜的结构、力学性能以及在偏二甲肼/水体系中的渗透蒸发脱水性能。结果表明,CS与PVA共混、GA交联,形成了致密的空间网状结构,随PVA含量增加,膜的抗张强度降低,而断裂伸长率增加。料液浓度、温度、膜厚度等因素对膜的渗透蒸发性能有较大影响,当料液中偏二甲肼的质量分数为50%,温度为20℃,渗透侧压力为100 Pa,膜厚约为25μm时,CS/PVA-GA共混交联膜的分离因子达到243,渗透通量可达167 g/(m2.h)。     

交联壳聚糖渗透蒸发膜的制备及其在偏二甲肼/水体系分离中的应用

采用壳聚糖为原料,聚酯无纺布为支撑层,用戊二醛交联制备了高选择性、高通量的交联壳聚糖渗透蒸发复合膜.考察了料液浓度、料液温度、膜厚等对偏二甲肼/水体系分离性能的影响.结果表明:在料液温度为10℃,膜厚度为25 μm,进料液中偏二甲肼的质量分数为50％时,改性复合膜的分离因子最高达到5.25,渗透通量可达167 g/(m...     

水溶液中挥发性有机化合物渗透蒸发分离技术

介绍了水溶液中挥发性有机化合物 (VOCs)的各种分离方法 ,重点分析了渗透蒸发分离技术经济优势。阐释了渗透蒸发膜的选择标准、渗透蒸发过程的传质机理 ,以及原料液浓度、原料液温度、原料液流量、渗透侧压力、添加剂和膜组件型式等因素对渗透蒸发过程分离效率的影响 ,并简要预测了渗透蒸发过程的发展趋势与动态。     

二元水溶液在渗透蒸发膜中的传质模型

对二元水溶液在渗透蒸发膜中的传质过程进行了研究,基于Flory Huggins高分子热力学理论和Fujita自由体积理论建立了改进的溶解 扩散模型。在该模型中考虑了组分间相互作用,组分体积分数、温度、膜材料和渗透物特性对传质过程的影响,考察了组分体积分数对相互作用参数的影响,膜材料对水的溶解选择性的影响,原料液组分体积分数、操作温度以及膜厚对渗透通量和分离因子的影响。     

邻甲酚-间二甲苯-乙二醇液液平衡数据的测定与关联

乙二醇可从含芳烃组分油品中选择性萃取酚类,为支撑焦化含酚油中的酚类化合物萃取分离新工艺开发,针对其组分特点,在现有相平衡数据基础上选定代表物,利用液液平衡釜法测出常压下303.15、313.15和323.15 K时邻甲酚-间二甲苯-乙二醇体系液液相平衡数据,并利用Othmer-Tobias方程、Hand方程、Bachman方程分别进行实验数据可靠性检验,其线性相关系数的平方均大于0.99。同时分别用NRTL和UNIQUAC活度系数模型对实验数据进行关联,回归得到不同温度下的模型参数,模型计算值与实验数据对比后发现其均方根偏差小于1.8%,说明NRTL和UNIQUAC模型均可较好地描述该三元体系相平衡行为。     

Novel PVA-silica nanocomposite membrane for pervaporative dehydration of ethylene glycol aqueous solution

To effectively suppress the swelling of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane, polymer-inorganic nanocomposite membranes composed of PVA and γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) were prepared by in situ sol-gel technique for pervaporative separation of water-ethylene glycol (EG) mixtures. Effects of the types of catalyst for sol-gel process and MPTMS content on the physical and chemical structure of PVA-silica nanocomposite membranes (designated as PVA-MPTMS hereafter) were investigated by ²⁹Si NMR, FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA-DTA. Due to the formation of more compact crosslinked structure, nanocomposite membranes exhibited enhanced thermal stability. It was found that when 50 wt% of MPTMS was incorporated into PVA, the nanocomposite membranes possessed optimum pervaporation performance for 80 wt% EG aqueous solution at 70 °C. Unexpectedly, there was no improvement in the pervaporation performance of PVA-MPTMS nanocomposite membranes after mercapto group was oxidized into sulfonic group.     

Thermal,mechanical, and surface characterization of starch–poly(vinyl alcohol) blends and borax‐crosslinked films

Starch–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blends with different compositions were prepared and crosslinked with borax by in situ and posttreatment methods. Various amounts of glycerol and poly(ethylene glycol) with a molecular weight of 400 were added to the formulations as plasticizers. The pure starch–PVA blends and the crosslinked blends were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies. Broido and Coats–Redfern equations were used to calculate the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters. The tensile strengths and elongation percentages of the films were also evaluated. The results suggested that the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) and the melting temperature strongly depended on the plasticizer concentration. The enthalpy relaxation phenomenon was dependent on the starch content in the pure blend. The crosslinked films showed higher stability and lower T_g's than pure PVA and starch–PVA blends, respectively. High‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided a method of differentiating the presence of various carbons associated with different environments in the films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1313–1322, 2005     

Nanofiltration membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and ionic polymers

Nanofiltration membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ionic polymers, such as sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan, were prepared by casting the respective polymer solutions. The membranes prepared from PVA or PVA–ionic polymer blend were crosslinked in a isopropanol solution using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The membranes were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometry and swelling test. The membranes crosslinked through the acetal linkage formation between the  OH groups of PVA and the ionomer and glutaraldehyde appeared to be semicrystalline. To study the permeation properties, the membranes were tested with various feed solutions [sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, poly(ethylene glycol) with 600 g/mol of molecular weight (PEG 600), and isopropyl alcohol]. For example, the permeance and the solute rejection of the 1000 ppm sodium sulfate at 600 psi of upstream pressure through the PVA membrane were 0.55 m³/m² day and over 99%, respectively. The effects of the ionomers on the permeation properties of the PVA membranes were studied using the PVA–SA and PVA–chitosan blend membranes. The addition of small amount of ionic polymers (5 wt %) made the PVA membranes more effective for the organic solute rejection without decrease in their fluxes. The rejection ratios of the PEG 600 and isopropanol were increased substantially. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1755–1762, 1999     

新型PVA/PA复合膜的运行工艺对渗透汽化性能的影响

研究了聚乙烯醇（PVA）/聚酰胺（PA）复合膜渗透汽化（PV）分离异丙醇（IPA）/水混合物时运行工艺的影响,模拟了渗透通量（J）预测方程。结果表明,PVA/PA复合膜在料液中w（IPA）%在0～95%范围内或在25℃～100℃的操作温度范围获得的渗透液中IPA含量[w′（IPA）]都小于1%,J随料液中w（IPA）%的下降或操作温度的提高而增加。分离性能预测方程的拟合结果与试验数据有良好一致性。在室温条件下,经过90 d的间歇运行或经过120 d的长期贮存后,PVA/PA复合膜的分离性能稳定,在IPA/水混合物的共沸温度80.4℃运行时的J为73.1 g/m^2·h,渗透液中的水含量[w′（H2O）]都大于99.5%,展示了其在食品、生物、制药和化学等工业中将具有良好的应用前景。     

聚乙烯醇/超支化聚酯交联渗透汽化膜的制备及其溶解扩散性能分析

将超支化聚酯（HBPE）与聚乙烯醇（PVA）共混交联制备了PVA/HBPE交联渗透汽化膜,研究了PVA/HBPE交联膜内的溶解扩散及渗透汽化性能。结果表明,随着温度的增加,水在交联膜内的渗透系数（Pwater）增加,且变化趋势与纯水通量一致,在55 ℃时达到最大值71.952 g/m2·h;随着HBPE含量的增加,渗透系数Pwater及纯水通量呈现增加的趋势,当HBPE含量为40 %时,纯水通量达到最大值185.726 g/m2·h。     

PVA/PEG/TEOS杂化膜制备及性能研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)与聚乙二醇(PEG)共混,并与正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)进行交联反应制备杂化膜。FTIR证实杂化溶胶液发生交联反应形成共价键Si—O—C,WXRD观察表明加入TEOS改变了膜结晶度,加入PEG提高了PVA膜对乙醇/水溶液的渗透通量,但分离因子下降,随着TEOS的加入,膜的分离因子提高。在TEOS质量分数为10%时,杂化膜的分离因子达到最大。提高退火温度可以提高膜的分离因子,但通量下降。在100℃下退火12 h的杂化膜对乙醇质量分数为85%的乙醇/水溶液的分离性能最佳。     

Poly(vinyl) alcohol coating of the support layer of reverse osmosis membranes to enhance performance in forward osmosis

Membrane hydrophilicity influences the transport of water through the membrane in osmotically driven separations such as forward osmosis. In this paper, we coated the polysulfone support layer of two types of commercially available reverse osmosis membranes (brackish water and seawater) with hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The aim of this was to increase the support layer hydrophilicity and, correspondingly, the rate of water transport through the membrane. Previous work with polydopamine coatings of the polysulfone support of reverse osmosis membranes has yielded promising results. In this work, we explore more readily available materials. Specifically, we studied the effects of two different PVA crosslinking agents – maleic acid and glutaraldehyde – on the resultant membrane properties and osmotic performance. For seawater membranes we found that PVA crosslinked to a limited degree with maleic acid creates a significant improvement in water flux in RO and FO systems, as compared to membranes with PVA crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. However, brackish water membranes did not have comparably significant changes in membrane performance. We conclude that the smaller pores of the brackish water membrane become clogged, and this effect is magnified by the lack of fractional free volume available within PVA that is highly crosslinked with glutaraldehyde.     

L-胱氨酸辅助合成硫化铋纳米棒

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和L-胱氨酸为反应原料,分别以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(N,N-dimethylformamide,DMF)、蒸馏水-乙二醇(体积比为2:1)和蒸馏水为溶剂,采用溶剂热法在160℃下反应120h,得到了不同形貌的硫化铋(Bi2S3)粉体。利用X射线衍射、能量色散谱、X射线光电能谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜分别对所合成的Bi2S3的晶型结构、组成和表面形貌等进行了表征。结果表明:所合成的产物为典型的Bi2S3正交结构,在DMF溶剂中得到的Bi2S3纳米棒长为4～11μm,直径为120nm。在蒸馏水-乙二醇和蒸馏水溶剂中得到的是片状的Bi2S3晶粒。讨论了不同溶剂对Bi2S3的形成及其形貌的影响,并根据实验结果对所合成的一维纳米棒可能的形成机理进行了探讨。