高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性研究概况

人类活动、小型哺乳动物行为活动以及自然因素是引起高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性变化的主要因子。一般情况下，高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性与放牧、施肥强度呈单峰曲线。长期过牧使高寒草甸退化严重，而围栏封育能使这种情况受到一定程度的控制，但围栏封育有时不符合“放牧优化假说”。工程活动，小型哺乳动物的活动、冻土退化使高寒草甸植物群落发生演替，物种多样性也随之变化。此外，地形引起水、热、养分的再分配，使不同的生境有着不同的物种多样性。概述各干扰因子及不同干扰频率的不同作用。为保护高寒草甸植物群落物种多样性及制定合理的草地利用制度提供科学依据。     

青海湖鸟岛沙地植物群落物种多样性研究

根据野外样地调查资料,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对青海湖鸟岛沙地植物群落的多样性进行了研究,并用相关分析研究了多样性指数间的关系,结果表明:①鸟岛7个主要沙地群落间的植物多样性差异很大,分布于固定沙丘上的赖草、甘青铁线莲等群落均具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数,而西伯利亚蓼、藏虫实等分布在流动沙丘上的群落则最小,但均匀度指数最高。②从流动沙丘到固定沙丘阶段的变化过程中,丰富度指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Simpson指数的变化趋势基本一致,而均匀度指数则呈相反趋势,半固定沙丘是这一变化的重要转折点。③物种在各沙地类型中出现频率的多样性指数差异很大,特有种多样性指数在固定沙丘中最高,占主导地位,而在流动沙丘阶段,普通种的物种多样性指数最高。④植物生活型上各沙丘类型上的物种多样性指数均以多年生草本为最高,其次为一年生草本,而且从流动沙丘至固定沙丘阶段呈递增变化。⑤丰富度指数与多样性指数、均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性。     

新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带植物群落物种多样性特征

分别采用重要值、盖度、多度计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数，对新疆阜康荒漠地区植物群落的物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明：1)各类型群落的物种多样性水平表现为红柳、红砂、梭梭这三个群落较高，肉叶雾冰藜群落、叉毛蓬群落、盐爪爪群落、囊果碱蓬群落和雾冰藜群落居中，无叶假木贼群落和碱蓬群落较低；2)研究区总体群落物种多样性水平较低，随着群落演替其物种多样性水平呈现低—高—较高的变化趋势；3)对荒漠植被，以重要值或盖度为指标计测多样性指数较为可行。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘植物群落物种多样性及其生态环境

应用群落多样性指数（Ｄ）、均匀度（Ｊ）、生态优势度（Ｃ）等指标，对乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘不同生境（荒漠区、绿洲外围、绿洲内）的天然植物群落进行了研究，结果表明这三种指标值能有效地表征群落的组成结构特征及生境的优劣；荒漠植物群落多样性指数（Ｄ＝０．６０３～２．９８４）和均匀度（Ｊ＝０．３３７～０．６９１）都较低，而生态优势度（Ｃ＝０．７２４～０．１９５）较高，说明荒漠植被生态环境的脆弱性，群落结构越复杂，多样性指数越高；多样性与生态环境关系密切，Ｄ和Ｊ随生境渐好而递增，Ｃ随生境渐好而递减，可作为环境评价指标；多样性在一定程度上体现了群落的发展阶段和稳定程度，越接近顶级阶段，多样性越高，且环境的改善有助于群落演替进程的加速；干旱区弃耕撩荒地次生演替植被，在弃耕初期多样性随弃耕年限增大而减小，后期处于一个较稳定的水平，且各演替阶段植物组成变化较大。     

莫莫格湿地恢复区的植物群落物种多样性研究

植物群落多样性水平能够指示退化湿地修复的效果。在莫莫格国家级自然保护区综合恢复示范区,采用调查样线与样方相结合的调查方法,开展植物群落野外调查,比较了退化湿地修复前、后植物群落物种组成的差异,探讨了恢复水文条件和地貌修复对植物群落物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明,在综合恢复示范区内,共记录12科22属38种植物,其中,一年生和多年生植物都为19种,禾本科(Gramineae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和蓼科(Polygonaceae)物种数量之和占记录的总物种数量的60.53%;芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和辽宁碱蓬(Suaeda liaotungensis)群落是该区的优势植物群落,植物群落中的优势种多为耐盐碱类植物;从调查样带1至调查样带4,即由陆地向湖泊方向,植物群落的物种丰富度、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数都在不断增大;水文-植被-微地貌系统修复模式可以作为松嫩平原西部退化盐碱湿地修复的优选模式。     

甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠湿地植物群落物种多样性特征研究

 基于375个样方和150条样线的调查,对甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:①区内共记录植物26种,分属16科24属,芦苇（Phragmites australis）、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）和胡杨（Populus euphratica）为绝对优势种,苏枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、疏叶骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）和胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）为主要伴生种,其平均重要值依次为0.4728、0.4563、0.4342、0.2908、0.2594和0.2455。植物群落分多枝柽柳群落、胡杨群落、胀果甘草群落、疏叶骆驼刺群落、多枝柽柳沙包群落、苏枸杞群落、芦苇沼泽群落和芦苇群落8个类型。②植物群落物种多样性指数偏低（0.784～1.379）,多枝柽柳群落、胡杨群落和芦苇群落物种多样性指数最大（1.379、1.266和1.194）,群落之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;疏叶骆驼刺群落和苏枸杞群落次之（1.154、1.077）,胀果甘草群落、芦苇沼泽和多枝柽柳沙包群落最低（0.919、0.881、0.784）,各群落之间不存在显著差异。③灌（乔）木层是敦煌西湖植被主要层次,灌（乔）木层物种多样性指数（0.549～1.077）大于草本层（0.052～1.038）。④物种多样性指标H′、D、J和Ma随海拔梯度增加基本均显下降趋势,而指数C变化趋势则相反,表现为上升,均匀度指数变化幅度不显著。⑤物种多样性指标H′、D、J和Ma随经纬度升高变化趋势基本一致,均表现为先下降,后上升,再下降,而优势度指数C变化趋势则相反。     

皖江滩地杨树抑螺防病林下植物多样性分析

以时空互代的方法,对皖江段滩地不同林龄的杨树人工林林下植物多样性进行了调查。结果表明:①杨树人工林林下以草本植物为主,居于前4位的优势科分别是菊科(9种)、禾本科(6种)、豆科(5种)、蓼科(5种),优势种以萝藦、菱叶鹿藿、无辣蓼、葎草为主。木本植物有桑科桑树、蔷薇科野蔷薇;②滩地造林后,林下植物的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于无林滩地上以芦苇为主的群落;③随着人工林林龄的增加,多样性指数表现出了先降低后上升的趋势,3年生的人工林丰富度(S)、多样性指数(D,H′)最高,20年生的人工林均匀度指数最高。滩地造林后植物多样性有一定程度增加,但成林后植物多样性又逐年减少。     

杨树抑螺防病林林下草本植物的物种多样性

对滩地杨树抑螺防病林草本植物层的物种组成和多样性进行了8年动态监测。随林龄增加,草本层的物种丰富度降低、个体总数增加;部分喜光性物种被更加耐荫的植物种类所更替,其β多样性增加;原有物种和优势种的保持率分别为56.3%和66.7%,草本层组成保持相对稳定。与造林前期比较,主伐阶段林下草本层α多样性变化不大。     

洞庭湖滩地杨树抑螺防病林研究

在滩地杨树抑螺林12年轮伐期内,采取沿时间序列定位观测及以空间换时间的调查研究方法,对滩地杨树抑螺防病林的造林地选择、钉螺种群消长与水因子、林龄及整地措施的相关关系进行了研究,对滩地杨树林的防浪护堤、阻滞水流和泥沙、降低地下水位等生态效应进行了分析,对林下草本植物的物种多样性进行了动态监测和研究,为有螺滩地的综合治理和开发提供依据。     

黄河下游河滨湿地不同草本植物群落物种多样性研究

暖温带河滨湿地植被以草本植物群落为主。以黄河下游河滨湿地的河漫滩和背河洼地的15个草本植物群落为调查对象,研究河滨湿地不同草本植物群落的组成及多样性。结果表明,15个草本植物群落中共有31科73属94种植物,包括2科蕨类植物门植物和29科被子植物门植物,其中,禾本科植物最多(12属17种);丰富度最高的是狗尾草(Setaria viridis)群落;15个草本植物群落的Shannon-wiener指数介于0.22～2.07之间,人工群落荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)的Shannon-wiener指数最低,仅0.22,而另一人工群落水稻(Oryza sativa)的Shan-non-wiener指数却最大,达到2.07;典型湿地植物群落的Pielou均匀度指数较高,如扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、水烛(Typha angustifolia)群落的Pielou均匀度指数都大于0.6;Simpson多样性指数最高的是荷花群落,而最低的是水稻群落;15个群落中,多样性指数、丰富度、均匀度指数和优势度指数在各群落间存在显著的差异;河滨湿地自然草本植物群落的Shannon-wiener指数、物种丰富度、Pielou均匀度指数均高于人工草本植物群落,而Simpson多样性指数则是前者低于后者,但人工草本植物群落与自然草本植物群落间4个多样性指数的差异并不明显。     

Assessment and analysis of ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River under the background of the Yangtze River protection strategy

The Yangtze River is the third largest river in the world and the longest and largest river in China.China has adopted a national strategy to protect the Yangtze River.A better understanding of the ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River would provide support for the Yangtze River protection strategy.Using Costanza’s method to estimate the ecosystem services value,the value of 10 ecosystem services was estimated within 1 km and 2 km from the Yangtze River in 2017.These 10 services were derived from the four established groupings of provisioning,regulating,supporting,and cultural services.This study compared and analyzed the changes in the ecosystem services value in the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the river,and in provinces,cities,and villages along the Yangtze River.The total ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river was 37.208 and 43.769 billion yuan,respectively.Within 1 km,the ecosystem services value in the middle reaches was 12.93 billion yuan,while the next highest value was in the upper reaches at 12.45 billion yuan,and the downstream area had the smallest value of 11.855 billion yuan.Within 2 km,the value of upstream ecosystem services was the highest at 16.31 billion yuan,while the second highest value was in the middle reaches at 14.376 billion yuan,and the smallest value was in the downstream area at 13.083 billion yuan.In the Yangtze River Basin,regulating services played a leading role,accounting for 81.6%and 78.9%of the ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river,respectively.Among the 10 ecosystem services,hydrological regulation was the most important,while the value of raw material production made the smallest contribution.Among the provinces and cities along the Yangtze River,the highest ecosystem services value was in Hubei Province,while the lowest values were in Shanghai and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.If villages within 1 km and 2 km from the river were to be relocated,the total regional ecological value would increase by 527 and 975 million yuan,respectively.     

岷江上游毛榛、辽东栎灌丛及3种人工幼林土壤种子库的比较

本文采用野外调查与萌发实验相结合的方法对岷江上游地区自然恢复的灌丛以及 3种人工林的土壤种子库状况进行了比较研究。结果显示 ,各样地土壤种子库的储量为 192 5 0～ 3 13 60粒 /(m2 × 10cm)之间 ,人工林的土壤种子库储量和物种数量都大于自然恢复的灌丛 ,其顺序为连香树Cercidiphyllum japonicum、油松Pinustabulaeformis混交林 >连香树林 >油松林 >毛榛Corylusmandshurica、辽东栎Quercusliaotungensis灌丛 ,各样地土壤种子库密度的垂直分布均为上层 >中层 >下层。在各样地土壤种子库的生活型组成中 ,乔木种类所占比例极少 ,而草本种类的数量较多。在灌丛的土壤种子库中 ,灌木的物种数量及其在种子库中所占的比例均大于人工林。大序醉鱼草Buddlejamacrostachya、喜阴悬钩子Rubusmesogaeus、华西绣线菊Spiraealaeta在种子库中的大量存在明显提高了灌木在各样地土壤种子库中所占的比例     

Acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys along the Yangtze River

An acoustic Doppler current profiler is used to characterize the river velocity against the morphology of the Yangtze River from Chonqing to the sea. High flow velocities occur in the Three Gorges section and lower velocities in the middle and lower reaches of the river. This is largely due to the change in river pattern from a high gradient deeply-cut valley to a flat fluvial plain. Flow velocities fluctuate in the middle Yangtze due to the presence of meander bends of different length. There are numerous smaller velocity fluctuations in the lower Yangtze channel that reflect multichannel pattern with numerous sand bars and a river morphology affected by bedrock outcrops. Water depths of 40–100 m occur in the Three Gorges valley but decrease to 15–40 m in the middle and lower Yangtze. At the Gezhou Reservoir, 30 km downstream of the Three Gorges damsite velocity drops to low (< 1.0 m s^− 1) 20 km reach. A second low velocity (< 0.5 m s^− 1) zone, about 20 km in length, is located in the lower Yangtze near the coast probably due to the tidal influence. The results from this research will serve as a datum for evaluating changes to the river once the Three Gorges dam is completed in 2009.     

长江沿岸28个城市的低碳化发展评价

长江沿岸上、中、下游28个地级以上城市可视为我国东、中、西部城市的缩影,因此,沿江城市的低碳化发展水平客观上反映着中国低碳城市整体发育程度与区域差异。在分析、理解低碳城市内涵的基础上,构建低碳城市评价指标体系,提出低碳指数概念,并从时空路径对长江沿岸28个城市的低碳指数进行聚类分析与评价。认为我国低碳城市建设应该以不影响社会经济快速发展为根本前提,低碳城市发展应该以平均相对量指标作为评价标准;不同城市可根据构成低碳指数的3个分项指标的具体情况,制定相对应的低碳城市发展战略,提高城市综合低碳指数。     

长江南京段历史洪水位追溯

沿长江南岸幕府山、燕子矶岸段的石灰岩崖壁上,保留着数道受江水浸淹形成的色深且具有溶蚀孔隙的水平印痕,沿江一线分布。在采石矶岸段的岩壁上也存在着高程大致相当的水位痕迹,反映出是保存在长江南岸岩壁上的区域性洪水位遗迹。经查阅现代水文记录与历史文献,分析对比区域地貌与沉积地层,初步论定：高出长江江面5~6 m,高程分别为8.5 m和9.5 m的第一道和第二道水位遗迹是与现代长江洪水位相当的古洪水位遗迹,目前虽然已脱离长江江面,但现代长江洪水仍可达到此高度,其重现期为10~50年;高程为10.5 m的第三道水位遗迹较南京有文字记载的百年一遇特大洪水位仍高出0.3 m,相当于南京地区100~200年一遇的大洪水水位,由此印证长江南京段防洪堤高度合适;而最高的一道古水位遗迹高程为12.8 m,可能相当于全新世高海面时的洪水位。     

Flooding 1990s along the Yangtze River, has it concern of global warming?

There were a series of severe floods along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Changjiang River) in China during the 1990s. The extensive summer (June, July and August) precipitation is mostly responsible for the flooding. The summer rainfall in the 1980s and the 1990s is much higher than that in the previous 3 decades. The means for 1990-1999 is +87.62 mm above normal, marked the 1990s the wettest decade since the 1950s. Six stations with a time span of 1880-1999 are selected to establish century -long rainfall series. This series also shows that the 1990s is the wettest decade during the last 120 years. In the wettest 12 years, four occurred in the 1990s (1991,1996,1998 and 1999). Both global and China’s temperature show there is a relative lower air temperature during the 1960-1970s, and a rapid warming in the 1980-1990s. Comparisons of rainfall between 1960-1979 and 1980-1999 show there are dramatic changes. In the cold period 1960-1979, the summer rainfall along the Yangtze River is 3.8 % to 4.7 % below the normal, during the warm period 1980-1999, over 8.4 % to 18.2 % of summer rainfall occurs. Over the whole eastern China, the summer rainfall shows opposite spatial patterns from the 1960-1970s to 1980-1990s. The consistent trend toward more rainfall with global warming is also presented by the greenhouse scenario modeling. A millennial Drought/flood Index for the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River showed that although the surplus summer rainfall in the 1990s is the severest during the past 150 years, it is not outstanding in the context of past millennium. Power spectra of the Drought/flood Index show significant interdecadal periods at 33.3 and 11.8 years. Thus, both the natural inter-decadal variations and the global warming may play important roles in the frequent floods witnessed during the last two decades.     

塔里木河下游绿洲荒漠过渡带群落多样性特征分析

结合塔里木河下游铁干里克绿洲荒漠过渡带29个植被样地的调查资料,对植物的群落结构和数量特征做了分析。结果表明:研究区群落结构较为简单,植物群落物种多样性水平较低,物种组成单一,天然植物20种,隶属12科18属。从多样性指数的数量特征来看,Simpson多样性指数的变化范围为0.517~0.830,Shannon-Wiener指数变化范围0.851~1.974;Menhinick丰富度指数的变化范围为0.977~3.784,Margalef丰富度指数的变化范围为1.517~8.496;JSW均匀度指数的变化范围为0.719~0.908,JSI指数变化范围为0.729~0.949;植被盖度的变化范围在0.035~1.001之间。