中国人类福祉地区差距演变及其影响因素——基于人类发展指数(HDI)的分析

应用空间基尼系数、泰尔系数分解及面板模型等方法,对1995-2013年中国人类福祉地区差距及其影响因素进行分析,结果显示：①1995-2013年中国人类福祉省际差距整体趋于缩小。其中,“九五”时期不断缩小,“十五”时期波动变化,“十一五”时期快速缩小,“十二五”时期趋同发展;②四大区域之间的人类福祉差距是最主要的差距,但其贡献率总体呈递减趋势,而区域内人类福祉省际差距的贡献率呈递增趋势。西部地区人类福祉的省际差距最大但降幅明显,东部地区人类福祉的省际差距先扩大后降低,中部、东北地区人类福祉省际差距相对较小且不断缩小;③中国人类福祉地区差距和城乡收入差距同向扩大。加快经济发展、增加教育经费投入均可提高中国各省的人类福祉水平,但也可能扩大地区差距。提高卫生经费占比的增长率可降低中国人类福祉水平,但却能有效缩小中国地区之间的福祉差距。提高人均社会保障支出和人均转移支付,既能提高中国各省区的人类福祉水平,又可起到促进地区之间福祉均衡作用。     

陕甘宁地区植被恢复对气候变化和人类活动的响应(英文)

The "Grain for Green Project" initiated by the governments since 1999 were the dominant contributors to the vegetation restoration in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Climate change and human activities are responsible for the improvement and degradation to a certain degree. In order to monitor the vegetation variations and clarify the causes of rehabilitation in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, this paper, based on the MODIS-NDVI and climate data during the period of 2000-2009, analyzes the main charac-teristics, spatial-temporal distribution and reasons of vegetation restoration, using methods of linear regression, the Hurst Exponent, standard deviation and other methods. Results are shown as follows. (1) From 2000 to 2009, the NDVI of the study area was improved progres-sively, with a linear tendency being 0.032/10a, faster than the growth of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (0.007/10a) from 1982 to 2006. (2) The vegetation restoration is characterized by two fast-growing periods, with an "S-shaped" increasing curve. (3) The largest proportion of the contribution to vegetation restoration was observed in the slightly improved area, followed by the moderate and the significantly improved area; the degraded area is distributed sporadically over southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as eastern Dingbian of Shaanxi province, Huanxian and Zhengyuan of Gansu province. (4) Climate change and human activities are two driving forces in vegetation restoration; more-over anthropogenic factors such as "Grain for Green Project" were the main causes leading to an increasing trend of NDVI on local scale. However, its influencing mechanism remains to be further investigated. (5) The Hurst Exponent of NDVI time series shows that the vegetation restoration was sustainable. It is expected that improvement in vegetation cover will expand to the most parts of the region.     

人类活动对中国滨海湿地的影响及其保护对策

人类为了获取大量生产和生活资料对滨海湿地资源进行了大规模的开发利用活动,给滨海湿地生态系统带来了严重的负面影响,如石油开发造成了石油污染、植被退化和动物栖息地减少等,大大降低了滨海湿地的生态功能和社会与经济效益。以辽河三角洲湿地、黄河三角洲湿地、红树林湿地等滨海湿地为例,从石油开发、湿地污染、土地利用变化、湿地开发、城市和港口建设、水利工程建设、湿地水文过程和热带海岸开发等方面探讨了人类活动对中国滨海湿地的影响,并提出了保护滨海湿地的对策和建议。     

北纬地区温度和卫星监测的植被活动节律变化的比较分析(英文)

Plant growth at northern latitudes is highly responsive to the climatic changes that have occurred over recent decades. However, the sensitivity of the phasing of the seasonal cycle of terrestrial ecosystems to a changing environment remains less widely understood. We present an investigation and comparative study of large-scale changes in seasonal cy-cling of both land surface temperature and plant growth. Our results have shown trends in-dicating a marked increased towards overall plant productivity by ~3% from 1982 to 2005, reduced trends in seasonal variation at low-mid latitudes by ~2%, increased trends in sea-sonal variations at mid-high latitudes by ~7%, and an earlier phase in northern terrestrial ecosystems (~1.1 days) in parallel with changes in the phasing of surface temperatures at northern latitudes over the 24 years in this study. These shifts in annual cycles of terrestrial vegetation appear to have a distinct geographical zonality and are dependent upon latitudinal changes in climatic variables. More conspicuous changes in overall vegetation productivity and the seasonal phase of ecosystems have been observed in Eurasia compared to North America, largely because of a more rapid rise in temperature. Our results state that changing climate boosts plant growth at northern latitudes, but also alters the phase and seasonal variations of the annual cycle of terrestrial ecosystems.     

农业生态系统中人类行为对植被多样性的影响:以中国封丘县为例(英文)

本文研究了社会经济因素对当地植被多样性的作用,并利用数学模型分析了中国封丘县农田景观中植被多样性的主要干扰因素。发现在小尺度上,植被多样性与景观组成和机构紧密相关这一观点没有证据支持。相比较而言,植被多样性受人为干扰的影响较大,而且与作物种类和经济来源紧密相关。这主要是因为中国农区经济行为拥有特殊格局,包括联产承包责任制以及农民外出务工流。提出了在政策环境的变化下如何维持当地植被多样性的现状。     

夹金山脉大熊猫栖息地自然遗产的国家公园管理模式

大熊猫栖息地是全球关注的生态系统和价值最突出的自然遗产之一。夹金山脉既是重要的大熊猫栖息地,又是独特的风景区域,“四川大熊猫栖息地———卧龙.四姑娘山.夹金山脉”世界自然遗产已获得了联合国教科文组织第30届世界遗产委员会的提名。目前的以省级为主的多个风景名胜区与自然保护区分别管理,已不能满足保护其突出的遗产价值的要求。作者提出从国家层面上,规划夹金山脉大熊猫栖息地国家公园统一整体管理该项遗产,以增强有效管理能力。然后讨论了夹金山脉在生物多样性保护上的重要性与风景资源价值,论证了国家公园的管理模式,并从国际上关于国家公园的界定、中国国家公园的法律依据、国家公园管理世界自然遗产,分析了国家公园管理大熊猫栖息地自然遗产的可行性。     

基于层次分析法的秦岭地区大熊猫栖息地质量评价

栖息地是大熊猫存在与否的决定因素，栖息地保护的重要性远比对大熊猫个体的保护更加重要，这是保护大熊猫必须采取的长远措施。以陕西省第三次大熊猫调查数据为基础，首先确立了影响大熊猫栖息地质量的7个指标：森林起源，乔木郁闭度，灌木盖度，竹子生长状况，竹子盖度，坡度和坡向，然后采用层次分析法计算所确立的7个评价指标的权重，并结合GIS空间叠置分析方法对7个评价指标进行叠加，获得了洋县大熊猫栖息地质量分级图。得到了以下结论：最适宜区和适宜区主要分布在调查区的东北部，不太适宜区和不适宜区分布在调查区的西部，并且自东向西逐渐变差。整体而言，调查区内大熊猫栖息地质量状况良好，适宜大熊猫的生存与繁衍。     

Spatial Differentiation Pattern of Habitat Quality and Mechanism of Factors Influencing in Resource-based Cities: A Case Study of Tangshan City,China

The degradation of the eco-environment has been a challenge for sustainability in resource-based cities around the world. Although much attention has been drawn to this issue, few insights have been acquired regarding the spatial differentiation and mechanism of the factors influencing habitat quality in resource-based cities from the perspective of the interactions of natural and human factors. Using Tangshan City as a case study, this paper evaluates habitat quality by integrating Ecosystem Service Value Assessment and the InVEST-HQ model, identifies the spatial distribution of Tangshan’s habitat quality with spatial auto-correlation, and explores the influencing factors and their mechanism of influence on the spatial differentiation with the geographical detector model and Space production theory. The results show that: (1) The total value of the habitat quality in Tangshan City in 2019 was 3.45×10 ¹⁰ yuan, and the habitat quality value was 24435.05 yuan ha ^?1. The habitat quality value presents a clustered distribution pattern of “hot in the north and the south, cold from the center to the west”. (2) On the county scale, Qianxi County had the best habitat quality and Lubei District had the worst habitat quality; Shangying Township had the highest average habitat quality and Kaiping Street had the lowest average habitat quality in the township unit. (3) The results of geographical detectors show that natural environmental conditions are the important basic factors affecting the spatial differentiation of habitat quality in Tangshan City, while urbanization and industrialization factors are the most important external forces driving the spatial differentiation of habitat quality. The contributions of average elevation, average slope, raw material industrial density, and population density to the spatial differentiation of habitat quality are all above 0.40. The interactions of any two factors on habitat quality are enhanced. Areas with concentrated populations, rich industrial resources, and convenient transportation become low-value habitat quality areas; while areas with beautiful landscape patterns, abundant precipitation, and a comfortable climate become high-value habitat quality areas. Space production theory can be used to explain the mechanism of the formation of the spatial differentiation of habitat quality.     

Multi-scale analysis of trade-off/synergistic effects of forest ecosystem services in the Funiu Mountain Region,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The trade-offs and synergies of forest ecosystem service are important research topics for several disciplines. The multi-scale analysis of service trade-offs and...     

基于三维量化与因子聚类方法的山地传统聚落形态分类:以黔东南苗族聚落为例

传统聚落空间形态是聚落地域性景观与文脉价值的集中载体,对其形态的保护与延续是乡村聚落规划设计的重要原则与策略。其中,山地传统聚落因所处地形复杂而具有区别于平原聚落的突出的竖向形态特征,但当前研究普遍缺少针对聚落三维形态的综合量化方法。本文在已有的聚落二维平面空间形态研究基础上,创新性引入竖向空间和建筑混乱度两方面指标,构建山地传统聚落三维形态量化指标体系,以黔东南苗族山地传统聚落为例,运用因子分析和聚类分析方法研究苗族聚落形态特征与类型。主要结论如下:(1)因子聚类将聚落形态指标综合提取为三维空间因子、规模形态因子、空间结构因子三大主要因子;(2)聚类分析实现了对所涉及苗族聚落形态的有效划分;(3)在此基础上,本文结合自然环境等其他质性因素,将苗族聚落形态划分为深谷山腰型松散指状聚落、缓坡型松散团带状聚落、平坡型致密团状聚落、复合地形松散指状聚落4种典型类型,并进一步解释了不同类型聚落形态的异同与生成逻辑,实现了对苗族聚落三维形态的科学表征与分类。这一方法科学有效地揭示了山地聚落形态的三维本质特征,对未来聚落形态规划与分类保护提供了有益的量化导引。     

产业结构变动对区域能源效率贡献的空间分析——以中国大陆31省区为例

能源是重要的生产要素,由于增加能源要素投入,人类的劳动生产率得到了极大提高,推动了经济与社会发展.产业结构变动是影响区域能源效率提高的重要因素.在现代经济发展中,产业结构升级与提高区域能源效率密切联系,产业结构状况与能源效率共同反映一国的经济发展方向,发展水平和经济可持续发展能力.本文从空间角度探讨产业结构变动对区域能源效率提高的贡献,利用GDP产业结构统计数据和相关能源利用统计数据,结合数学模型和空间分析方法,以中国大陆31个省区相关数据为样本,分析得出中国大陆31省区产业结构变动对能源效率提高贡献的空间差异较大;产业结构合理且经济基础较好省区、经济发展起步较晚省区以及处于产业结构调整初期的中国中西部欠发达省区产业结构变动对区域能源效率提高的贡献明显;而经济基础薄弱尚未形成主导产业的省区与形成较为合理低端产业结构的省区,产业结构变动对区域能源效率提高的贡献不明显.     

基于能值的绿洲农业可持续发展情景分析——以新疆伊宁县为例(英文)

如何协调干旱区生态环境保护与绿洲农业生态化发展之间的关系,避免绿洲系统的荒漠化,是实现绿洲人地系统可持续发展过程中亟待解决的关键问题。本文以伊宁县为例,利用能值分析和相图理论,深入分析了温带干旱区绿洲农业生产系统的时序演化状况与发展趋势,进而提出了相应的调控措施。研究结论如下:(1)1989–2008年,伊宁县绿洲农业生态系统的能值总投入和总产出均呈持续增长趋势。(2)基于能值指标的可持续性分析表明,目前伊宁县农业生产系统仍处于可持续发展的状态,但可持续发展指数ESI呈现出波动下降的趋势;(3)基于相图理论的可持续线情景分析表明,F导向模式和N导向模式均有其局限性,在伊宁县农业生产系统今后的发展中,应采取R导向模式。即保持系统中当地不可更新资源利用比率的基本稳定,使得经济反馈能值的使用比率和本地不可更新资源的使用比率同步减少,籍此提高当地可更新资源对农产品生产的贡献率,保证系统的可持续发展。     

西北地区泥石流沟形态因素的非线性分析——以兰州市为例

以兰州市区96条主要的泥石流沟为例,利用分形理论的统计自相似性对泥石流沟数的累计分布随沟谷形态要素沟道比降、汇水面积和沟道长度的变化进行了分析;并与不同流域形态要素的分维进行了比较,探讨了分维不同的原因。兰州市区泥石流沟三个形态要素均具有统计意义上的自相似性,其中以汇水面积显示出分维最小(0.46),沟道长度次之(0.71),沟道比降最大(1.09)。分维的大小描述了作为系统的沟谷及其泥石流的形成的空间结构,即分形结构,同时也反映了不同形态要素对系统所起作用的差异,分维越小,所起作用越显著。其结果对西北干旱半干旱地区石流灾害的进一步研究与防治提供了新的思路。     

基于适宜性分析的沙漠旅游主体功能区划——以宁夏中卫市沙坡头区为例

基于ArcGIS和YaAHP评价法,从沙丘相对高度、坡度、日平均气温≥10℃持续时间、与水体距离、与沙漠距离和与居民点(公路)距离等方面评价宁夏中卫市沙坡头区沙漠旅游适宜性,并结合土地利用现状对沙坡头区进行沙漠旅游主体功能区划。结果表明:研究区沙漠旅游适宜性可分为5类区域,即高、较高、中、较低和低适宜性区域;研究区沙漠旅游主体功能区划分为沙漠旅游开发区、沙漠旅游适度开发区、沙漠旅游不适宜开发区和沙漠旅游限制区。根据功能区划,提出了相应的调控措施,以期为宁夏中卫市沙漠旅游的合理开发提供一定的参考。     

Spatial Variability Analysis of Soil Nutrients Based on GIS and Geostatistics: A Case Study of Yisa Township,Yunnan, China

Hani rice terraces system is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO. Soil nutrients are an important symbol of soil fertility, and play an important role in the sustainable utilization of land. Based on geo-statistics and GIS, the spatial variation of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil in Yisa (a town in Honghe County, Yunnan Province) was studied. The results show that the spatial variability of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium exhibited medium spatial variability, and the coefficients of variation are 12.54%, 40.14%, 40.00%, 34.89%, and 40.00% respectively. Available phosphorus exhibited strong spatial variability, and the coefficient of variation is 102.13%. The spatial variation of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium fit the index mode, however, the spatial variation of available phosphorus fits the spherical model. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were greatly affected by soil structural factors, while pH, organic matter and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen were affected by both structural and random factors. The spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Yisa was intuitively characterized by Kriging interpolation. It is very important to understand the spatial distribution of soil nutrients, which will provide the guidance for adjusting agricultural management measures such as fertilization.