异甜菊醇抗豚鼠离体心脏缺氧复灌损伤作用

目的　拟证实双萜类化合物异甜菊醇抗豚鼠离体心脏缺氧复灌损伤作用及与线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道 (mito KATP)的关系。方法　Langendorff装置逆向心脏灌注。预先灌注异甜菊醇 1,5和 10μmol·L- 1,5min ,流速约为 9.5mL·min- 1,全心停灌 30min ,复灌 2 0min ,观察心脏舒缩功能、冠脉流出液酶学和心肌组织学改变。结果异甜菊醇预处理有效减轻缺氧复灌引起的左室舒缩功能下降 ,降低冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶浓度 ;延迟停灌后心脏出现挛缩的时间。mito KATP关闭剂 5 羟基癸酸 10 0 μmol·L- 1可部分逆转异甜菊醇 10 μmol·L- 1的心肌保护作用。光学和电子显微镜观察结果表明 ,异甜菊醇预处理可减轻缺氧复灌引起的心肌纤维和线粒体损伤。结论　异甜菊醇 1～ 10 μmol·L- 1预灌注可有效减轻豚鼠离体心肌缺氧复灌引起的损伤 ,该作用可能与mito KATP的开放有关。     

异甜菊醇对大鼠在体心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的在大鼠在体心肌缺血再灌注模型上进一步证实异甜菊醇对缺血再灌损伤心肌的保护作用。方法麻醉大鼠结扎左冠状动脉30min后再灌注90min。结扎前10min静脉注射异甜菊醇。心电图连续观察大鼠心室纤颤(VF)和室性心动过速(VT)的发生率;全自动生化分析仪测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)活性;测定心肌梗死范围;光学显微镜和电镜观察心肌组织学和超微结构改变。结果异甜菊醇0.5～2.0mg·kg-1有效减少大鼠心肌缺血再灌期VF和VT发生率,减少心肌梗死范围,降低血清LDH和CK活性。光镜及电镜观察可见异甜菊醇处理组心肌组织形态学及超微结构损伤明显轻于缺血再灌对照组。结论异甜菊醇对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌有保护作用。     

不同缺血时间对豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨不同缺血时间对豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法将23只豚鼠离体心脏随机分成4组:正常组(Control,n=6)、缺血30 min再灌60 min组(I30R60,n=6)、缺血40 min再灌60 min(I40R60,n=5)、缺血50 min再灌60 min组(I50R60,n=6),观察不同缺血组缺血前及再灌期间心率和冠脉流量,测定灌流液中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)和肌酸激酶(creatine ki-nase,CK)漏出量及组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dis-mutase,SOD)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,并以2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chlorid,TTC)染色法测定梗死面积。结果与Control组相比,I30R60组各指标尚未全部发生明显变化;而I40R60和I50R60组心率和冠脉流量降低,梗死面积加大,灌流液中LDH和CK漏出值升高,组织中SOD和MDA值降低;上述所观察指标中,I50R60组变化更为明显。结论豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤受缺血时间的影响,豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤模型的建立以缺血50 min为宜,再灌时间可考虑限制于15～60 min之间。     

Auranofin increases apoptosis and ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the rat isolated heart

Auranofin, an antirheumatic gold compound, is an inhibitor of selenocysteine enzymes, such as thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase. These enzymes play an important role in protecting cardiac tissue from oxidative stress generated during ischaemia-reperfusion. Auranofin (100 mg/kg) was administered to rats and their hearts were subjected to an in vitro model of ischaemia-reperfusion. The activity of thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase was determined in liver and heart tissues in an attempt to correlate enzymatic activity with heart recovery after ischaemia-reperfusion. There was significantly less thioredoxin reductase activity in rat liver extracts, whereas the level of glutathione activity remained unchanged, demonstrating that the dose of auranofin used was able to selectively inhibit one of these enzyme systems. Rats administered auranofin displayed significantly impaired recovery from ischaemic insult. The end diastolic pressure was increased, whereas the rate pressure product was significantly decreased. The level of postischaemic apoptosis was also assessed by examining caspase-3 activity in tissue homogenates. Auranofin significantly increased the degree of postischaemic apoptosis, leading to poor postischaemic recovery.     

Nucleotides modulate renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury by different effects on nitric oxide and superoxide

1. The present study investigated the effects of kidney ischaemia duration on nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2-) generation at reperfusion and the role of xanthine and adenosine as mediators of NO/O2- generation. 2. The effect of the duration of ischaemia on renal nucleotide levels was studied in two ischaemic groups (10 and 30 min). The role of adenosine and xanthine was studied in ischaemic-reperfused groups (subjected to 10 and 30 min ischaemia and 60 min reperfusion). 3. Tissue levels of adenosine decreased significantly after 30 min ischaemia, whereas xanthine/hypoxanthine levels increased concomitantly with renal dysfunction and histological damage. 4. Nitric oxide production increased significantly after 10 min ischaemia and 60 min reperfusion, whereas lipoperoxidation increased significantly after 30 min ischaemia and 60 min reperfusion. The administration of theophylline (40 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the early increase in NO production. 5. Xanthine supplementation decreased renal function and increased lipoperoxidation. 6. In conclusion, NO/O2- production and the subsequent renal injury/dysfunction may be modified by changes in the adenosine and xanthine levels of the injured kidney, although the present data show a significant in vivo role only for xanthine.     

Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in adult guinea pigs

Aim： To investigate the protection and the anti-oxidative mechanism afforded by chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia （ClHH） against ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury in guinea pig hearts.
Methods： Adult male guinea pigs were exposed to ClHH by mimicking a 5000 m high altitude （pB=404 mmHg, po2=84 mmHg） in a hypobaric chamber for 6 h/day for 28 days. Langendorff-perfused isolated guinea pig hearts were used to measure variables of left ventricular function during baseline perfusion, ischemia and the reperfusion period. The activity and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes in the left myocardium were evaluated using biochemical methods and Western blotting, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） were assessed using ROS-sensitive fluorescence.
Results： After 30 min of global no-flow ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, myocardial function had better recovery rates in ClHH guinea pig hearts than in control hearts. The activity and protein expression of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） were significantly increased in the myocardium of ClHH guinea pigs. Pretreatment of control hearts with an antioxidant mixture containing SOD and CAT exerted cardioprotective effects similar to ClHH. The irreversible CAT inhibitor aminotriazole （ATZ） abolished the cardioprotection of ClHH. Cardiac contractile dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by exogenous hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） were attenuated by CIHH and CAT.
Conclusions： These data suggest that CIHH protects the heart against I/R injury through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in guinea pig.     

Mechanisms mediating the cardioprotective effects of rapamycin in ischaemia-reperfusion injury

1. In the present study, the temporal and concentration-dependent cardioprotective effects of rapamycin against ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were investigated. 2. Rat Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts were exposed to 40 min global ischaemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. Hearts were perfused with different concentrations of rapamycin before and after ischaemia. Myocardial injury was assessed in terms of infarct size and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). The phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was determined at the end of reperfusion. 3. When administered prior to ischaemia, 25, 50 and 100 nmol/L rapamycin significantly reduced infarct size compared with control (40.1 ± 1.5, 26.3 ± 4.1 and 21.2 ± 3.4 vs 52.5 ± 4.5%, respectively) without affecting the recovery of ventricular function. No reduction in infarct size was observed when 50 nmol/L rapamycin was administered 10 or 120 min into the reperfusion period. 4. Rapamycin (50 nmol/L) enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt kinase but did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or eNOS at the end of reperfusion. The cardioprotective effect of rapamycin was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Akt) inhibitor LY294002 (15 nmol/L). 5. In conclusion, rapamycin mediates cardioprotection prior to ischaemia and after reperfusion. This protection may involve activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway.     

Role of potassium channels in the relaxant effect of levosimendan in guinea pig tracheal preparations

We investigated both the effect of levosimendan and the role of various potassium channels in carbachol-precontracted tracheal preparations samples obtained from guinea pig. The tracheas were cut into 0.5 cm wide rings and suspended in a 20 ml organ bath. Isometric tension was continuously measured with an isometric force transducer connected to a computer-based data acquisition system. Levosimendan or cromakalim produced concentration-dependent relaxation responses in guinea pig tracheal rings precontracted by carbachol. Incubation of guinea pig tracheal rings with the ATP-dependent potassium channel (K_ATP) blocker glibenclamide for 30 min significantly inhibited the relaxant responses to both levosimendan and cromakalim. The large conductance Ca²⁺-activated potassium channel (BK_Ca) blocker iberiotoxin also caused a significant inhibition on relaxant responses to levosimendan. However, incubation of the tracheal rings with the voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine for 10 min did not cause significant alterations on relaxant responses to levosimendan. The present findings suggested that the relaxant effect induced by levosimendan might be partially due to K_ATP and BKCa in isolated guinea pig tracheal rings.     

Renoprotective effect of trolox against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats

1. Although alpha-tocopherol has been shown to improve renal function following ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, its clinical use is not common because alpha-tocopherol requires several days of pretreatment to exhibit anti-oxidative benefits. The advent of trolox, a water-soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol, has raised the possibility that this compound may function more rapidly during acute oxidative stress than the conventional alpha-tocopherol. 2. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of the short-term administration of trolox on renal excretory function following I/R in rats. 3. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 45 min unilateral renal artery occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion. The control I/R group was subjected to I/R and received saline as an intravenous bolus (2 mL/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 2 mL/kg per h starting 30 min before ischaemia, whereas the three trolox-treated I/R groups were given an i.v. bolus of trolox (2.5 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion (12 mg/kg per h) starting at 30 min before ischaemia, 5 min before reperfusion and 5 min after reperfusion, respectively. Renal function, malondialdehyde, glutathione and histopathology were evaluated. 4. Ischaemia-reperfusion produced a significant deterioration of renal function, which was accompanied by an elevated malondialdehyde and depleted glutathione content. Kidneys from control I/R rats demonstrated tubular cell transformation, brush border loss, vacuolation, cast formation and tubular obstruction. These changes were attenuated by trolox treatment, with the best improvement achieved when trolox was delivered 5 min before reperfusion. 5. The results demonstrate the renoprotective effects of the short-term administration of trolox on I/R injury. These findings indicate the ability of trolox to overcome a major drawback of using alpha-tocopherol and suggest that trolox may offer a therapeutic advantage over alpha-tocopherol in acute ischaemic renal failure settings.     

The hydrogen sulphide-releasing derivative of diclofenac protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated rabbit heart

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is an endogenous gaseous mediator active in the multilevel regulation of pathophysiological functions in mammalian cardiovascular tissues. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: This study investigated the pharmacological activity of a new H(2)S-releasing derivative of diclofenac, S-diclofenac (2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzeneacetic acid 4-(3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione-5-yl)-phenyl ester) in the isolated rabbit heart submitted to low-flow ischaemia-reperfusion damage. KEY RESULTS: S-diclofenac (3, 10 and 30 microM), despite inhibiting prostacyclin generation by cardiac tissues, achieved dose-dependent normalization of coronary perfusion pressure, reducing left ventricular contracture during ischaemia and improving left ventricular developed pressure and +/-dP/dt(max) at reperfusion. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in heart perfusates were significantly reduced during reperfusion. These effects were accompanied by substantial release of reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating that the H(2)S moiety may have up-regulated cysteine transport. The anti-ischaemic activities of S-diclofenac and the H(2)S-donor sodium hydro sulphide (NaHS) were partially prevented by the K(ATP) channel antagonist glibenclamide, suggesting a mechanism similar to H(2)S-induced cardioprotection in metabolic ischaemic preconditioning. Perfusion with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine worsened the myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion damage, but this was dose-dependently prevented by S-diclofenac and NaHS, suggesting that the released H(2)S may have overcome NO deficiency. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These data show that S-diclofenac had marked anti-ischaemic activity in ischaemic-reperfused rabbit hearts despite inhibition of prostaglandin generation. Increased GSH formation leading to activation of K(ATP) channels may have contributed to this beneficial effect. The pharmacological profile of S-diclofenac and its anti-inflammatory activity, with diminished gastrointestinal side effects, offer therapeutic applications in cardiovascular disease.     

Proteasome inhibitor lactacystin ablates liver injury induced by intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion

1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of proteasome in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) and the effect of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin on neutrophil infiltration, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB expression in the liver tissues of rats. 2. Thirty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 in each group) as follows: (i) a control, sham-operated group; (ii) an I/R group subjected to 1 h intestinal ischaemia and 4 h reperfusion; (iii) a group pretreated with 0.2 mg/kg lactacystin 1 h before intestinal I/R; and (iv) a group pretreated with 0.6 mg/kg lactacystin 1 h before intestinal I/R. Liver and intestine histology were observed. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as 20S proteasome activity in circulating white blood cells, were measured. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in liver tissues and the immunohistochemical expression of liver NF-kappaB and ICAM-1 were assayed. In addition, a western blot of liver NF-kappaB was performed. 3. Compared with the sham-operated control group, liver and intestine injury was induced by intestinal I/R, characterized as histological damage including oedema, haemorrhage and infiltration by inflammatory cells, as well as a significant increase in serum AST (365 +/- 121 vs 546 +/- 297 IU/L, respectively; P < 0.05), ALT (65 +/- 23 vs 175 +/- 54 IU/L, respectively; P < 0.01) and LDH levels (733 +/- 383 vs 1434 +/- 890 IU/L, respectively; P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, MPO activity in the liver tissues increased significantly in the I/R group (2.05 +/- 0.69 vs 3.42 +/- 1.11 U/g, respectively; P < 0.05). Strong positive expression of liver ICAM-1 and NF-kappaB p65 was observed. 4. Compared with the intestinal I/R group, administration of 0.6 mg/kg lactacystin markedly reduced 20S proteasome activity in circulating white blood cells (15.47 +/- 4.00 vs 2.07 +/- 2.00 pmol 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC)/s per mg, respectively; P < 0.01) and ameliorated liver injury, which was demonstrated by decreased levels of serum AST (546 +/- 297 vs 367 +/- 86 IU/L, respectively; P < 0.05), ALT (175 +/- 54 vs 135 +/- 26 IU/L, respectively; P < 0.05) and LDH (1434 +/- 890 vs 742 +/- 218 IU/L, respectively; P < 0.05) and a reduced liver pathological score (2.13 +/- 0.64 vs 1.25 +/- 0.46, respectively; P < 0.01). Compared with the intestinal I/R group, MPO activity in liver tissues decreased significantly following lactacystin pretreatment (3.42 +/- 1.11 vs 2.58 +/- 0.61 U/g, respectively; P < 0.05) and the expression of liver NF-kappaB and ICAM-1 was markedly ameliorated. 5. The present study reveals that the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin ablates liver injury induced by intestinal I/R. One possible mechanism responsible for this effect is the inhibition of enhanced ICAM-1 and neutrophil infiltration by inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. The results suggest the feasibility of using proteasome inhibitor clinically in the treatment of intestinal I/R.     

普罗帕酮对豚鼠心肌力学的影响

目的研究普罗帕酮心肌变力性作用并从组织水平探讨其作用机制。方法采用离体乳头肌灌流的方法观察普罗帕酮对豚鼠乳头肌主动张力(DT)、主动张力上升最大速度(+dT/dtmax)、主动张力下降最大速度(-dT/dtmax)的影响。经钙通道阻滞剂尼卡地平及Na+/Ca2+交换体阻滞剂KBR7943预处理后,分别观察普罗帕酮的上述作用。结果①在场刺激引起收缩的乳头肌,0.1、1、10、30μmol·L-1普罗帕酮分别使DT由对照(0.18±0.05)g降至(0.14±0.03)、(0.12±0.03)、(0.08±0.02)、(0.05±0.02)g(P<0.01),IC50为10μmol·L-1;+dT/dtmax由对照(1.79±0.45)mg·s-1降至(1.58±0.37)、(1.46±0.29)、(1.26±0.19)、(0.97±0.15)mg·s-1(P<0.01);-dT/dtmax由对照(1.61±0.29)mg·s-1降至(1.45±0.28)、(1.26±0.19)、(0.92±0.26)、(0.78±0.22)mg·s-1。②尼卡地平(2.0μmol·L-1)阻断L型钙通道后,普罗帕酮(10μmol·L-1)使DT、+dT/dtmax、-dT/dtmax由(0.10±0.02)g、(1.32±0.24)mg·s-1、(1.24±0.17)mg·s-1分别降低至(0.06±0.01)g、(1.11±0.23)mg·s-1、(0.89±0.23)mg·s-1(P<0.01)。③KBR7943(1.0μmol·L-1)阻断Na+/Ca2+交换体后,普罗帕酮(10μmol·L-1)使DT、+dT/dtmax、-dT/dtmax由(0.18±0.02)g、(1.48±0.28)mg·s-1、(1.63±0.23)mg·s-1分别降低至(0.09±0.01)g、(1.16±0.01)mg·s-1、(1.05±0.23)mg·s-1(P<0.01)。结论①普罗帕酮剂量依赖性抑制豚鼠乳头肌力学各项指标,显示有负性肌力作用。②普罗帕酮对L型钙通道及反向Na+/Ca2+交换的抑制作用参与其负性肌力的作用,且前者作用较大。     

豚鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注的电生理模型

目的 应用计算机信号采集和处理技术研究豚鼠离体心肌细胞正常、缺血及再灌注时的电生理特性. 方法离体细胞灌流,细胞内微电极记录,计算机信号采集与处理.结果 豚鼠右心室乳头肌肌细胞静息电位RP为-72±6.58 mV,动作电位峰值(APA)为112.22±8.65 mV,0相最大去极化速率(Vmax)为107.37±10.55 mV·s-1.复极达峰值电位的10%、50%、90%所需时间(APD10、APD50、APD90)分别为39.25±8.55 ms、123.45±15.25 ms和169.35±18.12 ms.缺血缺氧台氏液灌流的心肌细胞APA与Vmax降低,APD90显著缩短,与缺血缺氧前相比有显著性意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).再灌注2 min内可见AP缺血缺氧样变化加重, Vmax继续降低,与缺血缺氧灌流相比有显著性意义(P＜0.01).豚鼠再灌注10 min后RP与AP波形基本恢复正常.结论 计算机信号采集和处理技术在心肌细胞电生理研究方面的应用,为全面的分析心肌细胞生物电的变化及其形成机制,亦为深入研究病理及药物作用情况下对生物电的影响提供真实客观的数据.     

乳化异氟醚后处理对兔在体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察乳化异氟醚后处理对兔在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响并探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)在其中的作用。方法76只♂新西兰白兔,建立心脏30min缺血/180min再灌注损伤模型,随机分为10组:缺血对照组(CON,n=8)、缺血后处理组(IPO,n=8)、1.0MAC吸入异氟醚后处理组(ISO,n=8)、1.0MAC乳化异氟醚后处理组(EPO,n=8)、脂肪乳组(INT,n=7)、Glibenclamide组(GLI,非选择性KATP通道阻滞剂,0.3mg.kg-1,n=7)、5-hydroxy-decanoate组(5-HD,线粒体KATP通道阻滞剂,5mg.kg-1,n=8)、0.3mg.kg-1GLI+1.0MAC EPO组(GLI+EPO,n=8)、5mg.kg-15-HD+1.0MAC EPO组(5-HD+EPO,n=7)、Dimethylsulfoxide组(DMSO,GLI的溶剂,n=7)。观察血流动力学指标,缺血区(AAR)重、梗死区(IS)重,心肌梗死面积(以IS/AAR表示),再灌注180min测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。结果与CON组比较,IPO组、ISO组和EPO组IS/AAR及血清CK、LDH活性均明显降低(P<0.05);与EPO组比较,EPO+GLI组、EPO+5-HD组IS/AAR明显增加,血清CK、LDH活性明显升高(P<0.05)。结论乳化异氟醚可模拟缺血后处理减轻兔在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,这种心肌保护作用可能与线粒体KATP通道的激活有关。     

甲基莲心碱对豚鼠心肌电—机械活动的影响

甲基莲心碱(Nef)0.1mM使豚鼠右心室乳头状肌的收缩力降低68. 3％,使动作电位APA和Vmax分别从112±5mV,240±37V/s降低到97±9 mV和86±25V/s;APD_(50),APD_(90)和ERP分别从173±23ms,205±17ms和201±16ms延长到201±26ms,239±28ms和249±23ms。Nef 1-200μM浓度依赖性地延长APD_(50),APD_(90)和ERP,降低Vmax和收缩力。30μM Nef能明显对抗10μM乙酰胆碱缩短豚鼠左心房APD的作用。结果提示,Nef对心肌Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)的跨膜转运均有抑制作用。     

Evidence that hydroxysafflor yellow A protects the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening

1. The present study was conducted to investigate whether hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has a protective effect against heart injury after ischaemia-reperfusion and to determine the possible mechanism involved. 2. Hearts isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused on a Langendorff apparatus and subjected to 30 min global ischaemia, followed by 120 min reperfusion. Infarct size and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the coronary effluent were determined. In mitochondria from isolated perfused hearts, Ca(2+)-induced swelling was observed. In isolated ventricular myocytes, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane was determined by tetramethyl-rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) fluorescence. Furthermore, levels of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein were measured by western blot. 3. Pretreatment with HSYA for 5 min before ischaemia reduced infarct size and the release of LDH. Administration of 20 micromol/L atractyloside, an opener of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and 10 micromol/L N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NOS, attenuated the protective effects of HSYA. In mitochondria isolated from hearts pretreated with 0.1 mmol/L HSYA for 5 min, a significant inhibition of Ca(2+)-induced swelling was observed and this inhibition was attenuated by l-NAME. In isolated ventricular myocytes, pretreatment with HSYA prevented ischaemia-induced cell death and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, whereas atractyloside or l-NAME attenuated the effects of HSYA. Levels of phosphorylated eNOS protein were significantly enhanced in the HSYA-treated group. 4. The findings of the present study indicate that HSYA protects the myocardium against ischaemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. The effect of HSYA on mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening may be mediated through enhanced nitric oxide production by eNOS activation.     

Relaxant effects of aflatoxins on isolated guinea pig trachea.

Dyspnea is one of the symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis. Contrary to expectations, we observed that naturally occurring aflatoxins (AF) AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2) and their major metabolites AFM(1), AFM(2), AFP(1), AFQ(1), and AFG(2a) relaxed carbachol (C) precontracted guinea pig trachea to different degrees. The efficacies but not the potencies of AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2) were similar to that of the beta-agonist, isoprenaline, whose activity was potentiated by the AF. Their mechanism of action is not clearly understood but several mechanistic indications were obtained with AFB(1): 1) its effect was not influenced by the beta-blocker, timolol, indicating that a direct interaction with beta(2)-adrenergic receptors was not involved. 2) AFB(1) potentiated PGE(1) and PGE(2), two relaxant prostaglandins, and its activity was reduced by indomethacin. 3) The cAMP level in the guinea pig trachea relaxed by AFB(1) increased, possibly due to inhibition of phosphodiesterase; direct interaction with PG receptors; and/or interaction with A(2) adenosinic receptors, suggested by the inhibitory activity of XAC, a specific antagonist. 4) Finally, since tetrodotoxin reduced the relaxant activity of AFB(1), it is speculated that this mycotoxin could stimulate inhibitory nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerves (i-NANC). In conclusion, the symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis do not seem to be due to a direct activity on the tracheal muscle, but rather, to the well-known pro-inflammatory activity of the aflatoxins, which are capable of releasing arachidonic acid from cell membranes.     

L-甲状腺素引起肥厚心肌细胞膜上~(125)I多非替利结合点的改变

目的　研究致死性心律失常病理模型中IKr通道的变化。方法　用I12 5标记选择性IKr阻断剂多非替利 (dofetilide)进行受体结合实验 ,观察L 甲状腺素引起的心脏重构病变模型中心肌细胞膜上IKr的变化。结果　正常心肌细胞膜上与IKr通道相关的多非替利高亲和性结合点的Bmax为 34 7nmol·g-1(n =5 ) ,在L 甲状腺素引起的肥大心肌细胞膜上多非替利的高亲和性结合点Bmax为 18 1nmol·g-1(n =6 )。应用钙拮抗剂维拉帕米 (n =5 )和IKr阻断剂多非替利 (n =5 )介入后 ,Bmax分别为 37 8nmol·g-1和 2 2 3nmol·g-1。结论　在L 甲状腺素引起的心脏肥大病变模型中IKr通道蛋白质密度下调 ,用药物介入可以使IKr通道上调 ,钙拮抗剂维拉帕米的上调作用比选择性IKr阻断剂多非替利更强     

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways may mediate the protective effect of electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus against ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the gastric mucosa

1. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in mediating the effects of electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on apoptosis and proliferation induced by gastric ischaemia-reperfusion injury (GI/RI). 2. To investigate the effects of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic PVN on gastric mucosal apoptosis and proliferation in response to ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R), we used a GI/RI model by clamping the coeliac artery for 30 min and then reperfusing the artery for 30 min or 1, 3 or 6 h. We used immunohistochemistry and western blotting to investigate the expression, activation and distribution of ERKs and the dynamic changes in their downstream cellular factors Bcl-2 and Bax at different times subsequent to electrical stimulation of the PVN in the I/R-injured gastric mucosa. 3. Electrical stimulation of the PVN markedly attenuated GI/RI at 30 min and 1 and 3 h after reperfusion. Electrical stimulation decreased gastric mucosal apoptosis, increased gastric mucosal proliferation and promoted the expression and activation of phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 30 min after reperfusion. Electrical stimulation increased the expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the expression of Bax at 30 min and 1 and 3 h after reperfusion. In contrast, inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by the specific upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 produced similar effects at 1 h after reperfusion in rats subjected to I/R with or without electrical stimulation of the PVN. Administration of PD98059 aggravated gastric mucosal injury, increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation in gastric mucosal cells, decreased the expression and activity of p-ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 expression and increased Bax expression. 4. These results indicate that the PVN protects against GI/RI and that this protection is associated with the inhibition of cellular apoptosis and the promotion of proliferation in the gastric mucosa, probably by activating the ERK pathway.